The Effects of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Combined Mild Traumatic Brain Injury/Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder on Returning Veterans

Journal of Neurotrauma

Volumn 32, Issue 13, 2015, Pages 956-966

  Combs, Hannah L ^a   Berry, David T R ^a   Pape, Theresa ^b,c   Babcock Parziale, Judith ^d   Smith, Bridget ^b,c   Schleenbaker, Randal ^e,f   Shandera Ochsner, Anne ^a,g   Harp, Jordan P ^a   High, Walter M ^e,f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b HINES VA HOSPITAL   (United States)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^f LEXINGTON VA MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

assessment; mild TBI; PTSD; veterans

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGE; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CAUCASIAN; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EDUCATION; EFFECT SIZE; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; GENDER; HISPANIC; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY; VERBAL MEMORY; VETERAN; VISION; BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; UNITED STATES; WAR; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AFGHAN CAMPAIGN 2001-; BRAIN INJURIES; COGNITION DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; FEMALE; HUMANS; IRAQ WAR, 2003-2011; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; UNITED STATES; VETERANS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84932627923     PISSN: 08977151     EISSN: 15579042     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3585     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Hoge, C. W., McGurk, D., Thomas, J. L., Cox, A. L., Engel, C. C., and Castro, C. A. (2008). Mild traumatic brain injury in U.S. Soldiers returning from Iraq. N. Engl. J. Med. 358, 453-463.
2. Schneiderman, A. I., Braver, E. R., and Kang, H. K. (2008). Understanding sequelae of injury mechanisms and mild traumatic brain injury incurred during the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan: persistent postconcussive symptoms and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Epidemiol. 167, 1446-1452.
3. Galarneau, M. R., Woodruff, S. I., Dye, J. L., Mohrle, C. R., and Wade, A. L. (2008). Traumatic brain injury during Operation Iraqi Freedom: findings from the United States Navy-Marine Corps Combat Trauma Registry. J. Neurosurg. 108, 950-957.
4. Belanger, H. G., Curtiss, G., Demery, J. A., Lebowitz, B. K., and Vanderploeg, R. D. (2005). Factors moderating neuropsychological outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 11, 215-227.
5. Levin, H. S., Amparo E., Eisenberg, H. M., Williams, D. H., High Jr., W. M., McArdle, C. B., and Weiner, R. L. (1987). Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in relation to the neurobehavioral sequelae of mild and moderate head injuries. J. Neurosurg. 66, 706-713.
6. Iverson, G. L. (2005). Outcome from mild traumatic brain injury. Curr. Opin. Psychiatry, 18, 301-317.
7. Ponsford, J., Willmott, C., Rothwell, A., Cameron, P., Kelly, A. M., Nelms, R., Curran, C., and Ng, K. (2000). Factors influencing outcome following mild traumatic brain injury in adults. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 6, 568-579.
8. Schretlen, D. J. and Shapiro, A. M. (2003). A quantitative review of the effects of traumatic brain injury on cognitive functioning. Int. Rev. Psychiatry 15, 341-349.
9. Dikmen, S., McLean, A., and Temkin, N. (1986). Neuropsychological and psychosocial consequences of minor head injury. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 49, 1227-1232.
10. Vanderploeg, R. D., Belanger, H. G., and Curtiss, G. (2009). Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder and their associations with health symptoms. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 90, 1084-1093.
11. Binder, L. M., Rohling, M. L., and Larrabee, G. J. (1997). A review of mild head trauma. Part I: Meta-analytic review of neuropsychological studies. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 19, 421-431.
12. Ettenhofer, M. L. and Abeles, N. (2008). The significance of mild traumatic brain injury to cognition and self-reported symptoms in long-term recovery from injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 31, 363-372.
13. Marsh, N. V. and Smith, M. D. (1995). Post-concussion syndrome and the coping hypothesis. Brain Inj. 9, 553-562.
14. Ruff, R. (2005). Two decades of advances in understanding of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 20, 5-18.
15. Ruff, R. M., Camenzuli, L., and Mueller, J. (1996). Miserable minority: emotional risk factors that influence the outcome of a mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 10, 551-566.
16. Rohling, M. L., Larrabee, G. J., and Millis, S. R. (2012). The "Miserable Minority" following mild traumatic brain injury: who are they and do meta-analyses hide them? Clin. Neuropsychol. 26, 197-213.
17. Hoge, C. W., Terhakopian, A., Castro, C. A., Messer, S. C., and Engel, C. C. (2007). Association of posttraumatic stress disorder with somatic symptoms, health care visits, and absenteeism among Iraq war veterans. Am. J. Psychiatry 164, 150-153.
18. Kennedy, J. E., Jaffee, M. S., Leskin, G. A., Stokes, J. W., Leal, F. O., and Fitzpatrick, P. J. (2007). Posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder-like symptoms and mild traumatic brain injury. J. Rehabil. Res. Dev. 44, 895-920.
19. Smith, T. C., Ryan, M. A. K., Wingard, D. L., Slymen, D. J., Sallis, J. F., and Kritz-Silverstein, D. (2008). New onset and persistent symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder self reported after deployment and combat exposures: prospective population based US military cohort study. BMJ 336, 366-371.
20. Vasterling, J. J., Verfaellie, M., and Sullivan, K. D. (2009). Mild traumatic brain injury and posttraumatic stress disorder in returning veterans: perspectives from cognitive neuroscience. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 29, 674-684.
21. Vasterling, J. J. and Brailey, K. (2005). Neuropsychological findings in adults with PTSD. In Neuropsychology of PTSD: Biological, cognitive, and Clinical Perspectives. J. J. Vasterling and C. R. Brewin (eds). Guilford Press: New York, pps. 178-207.
22. Brewin, C. R., Kleiner, J. S., Vasterling, J. J., and Field, A. P. (2007). Memory for emotionally neutral information in posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analytic investigation. J. Abnorm. Psychol, 116, 448-463.
23. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (Text Revision). Washington, DC.
24. Johnsen, G. E. and Asbjørnsen, A. E. (2008). Consistent impaired verbal memory in PTSD: a meta-analysis. J. Affect. Disord. 111, 74-82.
25. Samuelson, K. W., Neylan, T. C., Metzler, T. J., Lenoci, M., Rothlind, J., Henn-Haase, C., Choucroun, G., Weiner, M.W., and Marmar, C.R. (2006). Neuropsychological functioning in posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol abuse. Neuropsychology 20, 716-726.
26. Samuelson, K. W., Krueger, C. E., Burnett, C., and Wilson, C. K. (2010). Neuropsychological functioning in children with posttraumatic stress disorder. Child Neuropsychol. 16, 119-133.
27. Brenner, L. A., Ladley-O'Brien, S. E., Harwood, J. E. F., Filley, C. M., Kelly, J. P., Homaifar, B. Y., and Adler, L. E. (2009). An exploratory study of neuroimaging, neurologic, and neuropsychological findings in veterans with traumatic brain injury and/or posttraumatic stress disorder. Mil. Med. 174, 347-352.
28. Gordon, S. N., Fitzpatrick, P. J., and Hilsabeck, R. C. (2011). No effect of PTSD and other psychiatric disorders on cognitive functioning in veterans with mild TBI. Clin. Neuropsychol. 25, 337-47.
29. Nelson, L. A., Yoash-Gantz, R. E., Pickett, T. C., and Campbell, T. A. (2009). Relationship between processing speed and executive functioning performance among OEF/OIF veterans: implications for postdeployment rehabilitation. J. Head Trauma Rehabil. 24, 32-40.
30. Barrett, D. H., Green, M. L., Morris, R., Giles, W. H., and Croft, J. B. (1996). Cognitive functioning and posttraumatic stress disorder. Am. J. Psychiatry, 153, 1492-1494.
31. Brenner, L.A., Terrio, H., Homaifar, B.Y., Gutierrez, P.M., Staves, P.J., Harwood, J.E., Reeves, D., Adler, L.E., Ivins, B.J., Helmick, K., and Warden, D. (2010). Neuropsychological test performance in soldiers with blast-related mild TBI. Neuropsychology 24, 160-167.
32. Campbell, T. A., Nelson, L. A., Lumpkin, R., Yoash-Gantz, R. E., Pickett, T. C., and McCormick, C. L. (2009). Neuropsychological measures of processing speed and executive functioning in combat veterans with PTSD, TBI, and comorbid TBI/PTSD. Psychiatr. Ann. 39, 796-803.
33. Shandera-Ochsner, A. L., Berry, D. T., Harp, J. P., Edmundson, M., Graue, L. O., Roach, A., and High Jr, W. M. (2013). Neuropsychological Effects of Self-Reported Deployment-Related Mild TBI and Current PTSD in OIF/OEF Veterans. Clin. Neuropsychol. 27, 881-907.
34. Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., and Condit, D. C. (2002). Base Rates of Malingering and Symptom Exaggeration. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 24, 1094-1102.
35. Lees-Haley, P. R. (1997). MMPI-2 base rates for 492 personal injury plaintiffs: implications and challenges for forensic assessment. J. Clin. Psychol. 53, 745-755.
36. Inman, T. H., Vickery, C. D., Berry, D. T. R., Lamb, D. G., Edwards, C. L., and Smith, G. T. (1998). Development and initial validation of a new procedure for evaluating adequacy of effort given during neuropsychological testing: the letter memory test. Psychol Assess, 10, 128-139.
37. Sollman, M. J. and Berry, D. T. (2011). Detection of inadequate effort on neuropsychological testing: a meta-analytic update and extension. Arch. Clin. Neuropsychol. 26, 774-789.
38. Miller, H. A. (2001). M-Fast: Miller Forensic Assessment of Symptoms Test. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.: Lutz, FL.
39. Ben-Porath, Y. S. and Tellegen. A. (2008). Empirical correlates of the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical (RC) Scales in mental health, forensic, and nonclinical settings: an introduction. J. Pers. Assess. 90, 119-121.
40. Mason, L. H., Shandera-Ochsnera, A. L., Williamson, K.D., Harp, J. P., Edmundson, M., Berry, D. T. R., and High, Jr., W. M. (2013) Accuracy of MMPI-2-RF validity scales for identifying feigned PTSD symptoms, random responding, and genuine PTSD. J. Pers Assess. 95, 585-593.
41. Blake, D. D., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., and Keane, T.M. (1995). The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. J. Trauma Stress, 8, 75-90.
42. Donnelly, K. T., Donnelly, J. P., Dunnam, M., Warner, G. C., Kittleson, C. J., Constance, J. E., and Alt, M. (2011). Reliability, sensitivity, and specificity of the VA traumatic brain injury screening tool. J. Head Trauma Rehab. 26, 439-453.
43. American College of Rehabilitation Medicine (ACRM) (1993). Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. J. Head Trauma Rehab. 8, 86-87.
44. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., and Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II, Beck depression inventory: Manual. Psychological Corp: San Antonio, TX.
45. Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., and Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: psychometric properties. J. Consult Clin. Psychol. 56, 893-897.
46. Wechsler, D. (2001). Wechsler Test of Adult Reading: WTAR. Psychological Corporation: San Antonio, TX.
47. Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., and Ober, B.A. (2000). California Verbal Learning Test, 2nd ed. Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.
48. Conners, C. K. and Staff, M. H. S. (2000). Conners' Continuous Performance Test II (CPT II V. 5). Multi-Health Systems Inc.: North Tonawanda, NY.
49. Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., and Kramer, J. H. (2001). Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) technical manual. The Psychological Corporation: San Antonio, TX.
50. Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) Pearson Assessment. Pearson PLC: London.
51. Carlson, K. F., Nelson, D., Orazem, R. J., Nugent, S., Cifu, D. X., and Sayer, N. A. (2010). Psychiatric diagnoses among Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans screened for deployment- related traumatic brain injury. J. Trauma Stress, 23, 17-24.
52. Brady, K. T. (1997). Posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbidity: recognizing the many faces of PTSD. J. Clin. Psychiatry 58(Suppl. 9), 12-15.
53. Kessler, R. C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M., and Nelson, C. B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 52, 1048-1060.
54. Rasch, D. and Guiard, V. (2004). The robustness of parametric statistical methods. Psychol. Science, 46, 175-208.
55. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychol. Bull. 112, 155-159.
56. O'Neil, M. E, Carlson, K. F., Storzbach, D, Brenner, L. A., Freeman, M., Quinones, A. R., Motu'apuaka, M., and Kansagara, D. (2014). Factors associated with mild traumatic brain injury in veterans and military personnel: a systematic review. J. Int. Neuropsychol. Soc. 20, 249-261.
57. Suhr, J. A. and Gunstad, J. (2002). "Diagnosis threat": The effect of negative expectations on cognitive performance in head injury. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 24, 448-457.