Effects of in utero exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, methylmercury, and polyunsaturated fatty acids on birth size

Science of the Total Environment

Volumn 533, Issue , 2015, Pages 256-265

  Miyashita, Chihiro ^a   Sasaki, Seiko ^b   Ikeno, Tamiko ^a   Araki, Atsuko ^a   Ito, Sachiko ^a   Kajiwara, Jumboku ^c   Todaka, Takashi ^d   Hachiya, Noriyuki ^e   Yasutake, Akira ^f   Murata, Katsuyuki ^g   Nakajima, Tamie ^h   Kishi, Reiko ^a  

^a HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

^c FUKUOKA INSTITUTE OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES   (Japan)

^d Public Interest Incorporated Foundation   (Japan)

^e NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MINAMATA DISEASE   (Japan)

^f KUMAMOTO UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^g AKITA UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^h NAGOYA UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Birth size; In utero exposure; Methylmercury; Polychlorinated biphenyls; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Small for gestational age

Indexed keywords

ANTHROPOMETRY; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; FISH; MERCURY (METAL); MERCURY COMPOUNDS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; REGRESSION ANALYSIS;

ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENT; BIRTH SIZE; GESTATIONAL AGE; MEDIAN CONCENTRATION; MERCURY CONCENTRATIONS; METHYL MERCURY; MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL (PCBS);

POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS;

MERCURY; METHYLMERCURY; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL DERIVATIVE; POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID; METHYLMERCURIC CHLORIDE; METHYLMERCURY DERIVATIVE; POLLUTANT; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; UNSATURATED FATTY ACID;

BIOACCUMULATION; FATTY ACID; FISH; GROWTH RESPONSE; HEALTH RISK; METHYLMERCURY; PCB; POLLUTION EFFECT; POLLUTION EXPOSURE;

ADULT; ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS; ARTICLE; BIRTH LENGTH; BIRTH SIZE; BIRTH WEIGHT; CHEST CIRCUMFERENCE; CONCENTRATION (PARAMETERS); DELIVERY; EXPOSURE; FEMALE; FISH; FOOD FREQUENCY QUESTIONNAIRE; FOOD INTAKE; HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE; HUMAN; IN UTERO EXPOSURE; JAPANESE (PEOPLE); MATERNAL BLOOD; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; NEWBORN; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SHELLFISH; SMALL FOR DATE INFANT; CHINA; FETUS DEVELOPMENT; FOOD CONTAMINATION; MALE; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; METABOLISM; POLLUTANT; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

BIRTH WEIGHT; CHINA; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; FATTY ACIDS, UNSATURATED; FEMALE; FETAL DEVELOPMENT; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HUMANS; INFANT, NEWBORN; MALE; MATERNAL EXPOSURE; METHYLMERCURY COMPOUNDS; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; PREGNANCY;

EID: 84936980613     PISSN: 00489697     EISSN: 18791026     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.108     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Barker D.J.P. Adult consequences of fetal growth restriction. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006, 49:270-283.
2. Bonefeld-Jorgensen E.C., Andersen H.R., Rasmussen T.H., Vinggaard A.M. Effect of highly bioaccumulated polychlorinated biphenyl congeners on estrogen and androgen receptor activity. Toxicology 2001, 158:141-153.
3. Brantsaeter A.L., Birgisdottir B.E., Meltzer H.M., Kvalem H.E., Alexander J., Magnus P., Haugen M. Maternal seafood consumption and infant birth weight, length and head circumference in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Br. J. Nutr. 2012, 107:436-444.
4. Brucker-Davis F., Wagner-Mahler K., Bornebusch L., Delattre I., Ferrari P., Gal J., Boda-Buccino M., Pacini P., Tommasi C., Azuar P., Bongain A., Fenichel P. Exposure to selected endocrine disruptors and neonatal outcome of 86 healthy boys from Nice area (France). Chemosphere 2010, 81:169-176.
5. Casas M., Nieuwenhuijsen M., Martinez D., Ballester F., Basagana X., Basterrechea M., Chatzi L., Chevrier C., Eggesbo M., Fernandez M.F., Govarts E., Guxens M., Grimalt J.O., Hertz-Picciotto I., Iszatt N., Kasper-Sonnenberg M., Kiviranta H., Kogevinas M., Palkovicova L., Ranft U., Schoeters G., Patelarou E., Petersen M.S., Torrent M., Trnovec T., Valvi D., Loft G.V., Weihe P., Weisglas-Kuperus N., Wilhelm M., Wittsiepe J., Vrijheid M., Sonde J.P. Prenatal exposure to PCB-153, p, p'-DDE and birth outcomes in 9000 mother-child pairs: exposure-response relationship and effect modifiers. Environ. Int. 2015, 74:23-31.
6. Chen C., Yu H., Zhao J., Li B., Qu L., Liu S., Zhang P., Chai Z. The roles of serum selenium and selenoproteins on mercury toxicity in environmental and occupational exposure. Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114:297-301.
7. Cooke P.S., Sato T., Buchanan D.L. Disruption of steroid hormone signaling by PCBs. Recent Advances in Environmental Toxicology and Health Effects 2001, 257-263. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
8. Dallaire R., Dewailly E., Ayotte P., Forget-Dubois N., Jacobson S.W., Jacobson J.L., Muckle G. Growth in Inuit children exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and lead during fetal development and childhood. Environ. Res. 2014, 134:17-23.
9. Decastro B.R., Korrick S.A., Spengler J.D., Soto A.M. Estrogenic activity of polychlorinated biphenyls present in human tissue and the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40:2819-2825.
10. Drouillet-Pinard P., Huel G., Slama R., Forhan A., Sahuquillo J., Goua V., Thiebaugeorges O., Foliguet B., Magnin G., Kaminski M., Cordier S., Charles M.A. Prenatal mercury contamination: relationship with maternal seafood consumption during pregnancy and fetal growth in the 'EDEN mother-child' cohort. Br. J. Nutr. 2010, 104:1096-1100.
11. El Majidi N., Bouchard M., Gosselin N.H., Carrier G. Relationship between prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and birth weight: a systematic analysis of published epidemiological studies through a standardization of biomonitoring data. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2012, 64:161-176.
12. FAO/WHO Summary and conclusions of the sixty-seventh meeting of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). June 20-29, 2006; JECFA 67/SC 2006.
13. Folch J., Lees M., Stanley G.H.S. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chem. 1957, 226:497-509.
14. Giesy J.P., Kannan K. Dioxin-like and non-dioxin-like toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): implications for risk assessment. Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 1998, 28:511-569.
15. Givens M.L., Small C.M., Terrell M.L., Cameron L.L., Michels Blanck H., Tolbert P.E., Rubin C., Henderson A.K., Marcus M. Maternal exposure to polybrominated and polychlorinated biphenyls: infant birth weight and gestational age. Chemosphere 2007, 69:1295-1304.
16. Gladen B.C., Shkiryak-Nyzhnyk Z.A., Chyslovska N., Zadorozhnaja T.D., Little R.E. Persistent organochlorine compounds and birth weight. Ann. Epidemiol. 2003, 13:151-157.
17. Grandjean P., Bjerve K.S., Weihe P., Steuerwald U. Birthweight in a fishing community: significance of essential fatty acids and marine food contaminants. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2001, 30:1272-1278.
18. Guldner L., Monfort C., Rouget F., Garlantezec R., Cordier S. Maternal fish and shellfish intake and pregnancy outcomes: a prospective cohort study in Brittany, France. Environ. Health 2007, 6:33.
19. Gundacker C., Frohlich S., Graf-Rohrmeister K., Eibenberger B., Jessenig V., Gicic D., Prinz S., Wittmann K.J., Zeisler H., Vallant B., Pollak A., Husslein P. Perinatal lead and mercury exposure in Austria. Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408:5744-5749.
20. Halldorsson T.I., Meltzer H.M., Thorsdottir I., Knudsen V., Olsen S.F. Is high consumption of fatty fish during pregnancy a risk factor for fetal growth retardation? A study of 44,824 Danish pregnant women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 166:687-696.
21. Halldorsson T.I., Thorsdottir I., Meltzer H.M., Nielsen F., Olsen S.F. Linking exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls with fatty fish consumption and reduced fetal growth among Danish pregnant women: a cause for concern?. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008, 168:958-965.
22. Heppe D.H.M., Steegers E.A.P., Timmermans S., den Breeijen H., Tiemeier H., Hofman A., Jaddoe V.W.V. Maternal fish consumption, fetal growth and the risks of neonatal complications: the Generation R Study. Br. J. Nutr. 2011, 105:938-949.
23. Hertz-Picciotto I., Charles M.J., James R.A., Keller J.A., Willman E., Teplin S. In utero polychlorinated biphenyl exposures in relation to fetal and early childhood growth. Epidemiology 2005, 16:648-656.
24. Hisada A., Shimodaira K., Okai T., Watanabe K., Takemori H., Takasuga T., Koyama M., Watanabe N., Suzuki E., Shirakawa M., Noda Y., Komine Y., Ariki N., Kato N., Yoshinaga J. Associations between levels of hydroxylated PCBs and PCBs in serum of pregnant women and blood thyroid hormone levels and body size of neonates. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2014, 217:546-553.
25. Iida T., Todaka T. Measurement of dioxins in human blood: improvement of analytical method. Ind. Health 2003, 41:197-204.
26. Itabashi K., Miura F., Uehara R., Nakamura Y. New Japanese neonatal anthropometric charts for gestational age at birth. Pediatr. Int. 2014, 56:702-708.
27. Jia X., Tagawa M., Yatsuya H., Naito H., Hayashi Y., Yetti H., Sasaki S., Araki A., Miyashita C., Ikeno T., Kishi R., Nakajima T. Association of maternal whole blood fatty acid status during the prenatal period with term birth dimensions: a cross-sectional study. J. Perinat. Med. 2014, 10.1515/jpm-2014-0277.
28. Kajantie E., Osmond C., Barker D.J.P., Forsen T., Phillips D.I.W., Eriksson J.G. Size at birth as a predictor of mortality in adulthood: a follow-up of 350000person-years. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2005, 34:655-663.
29. Kajiwara J., Todaka T., Hirakawa H., Hori T., Tobiishi K., Yasutake D., Miyawaki T., Tobiishi K., Takao Y., Hirata T., Uchi H., Furue M. Inter-laboratory cross-check study of dioxins in human blood samples. Proceedings of the 17th Symposium on Environmental Chemistry, June 11-13, 2008. Kobe, Japan 2008.
30. Kajiwara J., Todaka T., Hirakawa H., Hori T., Yoshitomi H., Yasutake D., Miyawaki T., Tobiishi K., Takao Y., Hirata T., Uchi H., Furue M. Inter-laboratory cross-check study of PCBs in human blood samples. Proceedings of the 18th Symposium on Environmental Chemistry, 9-11, June 2009. Tsukuba, Japan 2009.
31. Karmaus W., Zhu X. Maternal concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls and dichlorodiphenyl dichlorethylene and birth weight in Michigan fish eaters: a cohort study. Environ. Health 2004, 28:1.
32. Kezios K.L., Liu X.H., Cirillio P.M., Kalantzi O.I., Wang Y.Z., Petreas M.X., Park J.S., Bradwin G., Cohn B.A., Factor-Litvak P. Prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposure is associated with decreased gestational length but not birth weight: archived samples from the Child Health and Development Studies pregnancy cohort. Environ. Health 2012, 11:49.
33. Khanjani N., Sim M.R. Maternal contamination with PCBs and reproductive outcomes in an Australian population. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2007, 17:191-195.
34. Kishi R., Kobayashi S., Ikeno T., Araki A., Miyashita C., Itoh S., Sasaki S., Okada E., Kashino I., Itoh K., Nakajima S. Ten years of progress in the Hokkaido birth cohort study on environment and children's health: cohort profile-updated 2013. Environ. Health Prev. Med. 2013, 18:429-450.
35. Kishi R., Nakajima T., Goudarzi H., Kobayashi S., Sasaki S., Okada E., Miyashita C., Itoh S., Araki A., Ikeno T., Iwasaki Y., Nakazawa H. The association of prenatal exposure to perfluorinated chemicals with maternal essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids during pregnancy and the birth weight of their offspring: The Hokkaido Study. Environ. Health Perspect. 2015, 10.1289/ehp.1408834.
36. Leventakou V., Roumeliotaki T., Martinez D., Barros H., Brantsaeter A.L., Casas M., Charles M.A., Cordier S., Eggesbo M., van Eijsden M., Forastiere F., Gehring U., Govarts E., Halldorsson T.I., Hanke W., Haugen M., Heppe D.H.M., Heude B., Inskip H.M., Jaddoe V.W.V., Jansen M., Kelleher C., Meltzer H.M., Merletti F., Molto-Puigmarti C., Mommers M., Murcia M., Oliveira A., Olsen S.F., Pele F., Polanska K., Porta D., Richiardi L., Robinson S.M., Stigum H., Strom M., Sunyer J., Thijs C., Viljoen K., Vrijkotte T.G.M., Wijga A.H., Kogevinas M., Vrijheid M., Chatzi L. Fish intake during pregnancy, fetal growth, and gestational length in 19 European birth cohort studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 99:506-516.
37. Lignell S., Aune M., Darnerud P.O., Hanberg A., Larsson S.C., Glynn A. Prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) may influence birth weight among infants in a Swedish cohort with background exposure: a cross-sectional study. Environ. Health 2013, 12:44.
38. Longnecker M.P., Klebanoff M.A., Brock J.W., Guo X. Maternal levels of polychlorinated biphenyls in relation to preterm and small-for-gestational-age birth. Epidemiology 2005, 16:641-647.
39. Lopez-Espinosa M.J., Murcia M., Iniguez C., Vizcaino E., Llop S., Vioque J., Grimalt J.O., Rebagliato M., Ballester F. Prenatal exposure to organochlorine compounds and birth size. Pediatrics 2011, 128:E127-E134.
40. Mahaffey K.R. Fish and shellfish as dietary sources of methylmercury and the omega 3 fatty acids, eicosahexaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid: risks and benefits. Environ. Res. 2004, 95:414-428.
41. Makrides M., Duley L., Olsen S.F. Marine oil, and other prostaglandin precursor, supplementation for pregnancy uncomplicated by pre-eclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006, 3:CD003402.
42. Mendez M.A., Plana E., Guxens M., Morillo C.M.F., Albareda R.M., Garcia-Esteban R., Goni F., Kogevinas M., Sunyer J. Seafood consumption in pregnancy and infant size at birth: results from a prospective Spanish cohort. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2010, 64:216-222.
43. Miyashita C., Sasaki S., Saijo Y., Okada E., Kobayashi S., Baba T., Kajiwara J., Todaka T., Iwasaki Y., Nakazawa H., Hachiya N., Yasutake A., Murata K., Kishi R. Demographic, behavioral, dietary, and socioeconomic characteristics related to persistent organic pollutants and mercury levels in pregnant women in Japan. Chemosphere 2015, 133:13-21.
44. Murphy L.E., Gollenberg A.L., Buck Louis G.M., Kostyniak P.J., Sundaram R. Maternal serum preconception polychlorinated biphenyl concentrations and infant birth weight. Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118:297-302.
45. Nakamura T., Nakai K., Matsumura T., Suzuki S., Saito Y., Satoh H. Determination of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls in breast milk, maternal blood and cord blood from residents of Tohoku. Japan. Sci. Total Environ. 2008, 394:39-51.
46. Nakashima R., Hayashi Y., Md K., Jia X.F., Wang D., Naito H., Ito Y., Kamijima M., Gonzalez F.J., Nakajima T. Exposure to DEHP decreased four fatty acid levels in plasma of prepartum mice. Toxicology 2013, 309:52-60.
47. National Research Council Toxicologic Effects of Methylmercury 2000, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
48. Oken E., Kleinman K.P., Olsen S.F., Rich-Edwards J.W., Gillman M.W. Associations of seafood and elongated n-3 fatty acid intake with fetal growth and length of gestation: results from a US pregnancy cohort. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 160:774-783.
49. Olsen S.F., Secher N.J. Low consumption of seafood in early pregnancy as a risk factor for preterm delivery: prospective cohort study. Br. Med. J. 2002, 324:447-450.
50. Olsen S.F., Olsen J., Frische G. Does fish consumption during pregnancy increase fetal growth? A study of the size of the newborn, placental weight and gestational age in relation to fish consumption during pregnancy. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1990, 19:971-977.
51. Olsen S.F., Grandjean P., Weihe P., Videro T. Frequency of seafood intake in pregnancy as a determinant of birth-weight-evidence for a dose-dependent relationship. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 1993, 47:436-440.
52. Papadopoulou E., Caspersen I.H., Kvalem H.E., Knutsen H.K., Duarte-Salles T., Alexander J., Meltzer H.M., Kogevinas M., Brantsaeter A.L., Haugen M. Maternal dietary intake of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls and birth size in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Environ. Int. 2013, 60:209-216.
53. Patandin S., Koopman-Esseboom C., De Ridder M.A.J., Weisglas-Kuperus N., Sauer P.J.J. Effects of environmental exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins on birth size and growth in Dutch children. Pediatr. Res. 1998, 44:538-545.
54. Ramirez G.B., Cruz M.C., Pagulayan O., Ostrea E., Dalisay C. The Tagum study I: analysis and clinical correlates of mercury in maternal and cord blood, breast milk, meconium, and infants' hair. Pediatrics 2000, 106:774-781.
55. Ramon R., Ballester F., Aguinagalde X., Amurrio A., Vioque J., Lacasana M., Rebagliato M., Murcia M., Iniguez C. Fish consumption during pregnancy, prenatal mercury exposure, and anthropometric measures at birth in a prospective mother-infant cohort study in Spain. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 90:1047-1055.
56. Rylander L., Stromberg U., Dyremark E., Ostman C., Nilsson-Ehle P., Hagmar L. Polychlorinated biphenyls in blood plasma among Swedish female fish consumers in relation to low birth weight. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1998, 147:493-502.
57. Rylander L., Stromberg U., Hagmar L. Lowered birth weight among infants born to women with a high intake of fish contaminated with persistent organochlorine compounds. Chemosphere 2000, 40:1255-1262.
58. Sagiv S.K., Tolbert P.E., Altshul L.M., Korrick S.A. Organochlorine exposures during pregnancy and infant size at birth. Epidemiology 2007, 18:120-129.
59. Sakamoto M., Chan H.M., Domingo J.L., Kawakami S., Murata K. Mercury and docosahexaenoic acid levels in maternal and cord blood in relation to segmental maternal hair mercury concentrations at parturition. Environ. Int. 2012, 44:112-117.
60. Salvig J.D., Lamont R.F. Evidence regarding an effect of marine n-3 fatty acids on preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2011, 90:825-838.
61. Sonneborn D., Park H.Y., Petrik J., Kocan A., Palkovicova L., Trnovec T., Nguyen D., Hertz-Picciotto I. Prenatal polychlorinated biphenyl exposures in eastern Slovakia modify effects of social factors on birthweight. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2008, 22:202-213.
62. Suzuki K., Nakai K., Sugawara T., Nakamura T., Ohba T., Shimada M., Hosokawa T., Okamura K., Sakai T., Kurokawa N., Murata K., Satoh C., Satoh H. Neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury and PCBs, and seafood intake: neonatal behavioral assessment scale results of Tohoku study of child development. Environ. Res. 2010, 110:699-704.
63. Szajewska H., Horvath A., Koletzko B. Effect of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation of women with low-risk pregnancies on pregnancy outcomes and growth measures at birth: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83:1337-1344.
64. Takimoto H., Yokoyama T., Yoshiike N., Fukuoka H. Increase in low-birth-weight infants in Japan and associated risk factors, 1980-2000. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res. 2005, 31:314-322.
65. Tan J., Loganath A., Chong Y.S., Obbard J.P. Exposure to persistent organic pollutants in utero and related maternal characteristics on birth outcomes: a multivariate data analysis approach. Chemosphere 2009, 74:428-433.
66. Thorsdottir I., Birgisdottir B.E., Halldorsdottir S., Geirsson R.T. Association of fish and fish liver oil intake in pregnancy with infant size at birth among women of normal weight before pregnancy in a fishing community. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 160:460-465.
67. Todaka T., Hirakawa H., Kajiwara J., Hori T., Tobiishi K., Onozuka D., Kato S., Sasaki S., Nakajima S., Saijo Y., Sata F., Kishi R., Iida T., Furue M. Concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in blood and breast milk collected from 60 mothers in Sapporo City, Japan. Chemosphere 2008, 72:1152-1158.
68. Todaka T., Hori T., Hirakawa H., Kajiwara J., Yasutake D., Onozuka D., Iida T., Furue M. Congener-specific analysis of non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in blood collected from 127 elderly residents in Nakagawa Town, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Chemosphere 2008, 73:865-872.
69. Van den Berg M., Birnbaum L.S., Denison M., De Vito M., Farland W., Feeley M., Fiedler H., Hakansson H., Hanberg A., Haws L., Rose M., Safe S., Schrenk D., Tohyama C., Tritscher A., Tuomisto J., Tysklind M., Walker N., Peterson R.E. The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds. Toxicol. Sci. 2006, 93:223-241.
70. van Wijngaarden E., Harrington D., Kobrosly R., Thurston S.W., O'Hara T., McSorley E.M., Myers G.J., Watson G.E., Shamlaye C.F., Strain J.J., Davidson P.W. Prenatal exposure to methylmercury and LCPUFA in relation to birth weight. Ann. Epidemiol. 2014, 24:273-278.
71. Vartiainen T., Jaakkola J.J.K., Saarikoski S., Tuomisto J. Birth weight and sex of children and the correlation to the body burden of PCDDs/PCDFs and PCBs of the mother. Environ. Health Perspect. 1998, 106:61-66.
72. Vejrup K., Brantster A.L., Knutsen H.K., Magnus P., Alexander J., Kvalem H.E., Meltzer H.M., Haugen M. Prenatal mercury exposure and infant birth weight in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. Public Health Nutr. 2014, 17:2071-2080.
73. Wojtyniak B.J., Rabczenko D., Jonsson B.A., Zvezday V., Pedersen H.S., Rylander L., Toft G., Ludwicki J.K., Goralczyk K., Lesovaya A., Hagmar L., Bonde J.P. Association of maternal serum concentrations of 2,2', 4,4'5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p, p'-DDE) levels with birth weight, gestational age and preterm births in Inuit and European populations. Environ. Health 2010, 9:56.
74. Wolff M.S., Engel S., Berkowitz G., Teitelbaum S., Siskind J., Barr D.B., Wetmur J. Prenatal pesticide and PCB exposures and birth outcomes. Pediatr. Res. 2007, 61:243-250.
75. Yasutake A., Matsumoto M., Yamaguchi M., Hachiya N. Current hair mercury levels in Japanese: survey in five districts. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2003, 199:161-169.
76. Zahir F., Rizwi S.J., Haq S.K., Khan R.H. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2005, 20:351-360.