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34
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84889343999
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ed. J. J. Li, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken
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R. R. Kumar, K. A. Vanithan and M. Balasubramanian, in Name Reactions for Homologation: Part 2, ed., J. J. Li, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, 2009, pp. 274-292
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(2009)
Name Reactions for Homologation: Part 2
, pp. 274-292
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Kumar, R.R.1
Vanithan, K.A.2
Balasubramanian, M.3
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49
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84934940389
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note
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Most of the aldoximes employed in this work were synthesized as mixtures of the corresponding E and Z isomers, and, in no case, differences in reactivity between both stereoisomers were observed. The monitoring of the reactions by GC showed that E and Z isomers are consumed at similar rates.
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50
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84934897400
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note
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Under the same reaction conditions, i.e. in water, at 100 °C, with 5 mol% Pd, complexes 1 and 2 showed a very low activity in the catalytic hydration of nitriles (ca. 10% conversion of benzonitrile to benzamide after 24 h). This fact strongly supports the mechanism proposed by Williams and co-workers, in which the initially generated nitrile is hydrated by the own aldoxime substrate (Scheme 1, right).
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63
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84918803329
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W. Jang S. E. Kim C. M. Yang S. Yoon M. Park J. Lee Y. Kim M. Kim Catal. Commun. 2015 60 120
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(2015)
Catal. Commun.
, vol.60
, pp. 120
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Jang, W.1
Kim, S.E.2
Yang, C.M.3
Yoon, S.4
Park, M.5
Lee, J.6
Kim, Y.7
Kim, M.8
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65
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84935017278
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note
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The dicationic complex [Pd{κ2-(P,N)-2-Ph2PC6H4CHNOH}2][Cl]2 (2) also proved active and selective in the dehydration process. Thus, under the same experimental conditions, it was able to generate benzonitrile from (E)-benzaldoxime in 95% GC-yield after 24 h.
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67
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84935015288
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note
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(a) In the absence of reductant reagents, no fully convincing explanation for the formation of the Pd(0) nanoparticles during the rearrangement reactions performed in water can be given. However, we must note that the 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of the crude reaction mixture showed the presence of several singlet resonances in the range δP = 16.5-35.8 ppm, some of them attributable to the phosphino-oxides 2-Ph2P(O)C6H4CHNOH (δP = 29.9 ppm; literature data 29.7 ppm), 2-Ph2P(O)C6H4C(O)NH2 (δP = 34.8 ppm; literature data 34.4 ppm) and 2-Ph2P(O)C6H4CN (δP = 26.0 ppm; literature data 26.5 ppm). It may be that, after decoordination, the own phosphine acts as the reducing agent. Alternatively, a decomposition pathway involving the initial deprotonation of the oxime ligand could also be proposed:. (b) A diminution of the induction period was observed when complex 1 was preheated in water prior to the addition of (E)-benzaldoxime. Formation of a black solid suspension was observed; (c) to the best of our knowledge, involvement of Pd nanoparticles in the rearrangement reaction of aldoximes is unprecedented. See ref. 9.
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68
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84935001683
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note
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As observed for complex 1: (i) the palladacycle 3 also decomposes in water generating Pd(0) nanoparticles, and (ii) an equimolar amount of acetamide is formed in the dehydration process performed in acetonitrile (no nanoparticles were in this case observed). Oxime-palladacycles like 3 are known to decompose in aqueous media generating palladium nanoparticles; see ref. 7c.
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