Social and environmental aspects of abandoned chemical weapons in China

Nonproliferation Review

Volumn 4, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 101-108

  Deng, Hongmei ^a   Evans, Peter O’Meara ^b  

^a Monterey Institute of International   (United States)

^b Research Associate at CNS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85010618414     PISSN: 10736700     EISSN: 17461766     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10736709708436684     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), Verification Annex (VA), Part IV(B), paragraph 15.
2. CWC, Article VIII, paragraph 3.
3. Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), pp. 134-137.
4. Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), Table 12. p. 79.
5. Gyoen Ko [Xiaoyan Gao in Chinese], Nihongun no Iki Doku Gasu Heiki [The Japanese Army’s Abandoned Poison Gas Weapons], (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1996), pp. 15-28;
6. Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996.
7. Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), pp. 304-306, 329-330.
8. Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), p. 340;
9. Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996.
10. Masaharu Takahashi, Unit 516 soldier, Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996;
11. Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), p. 340.
12. Yasujiro Kaneko, Unit 526 soldier, Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996.
13. Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare] (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), p. 340.
14. Some Information on Discovered Chemical Weapons Abandoned in China by a Foreign State, Conference on Disarmament document CD/1127, February 18, 1992.
15. Yoshito Horie, “Kagaku Hodan, Suitei 70 Manpatsu [Chemical Shells Estimated at 700,000],” Asahi Shimbun, June 3, 1996, p. 1;
16. Kenji Yuasa, “70 Manpatsu Risetsu to Suitei [700,000 Shells Unearthed, Estimated],” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, June 3, 1996, p. 38.
17. Some Information on Discovered Chemical Weapons Abandoned in China by a Foreign State, Conference on Disarmament document CD/1127, February 18, 1992.
18. “Japanese Gas Shells in China Continue to Cause Damage,” Kyodo News Agency, November 4, 1991; in BBC Monitoring Service, Summary of World Broadcasts, November 6, 1991;
19. William Brent, AFP, Hong Kong, January 3, 1992; in FBIS-CHI-92-002 (3 January 1992), pp. 17-18;
20. Gyoen Ko, Nihongun no Iki Doku Gasu Heiki [The Japanese Army’s Abandoned Poison Gas Weapons], p. 72.
21. Angangxi: Gyoen Ko, Nihongun no Iki Doku Gasu Heiki [The Japanese Army’s Abandoned Poison Gas Weapons], p. 95.
22. Taiyuan: Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), p. 344.
23. Taiyuan: Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), pp. 343.
24. Gyoen Ko [Xiaoyan Gao in Chinese], Nihongun no Iki Doku Gasu Heiki [The Japanese Army’s Abandoned Poison Gas Weapons], (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1996), pp. 218-219. By another account, 18 were injured and one person died in this incident.
25. Gyoen Ko [Xiaoyan Gao in Chinese], Nihongun no Iki Doku Gasu Heiki [The Japanese Army’s Abandoned Poison Gas Weapons], (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1996), pp. 197-204.
26. Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22,1996;
27. Gyoen Ko [Xiaoyan Gao in Chinese], Nihongun no Iki Doku Gasu Heiki [The Japanese Army’s Abandoned Poison Gas Weapons] (Tokyo: Akashi Shoten, 1996), pp. 222-225.
28. Kyodo News, August 14, 1996; in FBIS-EAS-96-159 (14 August 1996); Kyodo News, December 9, 1996; in FBIS-EAS-96-237 (9 December 1996).
29. Mudanjiang: Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996;
30. The Abandoned Chemical Weapons Discovered on China’s Territory, video by the Government of China, 1995. Fulaeiji: Gyoen Ko, Nihongun no Iki Doku Gasu Heiki [The Japanese Army’s Abandoned Poison Gas Weapons], pp. 100-112, 230-231.
31. Some Information on Discovered Chemical Weapons Abandoned in China by a Foreign State, Conference on Disarmament document CD/1127, February 18, 1992;
32. The Abandoned Chemical Weapons Discovered on China’s Territory, video by the Government of China, 1995;
33. Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996.
34. Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), pp. 344-345;
35. Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22,1996.
36. Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996
37. Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996, Kyodo News, August 14, 1996; in FBIS-EAS-96-159 (14 August 1996).
38. Kyodo News, December 9, 1996; in FBIS-EAS-96-237 (9 December 1996).
39. William Brent, AFP, Hong Kong, January 3, 1992; in FBIS-CHI-92-002 (3 January 1992), pp. 17-18.
40. Lu Mingzhuo, ‘To Hell With the ‘Historical Concept of Aggression,’” Renmin Ribao, August 31, 1995, p. 5; in FBIS-CHI-95-182 (20 September 1995), p. 11.
41. William Brent, AFP, Hong Kong, January 3, 1992; in FBIS-CHI-92-002 (3 January 1992), pp. 17-18.
42. Some Information on Discovered Chemical Weapons Abandoned in China by a Foreign State, Conference on Disarmament document CD/1127, February 18, 1992.
43. The first pit was dug and filled from 1953 to 1956, employing up to 500 people every winter. This pit has dimensions of 25 meters in length, 12.5 meters in width, and 10 meters in depth. In 1954 the pit became full, and it was capped with three meters of earth to keep it from overflowing. The munitions were transported by 86 horse and ox drawn carts and sleds from Shenyang, Harbin, Qiqihaer, and other northeast cities, mobilizing around 3,000 people. The second pit was begun in 1954 about 40 meters away from the first, with dimensions of 20 meters in length, 10 meters in width, and eight meters in depth.
44. Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare] (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), pp. 342-343.
45. The Abandoned Chemical Weapons Discovered on China’s Territory, video by the Government of China, 1995.
46. “Japan to Send Chemical Weapon Survey Team to China,” Jiji Press Newswire, May 20, 1997.
47. The value of such a distinction is questionable when non-lethal agents are used a method of warfare. Yasuji Kaneko, a former soldier of thé Japanese Army, recalls one operation where a “sneezing agent” (diphenylcyanoarsine) was used to flush 130 civilians and soldiers into the open where they could be shot. Tomoko Otake, “Veteran Rues his Atrocities in China,” Japan Times, September 26, 1996, p. 3.
48. “Kagaku Heiki Shori Gun no Kyoroku Yosei [A Request for Military Cooperation for the Disposal of Chemical Weapons],” Asahi Shimbun, January 27, 1997, p. 3.
49. “Chugoku ni Shori Kojo” [Destruction Plants in China], Nihon Keizai Shimbun, January 3, 1996, p. 1;
50. “98 Nen made ni Shori Chakushu” [The Beginning of Destruction Plants by 1998], Asahi Shimbun, August 16, 1996, p. 3;
51. Chemical Weapons Convention Bulletin, September 1996, p. 34.
52. Kyodo News, April 11, 1997; in FBIS-TEN-97-101 (11 April 1997); Jiji Press Newswire, April 11, 1997.
53. Jennifer Lin, “Years After War Atrocities, Chinese Citizens Sue Japan,” Inquirer, February 15, 1997.
54. Kagaku Heiki o do Shori Suru no ka? [How to Dispose of Chemical Weapons?], broadcast by Nippon Hoso Kyokai (NHK), September 22, 1996
55. Deng Jifu et al., Environmental Science, Vol. 17, Issue 2, 1996, p. l.
56. Ji Xueren, Riben Qinghua Zhanzhen de Huaxuezhan [Chemical Warfare of Japanese Invasion of China] (Beijing: Junshi Yiwen Press, 1995), p. 267.
57. Some Information on Discovered Chemical Weapons Abandoned in China by a Foreign State, Conference on Disarmament document CD/1127, CD/CW/WP.384, February 18, 1992
58. Aberdeen Providing Ground, Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, Vol. 1, January, 1988, pp. 4-5.
59. Ronald G. Manley, Chemical Demilitarization Branch Head, OPCW, personal communication to Professor J.F. Bunnett, August 23, 1996; in International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Committee on Chemical Weapons Destruction Technologies communiqué, September 12, 1996.
60. Kenji Yuasa, “70 Manpatsu Risetsu to Suitei [700,000 Shells Unearthed, Estimated],” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, June 3, 1996, p. 38;
61. Yoshito Hone, “Kagaku Hodan, Suitei 70 Manpatsu [Chemical Shells Estimated at 700,000],” Asahi Shimbun, June 3, 1996, p. 1;
62. “Japan’s Chemical Weapons Confirmed Found in China,” Japan Times Weekly International Edition, June 10-16, 1996, p. 3;
63. Kyodo News, June 2, 1996; in FBIS-CHI-107 (2 June 1996).
64. Kenji Yuasa, “70 Manpatsu Risetsu to Suitei [700,000 Shells Unearthed, Estimated],” Nihon Keizai Shimbun, June 3, 1996, p. 38;
65. Yoshito Horie, “Kagaku Hodan, Suitei 70 Manpatsu [Chemical Shells Estimated at 700,000],” Asahi Shimbun, June 3, 1996, p. 1.
66. Xinhua News, July 24, 1996; in FBIS-CH1-96-144 (24 July 1996).
67. The Japanese produced several weapons whose fill contained arsenic; lewisite, mustard/lewisite mix, diphenylcyanoarsine, and a phosgene and arsenic trichloride mix (Gakujin Ki [Xueren Ji in Chinese], Nihongun no Kagakusen [The Japanese Army’s Chemical Warfare], (Tokyo: Otsuki Shoten, 1996), Table 4, pp. 28-31).
68. National Research Council, Review and Evaluation of Alternative Chemical Disposal Technologies (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1996), p.19.
69. “Report of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Destruction of Military Waste (http;//www.opcw.nl/chemhaz/arwnaall.htm),” Naaldwijk, The Netherlands, May 22-27, 1994, pp. 8-12.
70. Report of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Destruction of Military Waste (http;//www.opcw.nl/chemhaz/arwnaall.htm), Naaldwijk, The Netherlands, May 22-27, 1994, p. 9.
71. Ronald G. Manley, “European Experience with the Disposal of Old Chemical Weapons,” paper presented to NATO Advanced Research Project, Brno, Czech Republic, 1996.