China’s role in the chemical and biological disarmament regimes

Nonproliferation Review

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2002, Pages 16-47

  Croddy, Eric ^a  

^a MONTEREY INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84937380486     PISSN: 10736700     EISSN: 17461766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10736700208436872     Document Type: Article

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73. Authors Zhang Naishu and Yuan Junfeng are based in Xinjiang; Xiong Yuxiang is from the 17th instruction unit, Chemical Defense Engineering Command, Beijing, China
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116. Zhu, Gao, and Gong, eds., Zhongguo Junshi Yixueshi, p. 516.
117. Li Yimin in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, p. 363.
118. Zhu, Gao, and Gong, eds., Zhongguo Junshi Yixueshi, p. 517.
119. Lu Lu Qiang and Yang Qingzhen, eds., Shengwu Wuqi yu Zhanzheng, p. 280.
120. Chen Ningqing, “Shengwu Wuqi de Fanghu”[Defense Against Biological Weapons], in Hai, Lu, Kongtian [For Ship, Armour, Aircraft, Spacecraft & Weaponry] (March-February 2001), p. 33.
121. Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook. Except for the addition of two characters for “toxin,” this paragraph is a word-for-word repetition from Pan, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 180.
122. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 411.
123. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 411
124. Zhao Jingceng in Liu, ed., 2000, pp. 65-6.
125. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 177.
126. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 433-4
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128. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 6.
129. Shen Fangwu, “Qianxi Guoji Fangkuosan Jizhi’ [An Overview of International Nonproliferation Mechanisms], FanghuaXuebao 9 (February 1999), pp.71-74.
130. John Pomfret, “China Threatens Arms Control Collapse; Top Negotiator Says Missile Defense Puts Treaties at Risk,” Washington Post, July 14,2000, p.Al.
131. Ambassador Sha Zukang, “US Missile Defence Plans: China’s Vievt,"Disarmament Diplomacy (January/February 2000), No. 43, .
132. Pan, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 11.
133. “Liu Huaqiu and Zheng Hua, who work for the Program on Arms Control and Disarmament at China’s Defense Science and Technology Information Center, emphasize Asia’s lack of tradition in arms control and disarmament as an impediment to nonproliferation,” in Aviation Week and Space Technology 147, August 4,1997, p. 46..
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135. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, pp. 11-12
136. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 424.
137. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 75.
138. Li Weimin in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, p. 328.
139. Yu Zhongzhou in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, p. 323.
140. Yu Zhongzhou in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, p. 323
141. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 167.
142. Chen Jisheng graduated in chemistry at Tsinghua University in 1953 and was formerly the nominal director of the Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, P. O. Box 1044, Beijing, China, 102205.
143. Dr. Anthony T.Tu reports that Dr. Chen has retired.Chen, “21 Shiji Huasheng Wuqiji Junkong Fazhan Fenxi," p. 46.
144. Pan Jikui, Chongqing Chemical Industry Bureau, etc.
145. Sun Mei, Liu Jingjin, and Zhu Zhentai, “Overview of the Testing of Samples for the Seventh in Standards for the OPCW,” Fanghua Yanjiu 3 (2000), p. 25.
146. Sun Mei, Liu Jingjin, and Zhu Zhentai, “Overview of the Testing of Samples for the Seventh in Standards for the OPCW,” Fanghua Yanjiu 3 (2000), p. 27.
147. Wang Zijiu and Chen Xuefeng, “Cao Gangchuan Buchang Shicha Woyuan Yisuo,” [Chief Cao Gangchuan Inspects Our Academy-Institute], Fanghua Yanjiu 1 (2000), p. 3
148. U.S. DOD, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, p. 15.
149. Deng and Evans, p. 102.
150. Sha Zukang, “Next Steps,” OPCW Synthesis (May 2000), p. 13.
151. Deng and Evans, p. 104.
152. Ji Xueren, Yu Yifeng and Wen Jian, “1998 Nian Huaxue Caijun Xingshi Fenxi,” [“Analysis of the Situation with Regard to Chemical Disarmament: 1998”] FanghuaXuebao (February 1999), p. 70
153. Abandoned CW included a substantial amount of diphenylcyanoarsine. Francois Tremblay, “China’s Chemical Weapons Cleanup,” Chemical & Engineering News 75 (June 2,1997), p. 30.
154. Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, p. 360.
155. James H. Lewis III, Handshake with the Dragon: Engaging China in the Biological Weapons Convention, Masters thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, June 1998, pp. 47-48.
156. Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 52.
157. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 182.
158. Bryan Bender, “Step Up Weapons Research, Urges DoD’s Chief Scientist,” Jane’sDefence Weekly 30, November 11,1998, p. 14.
159. Cheng Shuiting and Shi Zhiyuan, “Ershiyi Shiji Huasheng Wuqi ji Junkong Fazhan Fenxi," p. 44.
160. Dr. Mark Hans, letter to author, dated April 26,2001.
161. Hans Mark,.” In Bender, “Step Up Weapons Research,” p. 14.
162. Bian Hongxing, “Bi Hedan Gengkepa de Jiyin Wuqi” [“Even More Frightening than Nuclear Bombs: Genetic Weapons”], Renmin Jundui, March 8, 2001, p.4.
163. Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg, and William Broad, Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s Secret War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001), pp. 295-298.
164. Judith Miller, Stephen Engelberg, and William Broad, Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s Secret War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001)
165. Liao Yunchang’s entry in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, December 2000, pp. 369-370.
166. Li Yimin, in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, December 2000, p. 358.
167. Lewis, Handshake with the Dragon, p. 48.
168. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 194.
169. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 193.
170. “China, Iran Oppose Ban on Biological Weapons,” UPI news service, May 9,2001.
171. U.S. DOD, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Proliferation: Threat and Response, p. 18.
172. Taiwan Aborigines,” Ping HuoJih Bao [The Apple] (Hong Kong), March 3,1997, translated in FBIS-CHI-97-062.
173. Shan Min, “Clues Gradually Emerge on US ’Strategic War’ against China,” Ta KungPao [Da Gong Bao, no English translation], May 1, 2001, translated in FBIS CPP20010501000056 (May 1,2001).
174. Liu Yegang, “The Whole Story of the ‘Yinhe’ Incident,” Beijing Xinhua news service, September 5,1993, translated in JPRS-TND-93-029, p. 4.
175. Huagong Chanpin Guoji Maoyi Wushi Shouce [Handbook on Practices in Chemical Engineering and Their Products in Internationa! Trade] (Beijing: Huaxue Gongye Chubanshe, July 1997), p. 234.
176. Patrick E. Tyler, “No Chemical Arms Aboard China Ship,” TVew York Times, September 6,1993, p. 4.
177. Patrick E. Tyler, “No Chemical Arms Aboard China Ship,” TVew York Times, September 6,1993, p. 4.
178. Yu Zhongzhou in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, p. 351.
179. Yu Zhongzhou in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, p. 351
180. Robert Einhom, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Nonproliferation, before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services Subcommittee, Regarding Weapons Proliferation in China, April 10,1997.
181. Robert Einhom, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Nonproliferation, before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services Subcommittee, Regarding Weapons Proliferation in China, April 10,1997Tyler, p. 4.
182. Li Daguang, “Economic Security in View of ‘Yinhe’ Incident,” Xiandai •/uns/h [Conmilit], No. 255, April 11,1998, pp. 27-28
183. Liu Yegang, “The Whole Story of the ‘Yinhe’ Incident,” Beijing Xinhua, September 5,1993, p. 4.
184. Liu Yegang, “The Whole Story of the ‘Yinhe’ Incident,” Beijing Xinhua, September 5,1993, p. 4 (emphasis added).
185. Yu Zhongzhou in Liu, ed., Arms Control and Disarmament Handbook, p. 332.
186. Huagong Chanpin Guoji Maoyi Wushi Shouce, p. 20.
187. R. Jeffrey Smith, “Chinese Firms Supply Iran with Gas Factories, US Says,” Washington Post, March 8,1996, p. A26.
188. Bill Gertz, “China Sold Iran Missile Technology,” Washington Times, November, 1996, p.A14.
189. Einhom, Testimony before the U.S. Senate, April 10,1997.
190. “jjs imposes CW Sanctions against Chinese Entities,” Statement by State
191. Nicholas Bums, May 22,1997, .
192. Liao Minglong, Tian Yi, Chen Qingchang (aka Q.C. Chen), Pan Yongming, Shao Xingsheng; “China Clamps Down on its CW Tradings,” Jane s Defence Weekly, January 7, 1998, p. 5.
193. Thomas A. Unger, Pesticide Synthesis Handbook (Park Ridge, New Jersey: Noyes Publications, 1996), p. 1045.
194. Renmin Ribao, June 15,1998 (mainland edition).
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196. “Export Licensing Measures on Materials Used in the Manufacture of Chemical and Biological Weapons,”Australia Group document, May 1999.
197. Export Licensing Measures on Materials Used in the Manufacture of Chemical and Biological Weapons,”Australia Group document, May 1999.
198. Sha, “Next Steps,” p. 13.
199. William K. Rashbaum, ‘Terror Master Sought ChemArms,” Daily News (New York), November 19, 1998, p. 6
200. “Defense Ministry Denies Developing Weapons of Mass Destruction Claim,” Taipei Times, December 17, 2000, .
201. Tony Banks, “Fighting to Stem the Tide,” Jane s Defence Weekly 14, No. 2, July 14,1990, p. 51.
202. “Military Spokesman Denies Chemical Weapon Development,” Tzu-Li Wan- Pao [Evening Independent] (Taipei), September 23, 1997, p. 4
203. “Taiwan: Missile Profile,” Risk Report 4 (November-December 1998), Wisconsin Project, .
204. Ian Johnson, “Taiwan Tries to Stand Tall; But Residents Rush to Secure Property; Some Prepare to Flee,” Baltimore Sun, March 9,1996, p. 1.
205. Rashbaum, “Terror Master Sought Chem Arms,” p. 6
206. “Defense Ministry Denies Developing Weapons of Mass Destruction Claim,” Taipei Times.
207. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, Adherence to and Compliance with Arms Control Agreements: 1997Annual Report to Congress, .
208. Rashbaum, “Terror Master Sought Chem Arms,” p. 6
209. “Defense Ministry Denies Developing Weapons of Mass Destruction Claim,” Taipei Times.
210. Bates Gill, Case Study 6: People’s Republic of China, p. 28.
211. Steve Goldstein, “U.S. Could Face New Terror Tactic: Agricultural Warfare,” Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22,1999, p. 1.
212. Dr. Yang Pingzheng, Deputy Director, Pig Research Institute, interview with author, Taipei, Taiwan, April 2001.
213. Fang Ch’ing Ch’uan, “T’song Koutiyi T’an Yangchu Chengt’se" [“Policy with Regard to Raising Swine Since Foot and Mouth Disease”], Nongmu Hsunkan [Livestock Magazine], No. 1265, September 25,1999, p. 43.
214. ‘Taiwan Denies Permission for UN Arms Inspection Group,” Agence France Presse.May 12,1999.
215. Jack C. Chang, Ph.D., interview with author, Chemical and Material Industry Intelligence Division, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan, April 2001.
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217. Taiwanese analysts from the Chemical and Material Industry Intelligence Division Industrial Technology Research Institute, interview with author, Taipei, Taiwan, April 2001.
218. Jack C. Chang, Ph.D., interview with author, Chemical and Material Industry Intelligence Division, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taipei, Taiwan, April 2001.
219. “Mei Yizhuan Taiwan 14 Xiang Huaxuepin Jishu,” Taiwan News Service, June 23,1999.
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222. Pan Zhenqiang, Guoji Caijun yu Junbei Kongzhi, p. 184