Uranium isotopic compositions of the crust and ocean: Age corrections, U budget and global extent of modern anoxia

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 167, Issue , 2015, Pages 113-143

  Tissot, François L H ^a   Dauphas, Nicolas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGE DETERMINATION; ANOXIA; CRUSTAL STRUCTURE; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION; ISOTOPIC RATIO; LEAD-LEAD DATING; SEAWATER; URANIUM ISOTOPE; URANIUM-LEAD DATING; WATER QUALITY;

ANTHOZOA;

EID: 84937438550     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.034     Document Type: Article

References (144)

1. Abe M., Suzuki T., Fujii Y., Hada M., Hirao K. An ab initio molecular orbital study of the nuclear volume effects in uranium isotope fractionations. J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 129.
2. Allegre C.J., Poirier J.P., Humler E., Hofmann A.W. The chemical-composition of the Earth. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1995, 134:515-526.
3. Alt J.C., Teagle D.A.H. Hydrothermal alteration of upper oceanic crust formed at a fast-spreading ridge: mineral, chemical, and isotopic evidence from ODP Site 801. Chem. Geol. 2003, 201:191-211.
4. Amelin Y., Connelly J., Zartman R.E., Chen J.H., Gopel C., Neymark L.A. Modern U-Pb chronometry of meteorites: Advancing to higher time resolution reveals new problems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2009, 73:5212-5223.
5. Amelin Y., Kaltenbach A., Iizuka T., Stirling C.H., Ireland T.R., Petaev M., Jacobsen S.B. U-Pb chronology of the Solar System's oldest solids with variable U-238/U-235. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 300:343-350.
6. Andersen M.B., Romaniello S., Vance D., Little S.H., Herdman R., Lyons T.W. A modern framework for the interpretation of U-238/U-235 in studies of ancient ocean redox. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 400:184-194.
7. Andersen M.B., Elliott T., Freymuth H., Sims K.W.W., Niu Y., Kelley K.A. The terrestrial uranium isotope cycle. Nature 2015, 517:356-359.
8. Anderson G.M. Error Propagation by Monte-Carlo Method in Geochemical Calculations. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1976, 40:1533-1538.
9. Anderson R.F., Fleisher M.Q., Lehuray A.P. Concentration, Oxidation-State, and Particulate Flux of Uranium in the Black-Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1989, 53:2215-2224.
10. Andersson P.S., Porcelli D., Gustafsson O., Ingri J., Wasserburg G.J. The Importance of colloids for the behavior of uranium isotopes in the low-salinity zone of a stable estuary. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2001, 65:13-25.
11. Asael D., Tissot F.L.H., Reinhard C.T., Rouxel O., Dauphas N., Lyons T.W., Ponzevera E., Liorzou C., Cheron S. Coupled molybdenum, iron and uranium stable isotopes as oceanic paleoredox proxies during the Paleoproterozoic Shunga Event. Chem. Geol. 2013, 362:193-210.
12. Axelsson M.D., Rodushkin I., Ingri J., Ohlander B. Multielemental analysis of Mn-Fe nodules by ICP-MS: optimisation of analytical method. Analyst 2002, 127:76-82.
13. Barnes C.E., Cochran J.K. Uranium removal in oceanic sediments and the oceanic-U balance. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1990, 97:94-101.
14. Barnes C.E., Cochran J.K. Uranium geochemistry in estuarine sediments - controls on removal and release processes. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1993, 57:555-569.
15. Basu A., Sanford R.A., Johnson T.M., Lundstrom C.C., Loffler F.E. Uranium isotopic fractionation factors during U(VI) reduction by bacterial isolates. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 136:100-113.
16. Berner R.A. A new geochemical classification of sedimentary environments. J. Sediment. Petrol. 1981, 51:359-365.
17. Bertine K.K., Turekian K.K. Molybdenum in marine deposits. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1973, 37:1415-1434.
18. Bigeleisen J. Nuclear size and shape effects in chemical reactions. Isotope chemistry of the heavy elements. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118:3676-3680.
19. Boltwood B.B. On the ultimate disintegration products of the radio-active elements. Part II. The disintregation products of uranium. Am. J. Sci. 1907, 23:77-88.
20. Bopp C.J., Lundstrom C.C., Johnson T.M., Glessner J.J.G. Variations in U-238/U-235 in uranium ore deposits: Isotopic signatures of the U reduction process?. Geology 2009, 37:611-614.
21. Bopp C.J., Lundstrom C.C., Johnson T.M., Sanford R.A., Long P.E., Williams K.H. Uranium U-238/U-235 isotope ratios as indicators of reduction: results from an in situ biostimulation experiment at Rifle, Colorado, USA. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44:5927-5933.
22. Bouchet, J.M. (1968) Etude océanographique des chenaux du Bassin d'Arcachon.
23. Bouvier A., Spivak-Birndorf L.J., Brennecka G.A., Wadhwa M. New constraints on early Solar System chronology from Al-Mg and U-Pb isotope systematics in the unique basaltic achondrite Northwest Africa 2976. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75:5310-5323.
24. Brennecka G.A., Wadhwa M. Uranium isotope compositions of the basaltic angrite meteorites and the chronological implications for the early Solar System. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:9299-9303.
25. Brennecka G.A., Borg L.E., Hutcheon I.D., Sharp M.A., Anbar A.D. Natural variations in uranium isotope ratios of uranium ore concentrates: Understanding the U-238/U-235 fractionation mechanism. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2010, 291:228-233.
26. Brennecka G.A., Weyer S., Wadhwa M., Janney P.E., Zipfel J., Anbar A.D. 238U/235U variations in meteorites: extant 247Cm and implications for Pb-Pb dating. Science 2010, 327:449-451.
27. Brennecka G.A., Herrmann A.D., Algeo T.J., Anbar A.D. Rapid expansion of oceanic anoxia immediately before the end-Permian mass extinction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:17631-17634.
28. Brennecka G.A., Wasylenki L.E., Bargar J.R., Weyer S., Anbar A.D. Uranium isotope fractionation during adsorption to Mn-oxyhydroxides. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011.
29. Burger M., Krahenbuhl U. Critical-evaluation of the determination of zirconium and hafnium in meteorites by instrumental and radiochemical neutron-activation analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 254:119-126.
30. Carignan J., Hild P., Mevelle G., Morel J., Yeghicheyan D. Routine analyses of trace elements in geological samples using flow injection and low pressure on-line liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS: A study of geochemical reference materials BR, DR-N, UB-N, AN-G and GH. Geostand. Newslett. 2001, 25:187-198.
31. Carroll J., Moore W.S. Uranium removal during low discharge in the Ganges-Brahmaputra mixing zone. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1994, 58:4987-4995.
32. Chen J.H., Wasserburg G.J. Cm/U, Th/U, and U-235/U-238 in meteorites. Meteoritics 1981, 16. 301-301.
33. Chen J.H., Edwards R.L., Wasserburg G.J. U-238, U-234 and Th-232 in seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1986, 80:241-251.
34. Chen J.H., Wasserburg G.J., Vondamm K.L., Edmond J.M. The U-Th-Pb systematics in hot-springs on the East Pacific rise at 21-degrees-N and Guaymas-Basin. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1986, 50:2467-2479.
35. Cheng H., Edwards R.L., Shen C.C., Polyak V.J., Asmerom Y., Woodhead J., Hellstrom J., Wang Y.J., Kong X.G., Spotl C., Wang X.F., Alexander E.C. Improvements in Th-230 dating, Th-230 and U-234 half-life values, and U-Th isotopic measurements by multi-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2013, 371:82-91.
36. Church T.M., Sarin M.M., Fleisher M.Q., Ferdelman T.G. Salt marshes: An important coastal sink for dissolved uranium. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1996, 60:3879-3887.
37. Compston W., Oversby V.M. Lead isotopic analysis using a double spike. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, 74. 4338-&.
38. Connelly J.N., Bizzarro M., Krot A.N., Nordlund A., Wielandt D., Ivanova M.A. The absolute chronology and thermal processing of solids in the solar protoplanetary disk. Science 2012, 338:651-655.
39. Cotta A.J.B., Enzweiler J. Classical and new procedures of whole rock dissolution for trace element determination by ICP-MS. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 2012, 36:27-50.
40. Dahl T.W., Boyle R.A., Canfield D.E., Connelly J.N., Gill B.C., Lenton T.M., Bizzarro M. Uranium isotopes distinguish two geochemically distinct stages during the later Cambrian SPICE event. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 401:313-326.
41. Dang C., Sauriau P.G., Savoye N., Caill-Milly N., Martinez P., Millaret C., Haure J., de Montaudouin X. Determination of diet in Manila clams by spatial analysis of stable isotopes. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2009, 387:167-177.
42. Dauphas N., Pourmand A. Thulium anomalies and rare earth element patterns in meteorites and Earth: Nebular fractionation and the nugget effect. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 163:234-261.
43. Dietz L.A., Land G.A., Pachucki C.F. Internal standard technique for precise isotopic abundance measurements in thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1962, 34. 709-&.
44. Dodson M.H. A theoretical study of use of internal standards for precise isotopic analysis by surface ionization technique. 1. General first-order algebraic solutions. J. Sci. Instrum. 1963, 40. 289-&.
45. Dunk R.M., Mills R.A., Jenkins W.J. A reevaluation of the oceanic uranium budget for the Holocene. Chem. Geol. 2002, 190:45-67.
46. Eugster O., Tera F., Wasserbu G.j. Isotopic analyses of barium in meteorites and in terrestrial samples. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, 74. 3897-&.
47. Fouillac A. M. and Javoy M. (1978) Composition isotopique de l'oxygene, de l'hydrogene et du carbone dans la croute atlantique du Leg 51 (IPOD). Sixth reunion annuelle des sciences de la terre.
48. Frimmel H.E. Archaean atmospheric evolution: evidence from the Witwatersrand gold fields, South Africa. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2005, 70:1-46.
49. Goldmann A., Brennecka G., Noordmann J., Weyer S., Wadhwa M. The uranium isotopic composition of the Earth and the Solar System. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 148:145-158.
50. Goto K.T., Anbar A.D., Gordon G.W., Romaniello S.J., Shimoda G., Takaya Y., Tokumaru A., Nozaki T., Suzuki K., Machida S., Hanyu T., Usui A. Uranium isotope systematics of ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific Ocean: Implications for the marine U-238/U-235 isotope system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 146:43-58.
51. Gouveia M.A., Prudencio M.I. New data on sixteen reference materials obtained by INAA. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2000, 245:105-108.
52. Govindaraju K. Compilation of working values and sample description for 383 geostandards. Geostand. Newslett. 1994, 18. (Vol 18, Pg 53, 1994), 331-331.
53. Govindaraju K. Working values with confidence limits for twenty-six CRPG, ANRT and IWG-GIT geostandards. Geostand. Newslett. 1995, 19:1-32.
54. Hart S.R., Staudigel H. The control of alkalis and uranium in sea-water by ocean crust alteration. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1982, 58:202-212.
55. Henderson G.M., Anderson R.F. The U-series toolbox for paleoceanography. Rev. Mineral Geochem. 2003, 52:493-531.
56. Hiess J., Condon D.J., McLean N., Noble S.R. U-238/U-235 systematics in terrestrial uranium-bearing minerals. Science 2012, 335:1610-1614.
57. Hirt B., Epstein S. A search for isotopic variations in some terrestrial and meteoritic calcium. Trans. Am. Geophys. Union 1964, 45.
58. Hofmann A.W. Chemical differentiation of the Earth - the relationship between Mantle, Continental-Crust, and Oceanic-Crust. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1988, 90:297-314.
59. Horwitz E., Dietz M., Chiarizia R., Diamond H., Essling A., Graczyk D. Separation and preconcentration of uranium from acidic media by extraction chromatography. Anal. Chim. Acta 1992, 266:25-37.
60. Horwitz E., McAlister D., Dietz M. Extraction chromatography versus solvent extraction: How similar are they?. Sep. Sci. Technol. 2006, 41:2163-2182.
61. Iizuka T., Amelin Y., Kaltenbach A., Koefoed P., Stirling C.H. U-Pb systematics of the unique achondrite Ibitira: Precise age determination and petrogenetic implications. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 132:259-273.
62. Ireland T.J., Tissot F.L.H., Yokochi R., Dauphas N. Teflon-HPLC: A novel chromatographic system for application to isotope geochemistry and other industries. Chem. Geol. 2013, 357:203-214.
63. Johnson C.M., Beard B.L. Correction of instrumentally produced mass fractionation during isotopic analysis of Fe by thermal ionization mass spectrometry. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 1999, 193:87-99.
64. Kaltenbach A. (2012) Uranium isotopic analysis of terrestrial and extraterrestrial samples. Thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
65. Kelley K.A., Plank T., Ludden J., Staudigel H. Composition of altered oceanic crust at ODP Sites 801 and 1149. Geochem. Geophy. Geosyst. 2003, 4.
66. Kelley K.A., Plank T., Farr L., Ludden J., Staudigel H. Subduction cycling of U, Th, and Pb. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 234:369-383.
67. Kendall B., Brennecka G.A., Weyer S., Anbar A.D. Uranium isotope fractionation suggests oxidative uranium mobilization at 2.50 Ga. Chem. Geol. 2013, 362:105-114.
68. Kendall B., Komiya T., Lyons T.W., Bates S.M., Gordon G.W., Romaniello S.J., Jiang G., Creaser R.A., Xiao S., McFadden K., Sawaki Y., Tahata M., Shu D., Han J., Li Y., Chu X., Anbar A.D. Uranium and molybdenum isotope evidence for an episode of widespread ocean oxygenation during the late Ediacaran Period. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 156:173-193.
69. Kennedy C. W., Bartelt G. E. and Orlandini K. A. (1977) Uranium in water and suspended sediments of the great Miami River Ohio. Radiological and Environmental Research Division Annual Report Ecology 77.
70. Ku T.L., Knauss K.G., Mathieu G.G. Uranium in open ocean - Concentration and isotopic composition. Deep-Sea Res. 1977, 24:1005-1017.
71. Langmuir D. Uranium solution-mineral equilibria at low-temperatures with applications to sedimentary ore-deposits. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1978, 42:547-569.
72. Larsen K.K., Trinquier A., Paton C., Schiller M., Wielandt D., Ivanova M.A., Connelly J.N., Nordlund A., Krot A.N., Bizzarro M. Evidence for magnesium isotope heterogeneity in the solar protoplanetary disk. Astrophys. J. Lett. 2011, 735.
73. Le Fevre B., Pin C. An extraction chromatography method for Hf separation prior to isotopic analysis using multiple collection ICP-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 2001, 73:2453-2460.
74. Lehn G.O., Jacobson A.D., Holmden C. Precise analysis of Ca isotope ratios (delta(44/40)ca) using an optimized Ca-43-Ca-42 double-spike MC-TIMS method. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2013, 351:69-75.
75. Lichte F.E. Determination of elemental content of rocks by laser-ablation inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 1995, 67:2479-2485.
76. Lovley D.R., Phillips E.J.P., Gorby Y.A., Landa E.R. Microbial reduction of uranium. Nature 1991, 350:413-416.
77. Lu Y. Uranium extraction coordination chemistry in the ocean. Nat. Chem. 2014, 6:175-177.
78. Marechal C.N., Telouk P., Albarede F. Precise analysis of copper and zinc isotopic compositions by plasma-source mass spectrometry. Chem. Geol. 1999, 156:251-273.
79. Martin A.J.P., Synge R.L.M. A new form of chromatogram employing two liquid phases I. A theory of chromatography 2. Application to the micro-determination of the higher monoamino-acids in proteins. Biochem. J. 1941, 35:1358-1368.
80. Matthews K.A., Murrell M.T., Goldstein S.J., Nunn A.J., Norman D.E. Uranium and thorium concentration and isotopic composition in five glass (BHVO-2G, BCR-2G, NKT-1G, T1-G, ATHO-G) and two powder (BHVO-2, BCR-2) reference materials. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 2011, 35:227-234.
81. McDonough W.F. 3.16 - Compositional model for the Earth's core. Treatise on Geochemistry 2014, 559-577. Elsevier, Oxford. second ed. H.D.H.K. Turekian (Ed.).
82. Mcdonough W.F., Sun S.S. The composition of the Earth. Chem. Geol. 1995, 120:223-253.
83. Mckee B.A., Demaster D.J., Nittrouer C.A. Uranium geochemistry on the Amazon Shelf - Evidence for uranium release from bottom sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1987, 51:2779-2786.
84. McLean N.M., Bowring J.F., Bowring S.A. An algorithm for U-Pb isotope dilution data reduction and uncertainty propagation. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2011, 12.
85. Michard A., Albarede F. Hydrothermal uranium uptake at Ridge Crests. Nature 1985, 317:244-246.
86. Millet M.A., Dauphas N. Ultra-precise titanium stable isotope measurements by double-spike high resolution MC-ICP-MS. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 2014, 29:1444-1458.
87. Montoya-Pino C., Weyer S., Anbar A.D., Pross J., Oschmann W., van de Schootbrugge B., Arz H.W. Global enhancement of ocean anoxia during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2: A quantitative approach using U isotopes. Geology 2010, 38:315-318.
88. Morford J.L., Emerson S. The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1999, 63:1735-1750.
89. Mottl M.J., Wheat G., Baker E., Becker N., Davis E., Feely R., Grehan A., Kadko D., Lilley M., Massoth G., Moyer C., Sansone F. Warm springs discovered on 3.5 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Geology 1998, 26:51-54.
90. Murphy M.J., Stirling C.H., Kaltenbach A., Turner S.P., Schaefer B.F. Fractionation of U-238/U-235 by reduction during low temperature uranium mineralisation processes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 388:306-317.
91. Murray J.W., Stewart K., Kassakian S., Krynytzky M., DiJulio D. Oxic, suboxic, and anoxic conditions in the Black Sea. The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate, and Human Settlement 2007, 1-21. Springer, Netherlands. V. Yanko-Hombach, A. Gilbert, N. Panin, P. Dolukhanov (Eds.).
92. Neue U.D. HPLC Columns: Theory, Technology and Practice 1997, Wiley-VCH Inc.
93. Niederer F.R., Papanastassiou D.A., Wasserburg G.J. Absolute isotopic abundances of Ti in meteorites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1985, 49:835-851.
94. Nittler L. R. and Dauphas N. (2006) Meteorites and the Chemical Evolution of the Milky Way. pp. 127-146.
95. Noordmann J., Weyer S., Sharma M., Georg R.B., Rausch S., Bach W. Fractionation of 238U/235U during weathering and hydrothermal alteration. Miner. Mag. 2011.
96. Noordmann J., Weyer S., Montoya-Pino C., Dellwig O., Neubert N., Eckert S., Paetzel M., Böttcher M.E. Uranium and molybdenum isotope systematics in modern euxinic basins: Case studies from the central Baltic Sea and the Kyllaren fjord (Norway). Chem. Geol. 2015, 396:182-195.
97. Owens S.A., Buesseler K.O., Sims K.W.W. Re-evaluating the U-238-salinity relationship in seawater: Implications for the U-238-Th-234 disequilibrium method. Mar. Chem. 2011, 127:31-39.
98. Patchett P.J. Sr isotopic fractionation in Ca-Al inclusions from the Allende Meteorite. Nature 1980, 283:438-441.
99. Patterson C. Age of meteorites and the Earth. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1956, 10:230-237.
100. Patterson C., Tilton G., Inghram M. Age of the Earth. Science 1955, 121:69-75.
101. Pogge von Strandmann P.A.E., James R.H., van Calsteren P., Gislason S.R., Burton K.W. Lithium, magnesium and uranium isotope behaviour in the estuarine environment of basaltic islands. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 274:462-471.
102. Poldervaart A. (1955) Chemistry of the earth's crust. In Crust of the earth - a symposium (ed. A. Poldervaart). Geological Society of America, Special Paper, Boulder, CO. pp. 110-144.
103. Porcelli D., Andersson P.S., Wasserburg G.J., Ingri J., Baskaran M. The importance of colloids and mires for the transport of uranium isotopes through the Kalix River watershed and Baltic Sea. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1997, 61:4095-4113.
104. Pourmand A., Tissot F.L.H., Arienzo M., Sharifi A. Introducing a comprehensive data reduction and uncertainty propagation algorithm for U-Th geochronometry with extraction chromatography and isotope dilution MC-ICP-MS. Geostand. Geoanal. Res. 2014, 38:129-148.
105. Rademacher L.K., Lundstrom C.C., Johnson T.M., Sanford R.A., Zhao J.Z., Zhang Z.F. Experimentally determined uranium isotope fractionation during reduction of hexavalent U by bacteria and zero valent iron. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:6943-6948.
106. Ramdohr P. New observations on the ores of the Witwatersrand in South Africa and their genetic significance. Geol. Soc. South Africa 1958.
107. Rasmussen B., Buick R. Redox state of the Archean atmosphere: Evidence from detrital heavy minerals in ca. 3250-2750Ma sandstones from the Pilbara Craton, Australia. Geology 1999, 27:115-118.
108. Reynolds R.M. Physical oceanography of the Gulf, Strait of Hormuz, and the Gulf of Oman - Results from the Mt Mitchell expedition. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 1993, 27:35-59.
109. Richter S., Eykens R., Kuhn H., Aregbe Y., Verbruggen A., Weyer S. New average values for the n(U-238)/n(U-235) isotope ratios of natural uranium standards. Int. J. Mass Spectrom. 2010, 295:94-97.
110. Rogers J.J.W., Adams J.A.S. (1969) Uranium. Handbook of Geochemistry 1969, vol. 92. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
111. Romaniello S.J., Herrmann A.D., Anbar A.D. Uranium concentrations and U-238/U-235 isotope ratios in modern carbonates from the Bahamas: Assessing a novel paleoredox proxy. Chem. Geol. 2013, 362:305-316.
112. Ronov A.B., Yaroshevsky A.A. Chemical composition of the Earth's crust. Geophys. Monogr. Ser. 1969, 13:37-57.
113. Rudge J.F., Reynolds B.C., Bourdon B. The double spike toolbox. Chem. Geol. 2009, 265:420-431.
114. Rudnick R.L., Gao S. 4.1 - Composition of the continental crust. Treatise on Geochemistry 2014, 1-51. Elsevier, Oxford. second ed. H.D.H.K. Turekian (Ed.).
115. Saari H.K., Schmidt S., Huguet S., Lanoux A. Spatiotemporal variation of dissolved U-238 in the Gironde fluvial-estuarine system (France). J. Environ. Radioact. 2008, 99:426-435.
116. Schauble E.A. Role of nuclear volume in driving equilibrium stable isotope fractionation of mercury, thallium, and other very heavy elements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2007, 71:2170-2189.
117. Schmitz M.D., Schoene B. Derivation of isotope ratios, errors, and error correlations for U-Pb geochronology using Pb-205-U-235-(U-233)-spiked isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometric data. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2007, 8.
118. Schoene B. 4.10 - U-Th-Pb geochronology. Treatise on Geochemistry 2014, 341-378. Elsevier, Oxford. second ed. H.D.H.K. Turekian (Ed.).
119. Shiel A.E., Laubach P.G., Johnson T.M., Lundstrom C.C., Long P.E., Williams K.H. No measurable changes in U-238/U-235 due to desorption-adsorption of U(VI) from groundwater at the Rifle, Colorado, integrated field research challenge site. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47:2535-2541.
120. Siebert C., Nagler T.F., Kramers J.D. Determination of molybdenum isotope fractionation by double-spike multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst. 2001, 2:24. art. no.-2000GC000124.
121. Staudigel H. 4.16 - Chemical fluxes from hydrothermal alteration of the oceanic crust. Treatise on Geochemistry (Second Edition) 2014, 583-606. Elsevier, Oxford. H.D.H.K. Turekian (Ed.).
122. Stewart F. H. (1963) Marine evaporites. In Data of Geochemistry, sixth ed. USGS professional paper 440-Y.
123. Stirling C.H., Halliday A.N., Porcell D. In search of live Cm-247 in the early solar system. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2005, 69:1059-1071.
124. Stirling C.H., Halliday A.N., Potter E.K., Andersen M.B., Zanda B. A low initial abundance of (CM)-C-247 in the early solar system and implications for r-process nucleosynthesis. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2006, 251:386-397.
125. Stirling C.H., Andersen M.B., Potter E.K., Halliday A.N. Low-temperature isotopic fractionation of uranium. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 264:208-225.
126. Stirling C.H., Andersen M.B., Warthmann R., Halliday A.N. Isotope fractionation of 238U and 235U during biologically-mediated uranium reduction. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 163:200-218.
127. Storzer D., Selo M. Fission track age of magnetic anomaly M-zero and some aspects of sea-floor weathering. Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 1979, 1129-1133. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 51, 52, 53. T. Donnelly, J. Francheteau, W. Bryan, P. Robinson, M. Flower, M. Salis-bury (Eds.).
128. Stylo M., Neubert N., Wang Y., Monga N., Romaniello S.J., Weyer S., Bernier-Latmani R. Uranium isotopes fingerprint biotic reduction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 2015, 112:5619-5624.
129. Swarzenski P.W., McKee B.A. Seasonal uranium distributions in the coastal waters off the Amazon and Mississippi rivers. Estuaries 1998, 21:379-390.
130. Swarzenski P., Campbell P., Porcelli D., McKee B. The estuarine chemistry and isotope systematics of U-234, U-238 in the Amazon and Fly Rivers. Cont. Shelf Res. 2004, 24:2357-2372.
131. Telus M., Dauphas N., Moynier F., Tissot F.L.H., Teng F.Z., Nabelek P.I., Craddock P.R., Groat L.A. Iron, zinc, magnesium and uranium isotopic fractionation during continental crust differentiation: The tale from migmatites, granitoids, and pegmatites. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2012, 97:247-265.
132. Tissot F., Dauphas N. and Grossman L. (2015) Uranium isotope variations in group II refractory inclusions. Lunar Planet. Inst. Sci. Conf. #2819 (abstr.).
133. Tribovillard N., Algeo T.J., Lyons T., Riboulleau A. Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update. Chem. Geol. 2006, 232:12-32.
134. Turekian K.K. The ocean, streams and atmosphere. Handbook of Geochemistry 1969, 297-323. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. K.H. Wedephol (Ed.).
135. Uvarova Y.A., Kyser T.K., Geagea M.L., Chipley D. Variations in the uranium isotopic compositions of uranium ores from different types of uranium deposits. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 146:1-17.
136. Veeh H.H. Deposition of uranium from ocean. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1967, 3. 145-&.
137. Verbruggen A., Alonso A., Eykens R., Kehoe F., Kuhn H., Richter S. and Aregbe Y. (2008) Preparation and certification of IRMM-3636, IRMM-3636a and IRMM-3636b. JRC Scientific and Technical Reports.
138. Wang X.L., Johnson T.M., Lundstrom C.C. Isotope fractionation during oxidation of tetravalent uranium by dissolved oxygen. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2015, 150:160-170.
139. Wasserburg G.J., Busso M., Gallino R. Abundances of actinides and short-lived nonactinides in the interstellar medium: Diverse supernova sources for the r-processes. Astrophys. J. 1996, 466:L109-L113.
140. Webb P. C., Thompson M., Potts P. J., Stephen A. and Wilson, S. A. (2011) GeoPT28 - an international proficiency test for analytical geochemistry laboratories - report on round 28 (Shale, SBC-1)/January 2011. GeoPT28 Report.
141. Wedepohl K.H. The composition of the continental-crust. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1995, 59:1217-1232.
142. Wetherill G.W. Isotopic composition + concentration of molybdenum in iron meteorites. J. Geophys. Res. 1964, 69. 4403-&.
143. Weyer S., Anbar A.D., Gerdes A., Gordon G.W., Algeo T.J., Boyle E.A. Natural fractionation of U-238/U-235. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2008, 72:345-359.
144. Wohlers A., Wood B.J. A Mercury-like component of early Earth yields uranium in the core and high mantle 142Nd. Nature 2015, 520:337-340.