Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Central European Soils with Compound-Specific Triple Isotopes (δ 13 C, Δ 14 C, and δ 2 H)

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 49, Issue 13, 2015, Pages 7657-7665

  Bosch, Carme ^a   Andersson, August ^a   Kruså, Martin ^a   Bandh, Cecilia ^a   Hovorková, Ivana ^b   Klánová, Jana ^b   Knowles, Timothy D J ^c   Pancost, Richard D ^c   Evershed, Richard P ^c   Gustafsson, Örjan ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b MASARYK UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COAL; FUELS; HYDROCARBONS; ISOTOPES; MARKOV PROCESSES; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS; SOILS; TEMPERATURE; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

BAYESIAN MARKOV CHAIN MONTE CARLO; BIOMASS COMBUSTION; EMISSION INVENTORIES; FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS); SOURCE APPORTIONMENT; SOURCE DISTRIBUTION; STATISTICAL MODELING;

COAL COMBUSTION;

CARBON; DELTA CARBON 13; DELTA CARBON 14; DELTA HYDROGEN 2; FOSSIL FUEL; HYDROGEN; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; DEUTERIUM; SOIL; SOIL POLLUTANT;

BOTTOM-UP APPROACH; CARBON ISOTOPE; COMBUSTION; DATABASE; EMISSION CONTROL; EMISSION INVENTORY; EUROPEAN UNION; FOREST SOIL; ISOTOPIC RATIO; MARKOV CHAIN; MONTE CARLO ANALYSIS; MOUNTAIN REGION; PAH; POINT SOURCE; POLLUTANT SOURCE; SOIL POLLUTION;

ARTICLE; BIOMASS; COMBUSTION; CZECH REPUBLIC; MONTE CARLO METHOD; PYROLYSIS; SOIL POLLUTION; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; ANALYSIS; BAYES THEOREM; CHEMISTRY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; GEOGRAPHY; PROBABILITY; SOIL; SOIL POLLUTANT;

CZECH REPUBLIC;

BAYES THEOREM; CARBON ISOTOPES; COMPUTER SIMULATION; CZECH REPUBLIC; DEUTERIUM; GEOGRAPHY; MARKOV CHAINS; MONTE CARLO METHOD; POLYCYCLIC HYDROCARBONS, AROMATIC; SOIL; SOIL POLLUTANTS;

EID: 84936971915     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01190     Document Type: Article

References (68)

1. Mumatz, M. and George, J. Toxicological profile for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Technical report prepared for the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service: Atlanta, GA, 1995.
2. 234 Th disequilibria to estimate the vertical removal rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the surface ocean Mar. Chem. 1997, 57, 11-23
3. Lima, A. L.C.; Farrington, J. W.; Reddy, C. M. Combustion-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the environment-a review Environ. Forensics 2005, 6, 109-131
4. Ravindra, K.; Sokhi, R.; Van Grieken, R. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source attribution, emission factors and regulation Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 2895-2921
5. Beelen, R.; Raaschou-Nielsen, O.; Stafoggia, M.; Andersen, Z. J.; Weinmayr, G.; Hoffmann, B.; Wolf, K.; Samoli, E.; Fischer, P.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.; et al. Effects of long-term exposure to air pollution on natural-cause mortality: an analysis of 22 European cohorts within the multicentre ESCAPE project Lancet 2014, 383, 785-795
6. Outdoor Air Pollution in the World Cities. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2014. http://www.who.int/phe/health-topics/outdoorair/databases/en.
7. Pedersen, D. U.; Durant, J. L.; Penman, B. W.; Crespi, C. L.; Hemond, H. F.; Lafleur, A. L.; Cass, G. R. Human-cell mutagens in respirable airborne particles in the northeastern United States. 1. Mutagenicity of fractionated samples Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 682-689
8. Nam, J. J.; Thomas, G. O.; Jaward, F. M.; Steinnes, E.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Jones, K. C. PAHs in background soils from Western Europe: Influence of atmospheric deposition and soil organic matter Chemosphere 2008, 70, 1596-1602
9. Galarneau, E. Source specificity and atmospheric processing of airborne PAHs: Implications for source apportionment Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 8139-8149
10. Dvorská, A.; Lammel, G.; Klánová, J. Use of diagnostic ratios for studying source apportionment and reactivity of ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over Central Europe Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 420-427
11. Kim, D.; Kumfer, B. M.; Anastasio, C.; Kennedy, I. M.; Young, T. M. Environmental aging of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soot and its effect on source identification Chemosphere 2009, 76, 1075-1081
12. 12 C ratios of individual PAH from environmental samples: Can PAH sources be apportioned? Org. Geochem. 1994, 21, 809-822
13. Reddy, C. M.; Pearson, A.; Xu, L.; McNichol, A. P.; Benner, B. A.; Wise, S. A.; Klouda, G. A.; Currie, L. A.; Eglinton, T. I. Radiocarbon as a tool to apportion the sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in environmental samples Environ. Sci. Technol. 2002, 36, 1774-1782
14. Mandalakis, M.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Reddy, C. M.; Xu, L. Radiocarbon Apportionment of Fossil versus Biofuel Combustion Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Stockholm Metropolitan Area Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 5344-5349
15. Sheesley, R. J.; Kruså, M.; Krecl, P.; Johansson, C.; Gustafsson, Ö. Source apportionment of elevated wintertime PAHs by compound-specific radiocarbon analysis Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 3347-3356
16. McRae, C.; Snape, C. E.; Sun, C.; Fabbri, D.; Tartari, D.; Trombini, C.; Fallick, A. E. Use of compound-specific stable isotope analysis to source anthropogenic natural gas-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a lagoon sediment Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 4684-4686
17. 13 C values of coal-derived PAHs from different processes and their application for source apportionment Org. Geochem. 1999, 30, 881-889
18. 14 C and biomarker evidence Org. Geochem. 1997, 26, 353-359
19. 1.1 aerosols from residential areas of suburban Tokyo Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 3474-3480
20. Mandalakis, M.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Alsberg, T.; Egeba¨ck, A. L.; Reddy, C. M.; Xu, L.; Klanova, J.; Holoubek, I.; Stephanou, E. G. Contribution of Biomass Burning to Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Three European Background Sites Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39, 2976-2982
21. Xu, L.; Zheng, M.; Ding, X.; Edgerton, E.; Reddy, C. M. Modern and fossil contributions to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM2.5 from North Birmingham, Alabama in the southeastern U.S. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46, 1422-1429
22. Zencak, Z.; Klanova, J.; Holoubek, I.; Gustafsson, Ö. Source apportionment of atmospheric PAHs in the western Balkans by natural abundance radiocarbon analysis Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 3850-3855
23. 13 C and δD stable isotope measurements as an aid in the source apportionment of polyaromatic hydrocarbons Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2003, 17, 2611-2613
24. 13 C and δD of volatile organic compounds in an alumina industry stack emission Atmos. Environ. 2011, 45, 5477-5483
25. Kukucka, P.; Klanova, J.; Sanka, M.; Holoubek, I. Soil burdens of persistent organic pollutants-Their levels, fate and risk. Part II. Are there any trends in PCDD/F levels in mountain soils? Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157, 3255-3263
26. van Drooge, B. L.; Fernández, P.; Grimalt, J. O.; Stuchlík, E.; Torres García, C. J.; Cuevas, E. Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in remote European and Atlantic sites located above the boundary mixing layer Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2010, 17, 1207-1216
27. Mandalakis, M.; Gustafsson, Ö. Optimization of a preparative capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system for the isolation and harvesting of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons J. Chromatogr., A 2003, 996, 163-172
28. Meinert, C.; Brack, W. Optimisation of trapping parameters in preparative capillary gas chromatography for the application in effect-directed analysis Chemosphere 2010, 78, 416-422
29. Eglinton, T. I.; Aluwihare, L. I.; Bauer, J. E.; Druffel, E. R. M.; McNichol, A. P. Gas chromatographic isolation of individual compounds from complex matrices for radiocarbon dating Environ. Sci. Technol. 1996, 68, 904-912
30. Zencak, Z.; Reddy, C. M.; Teuten, E. L.; Xu, L.; McNichol, A. P.; Gustafsson, Ö. Evaluation of gas chromatographic isotope fractionation and process contamination by carbon in compound-specific radiocarbon analysis Anal. Chem. 2007, 79, 2042-2049
31. 14 C measurement at NOSAMS Radiocarbon 1998, 40, 61-75
32. McNichol, A. P.; Gagnon, A. R.; Jones, G. A.; Osborne, E. A. Illumination of a Black-Box-Analysis of Gas-Composition During Graphite Target Preparation Radiocarbon 1992, 34, 321-329
33. Andersson, A. A systematic examination of a random sampling strategy for source apportionment calculations Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 412-413, 232-238
34. Andersson, A.; Deng, J.; Du, K.; Zheng, M.; Yan, C.; Sköld, M.; Gustafsson, Ö. Regionally-varying combustion sources of the January 2013 severe haze events over eastern China Environ. Sci. Technol. 2015, 49, 2038-2043
35. Shen, H.; Huang, Y.; Wang, R.; Zhu, D.; Li, W.; Shen, G.; Wang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Chen, Y.; Lu, Y.; Chen, H.; Li, T.; Sun, K.; Li, B.; Liu, W.; Liu, J.; Tao, S. Global atmospheric emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 1960 to 2008 and future predictions Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 6415-6424
36. Parnell, A. C.; Inger, R.; Bearhop, S.; Jackson, A. L. Source apportionment using stable isotopes: coping with too much variation PLOS One 2010, 5, e9672
37. Ribes, A.; van Drooge, B. L.; Dachs, J.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Grimalt, J. O. Influence of Soot Carbon on the Soil-Air Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 2675-2680
38. Nam, J. J.; Thomas, G. O.; Jaward, F. M.; Steinnes, E.; Gustafsson, Ö.; Jones, K. C. PAHs in background soils from Western Europe: Influence of atmospheric deposition and soil organic matter Chemosphere 2008, 70, 1596-1602
39. Holoubek, I.; Dusek, L.; Sanka, M.; Hofman, J.; Cupr, P.; Jarkovsky, J.; Zbiral, J.; Klanova, J. Soil burdens of persistent organic pollutants-Their levels, fate and risk. Part I. Variation of concentration ranges according to different soil uses and locations Environ. Pollut. 2009, 157, 3207-3217
40. Grimalt, J. O.; van Drooge, B.; Ribes, A.; Fernández, P.; Appleby, P. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon composition in soils and sediments of high altitude lakes Environ. Pollut. 2004, 131, 13-24
41. Quiroz, R.; Grimalt, J. O.; Fernandez, P.; Camarero, L.; Catalan, J.; Stuchlik, E.; Thies, H.; Nickus, U. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soils from European high mountain areas Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 2011, 215, 655-666
42. Dvorska, A.; Lammel, G.; Klanova, J.; Holoubek, I.; Košetice Czech Republic-ten years of air pollution monitoring and four years of evaluating the origin of persistent organic pollutants Environ. Pollut. 2008, 156, 403-408
43. Behymer, T. D.; Hites, R. A. Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on fly ash Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 1311-1319
44. 2 with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons adsorbed on silica particles Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 6557-6567
45. Johnsen, A. R.; Karlson, U. Diffuse PAH contamination of surface soils: environmental occurrence, bioavailability, and microbial degradation Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2007, 76, 533-543
46. Bird, M. I.; Ascough, P. L. Isotopes in pyrogenic carbon: A review Org. Geochem. 2012, 42, 1529-1539
47. Okuda, T.; Kumata, H.; Naraoka, H.; Takada, H. Origin of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Chinese cities solved by compound-specific stable carbon isotopic analyses Org. Geochem. 2002, 33, 1737-1745
48. McRae, C.; Sun, C.; McMillan, C. F.; Snape, C. E.; Fallick, A. E. Sourcing of fossil fuel-derived PAH in the environment Polycyclic Aromat. Compd. 2000, 20, 97
49. Aggarwal, S. G.; Kawamura, K. Molecular distributions and stable carbon isotopic compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in aerosols from Sapporo, Japan: Implications for photochemical aging during long-range atmospheric transport J. Geophys. Res., [Atmos.] 2008, 113, D14301 10.1029/2007JD009365
50. Pavuluri, C. M.; Kawamura, K. Evidence for 13-carbon enrichment in oxalic acid via iron catalyzed photolysis in aqueous phase Geophys. Res. Lett. 2012, 39, L03802 10.1029/2011GL050398
51. 12 C ratios of individual hydrocarbons produced from the combustion of biomass materials-application to biomass burning Org. Geochem. 1997, 27, 567-581
52. McRae, C.; Love, G. D.; Murray, I. P.; Snape, C. E.; Fallick, A. E. Potential of gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry to source polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions Anal. Commun. 1996, 33, 331-333
53. Vitzthum von Eckstaedt, C. D.; Grice, K.; Ioppolo-Armanios, M.; Kelly, D.; Gibberd, M. Compound specific carbon and hydrogen stable isotope analyses of volatile organic compounds in various emissions of combustion processes Chemosphere 2012, 78, 1407-1413
54. Okuda, T.; Kumata, H.; Zakaria, M. P.; Naraoka, H.; Ishiwatari, R.; Takada, H. Source identification of Malaysian atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons nearby forest fires using molecular and isotopic compositions Atmos. Environ. 2002, 36, 611-618
55. McRae, C.; Snape, C. E.; Fallick, A. E. Variations in the stable ratios of specific aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons from coal conversion processes Analyst 1998, 123, 1519-1523
56. Chen, Y. J.; Cai, W. W.; Huang, G. P.; Li, J.; Zhang, G. Stable Carbon Isotope of Black Carbon from Typical Emission Sources in China Environ. Sci. 2012, 33, 673-678. (in Chinese)
57. 13 C of elemental carbon in aerosols in Japan Atmos. Environ. 2012, 46, 568-579
58. Redding, C. E.; Schoell, M.; Monin, J. C.; Durand, B. Hydrogen and carbon isotopic composition of coals and kerogens Phys. Chem. Earth 1980, 12, 711-723
59. Gleason, J. D.; Kyser, T. K. Stable isotope compositions of gases and vegetation near naturally burning coal Nature 1984, 307, 254-257
60. Mastalerz, M.; Schimmelmann, A. Isotopically exchangeable organic hydrogen in coal relates to thermal maturity and maceral composition Org. Geochem. 2002, 33, 921-931
61. Jedrysek, M.-O.; Skrzypek, G. Hydrogen, carbon and sulphur isotope ratios in peat: the role of diagenessis and water regimes in reconstruction of past climates Environ. Chem. Lett. 2005, 2Q, 179-183 10.1007/s10311-004-0093-4
62. Skrzypek, G.; Paul, D.; Wojtun, B. Stable isotope composition of plants and peat from Arctic mire and geothermal area in Iceland Polish Polar Res. 2008, 29, 365-376
63. Seki, O.; Meyers, P. A.; Kawamura, K.; Zheng, Y.; Zhou, W. Hydrogen isotopic ratios of plant wax n -alkanes in a peat bog deposited in northeast China during the last 16 kyr Org. Geochem. 2009, 40, 671-677
64. Holoubek, I.; Caslavsky, J.; Korinek, P.; Kohoutek, J.; Staffova, K.; Hrdlieka, A.; Pokorny, B.; Vancura, R.; Helesic, J. Project Tocoen. Fate of Selected Organic Compounds in the Environment. Part XXVII. Main Sources, Emission Factors and Input of PAHs in Czech Republic Polycyclic Aromat. Compd. 1996, 9, 151-157
65. Plachá, D.; Raclavská, H.; Matýsek, D.; Rümmeli, M. H. The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations in soils in the Region of Valasske Mezirici, the Czech Republic Geochem. Trans. 2009, 10, 12 10.1186/1467-4866-10-12
66. Zhang, Y.; Tao, S. Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004 Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 812-81
67. Bergmann, F. D.; Abu Laban, N. M. F. H.; Meyer, A. H.; Elsner, M.; Meckenstock, R. U. Dual (C, H) isotope fractionation in anaerobic low molecular weight (poly)aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) degradation: Potential for field studies and mechanistic implications Environ. Sci. Technol. 2011, 45, 6947-6953
68. OTE, a.s. Czech electricity and gas market operator. http://www.ote-cr.cz/.