Detection of inadequate effort on neuropsychological testing: A meta-analytic update and extension

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology

Volumn 26, Issue 8, 2011, Pages 774-789

  Sollman, Myriam J ^a,b   Berry, David T R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cognitive; Effort testing; Feigning; Malingering; Review

Indexed keywords

EID: 84857590669     PISSN: 08876177     EISSN: 18735843     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acr066     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Abramsky, A. (2005). Assessment of test behaviors as a unique construct in the evaluation of malingered depression on the inventory of problems: Do test behaviors add significant variance beyond problem endorsement strategies? Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 66, 1779.
2. Batt, K., Shores, E. A., & Chekaluk, E. (2008). The effect of distraction on theWord Memory Test and Test of Memory Malingering performance in patients with a severe brain injury. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 14, 1074-1080.
3. Berry, D. T. R., Baer, R. A., Rinaldo, J., & Wetter, M. W. (2002). Assessment of malingering. In J. Butcher (Ed.), Clinical personality assessment: Practical approaches (2nd ed., pp. 269-302). New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Berry, D. T. R., & Schipper, L. J. (2007). Detection of feigned psychiatric symptoms during forensic neuropsychological evaluations. In G. J. Larrabee (Ed.), Assessment of malingered neuropsychological deficits (pp. 226-263). New York: Oxford University Press.
5. Binder, L. M. (1993). Assessment of malingering after mild head trauma with the Portland Digit Recognition Test. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 15, 170-182. (Pubitemid 23156204)
6. Binder, L. M., & Willis, S. C. (1991). Assessment of motivation after financially compensable minor head trauma. Psychological Assessment, 3, 175-181.
7. Boone, K. B. (2007). Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective. New York: Guilford Press.
8. Bush, S. S., Ruff, R. M., Troster, A. I., Barth, J. T., Koffler, S. P., Pliskin, N. H., et al. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practical issues and medical necessity. NAN position paper. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20, 419-426. (Pubitemid 40719546)
9. Connell, K. E. (2005). Detecting simulated versus genuine posttraumatic stress disorder (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 2004). Dissertation Abstracts International, 65, 5393 (UMI No. 3149303).
10. Covert, J. H. (2010). Dissertation. Neurocognitive variables underlying group performance on a measure of effort: The Medical Symptom Validity Test (MSVT). Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 70, 6544.
11. Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. 507 U.S. 579, 113 S. Ct. 2786 (1993).
12. Demakis, G. J. (2006). Meta-analysis in neuropsychology: Basic approaches, findings, and applications. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 10-26. (Pubitemid 43062350)
13. Farkas, M. R. (2009). Ability of malingering measures to differentiate simulated versus genuine mental retardation. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 69(11-B), 7136.
14. Graue, L. O., Berry, D. T. R., Clark, J. A., Sollman, M. J., Cardi, M., Hopkins, J., et al. (2007). Identification of feigned mental retardation using the new generation of malingering detection instruments: Preliminary findings. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 21, 929-942. (Pubitemid 47450856)
15. Green, P. (2003). Green's Word Memory Test for windows user's manual. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Green's Publishing.
16. Green, P. (2004). Medical Symptom Validity Test for Windows: User's manual and program. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Green's Publishing.
17. Green, P. (2007). Spoiled for choice: Making comparisons between forced-choice effort tests. In K. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective (pp. 50-77). New York: The Guilford Press.
18. Greub, B. L. (2005). The validity of the LMT as a measure of memory malingering: Robustness to coaching (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, 2005). Dissertation Abstracts International, 66, 552.
19. Greub, B. L., & Suhr, J. A. (2006). The validity of the Letter Memory Test as a measure of memory malingering: Robustness to coaching. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 249-254.
20. Greve, K.W., Bianchini, K. J., Black, F.W., Heinly, M. T., Love, J. M., Swift, D. A., et al. (2006). Classification accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering in persons reporting exposure to environmental and industrial toxins: Results of a known-groups analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21, 439-448. (Pubitemid 44247522)
21. Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., & Doane, B. M. (2006). Classification accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering in Traumatic Brain Injury: Results of a known-groups analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 1176-1190.
22. Greve, K.W., Etherton, J. L., Ord, J., Bianchini, K. J., & Curtis, K. L. (2009). Detecting malingered pain-related disability: Classification accuracy of the Test of Memory Malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 23, 1250-1271.
23. Greve, K. W., Ord, J., Curtis, K. L., Bianchini, K. J., & Brennan, A. (2008). Detecting malingering in traumatic brain injury and chronic pain: A comparison of three forced-choice symptom validity tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 896-918.
24. Harrison, C. (2009). Assessing malingered responding: Concurrent validation of a forced-choice test using ink blot stimuli for the identification of malingered responses. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 70, 3782.
25. Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
26. Hiscock, M., & Hiscock, C. L. (1989). Refining the forced-choice method for the detection of malingering. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 967-974. (Pubitemid 20052130)
27. Hubbard, K. L. (2008). Feigning cognitive deficits among psychiatric inpatients: Validation of three measures of cognitive malingering. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 68, 6966.
28. Inman, T. H., & Berry, D. T. R. (2002). Cross-validation of indicators of malingering: A comparison of nine neuropsychological tests, four tests of malingering, and behavioral observations. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 1-23. (Pubitemid 34003071)
29. Inman, T. H., Vickery, C. D., Berry, D. T. R., Lamb, D. G., Edwards, C. L., & Smith, G. T. (1998). Development and initial validation of a new procedure for evaluating adequacy of effort given during neuropsychological testing: The Letter Memory Test. Psychological Assessment, 10, 128-149.
30. Iverson, G., Franzen, M.D., & McCracken, L. (1991). Evaluation of an objective assessment technique for the detection of malingered memory deficits. Law and Human Behavior, 15, 667-676.
31. Johnson, B. T. (1993). DSTAT 1.10 manual. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
32. Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 410-425. (Pubitemid 37521919)
33. Lezak, M. D. (1976). Neuropsychological assessment. New York: Oxford University Press.
34. Lindstrom, W. A., Lindstrom, J. H., Coleman, C., Nelson, J., & Gregg, N. (2009). The diagnostic accuracy of symptom validity tests when used with postsecondary students with learning disabilities: a preliminary investigation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 659-669.
35. Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
36. Mittenberg, W., Patton, C., Canyock, E. M., & Condit, D. C. (2002). Base rates of malingering and symptom exaggeration. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 1094-1098.
37. Nelson, N. W., Sweet, J. J., & Demakis, G. J. (2006). Meta-analysis of the MMPI-2 Fake Bad Scale: Utility in forensic practice. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 39-58. (Pubitemid 43062352)
38. Orey, C., Cragar, D. E., & Berry, D. T. R. (2000). The effects of two motivational manipulations on the neuropsychological performance of mildly headinjured college students. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 15, 335-348. (Pubitemid 30207052)
39. Pivovarova, E., Rosenfeld, B., Dole, T., Green, D., & Zapf, P. (2009). Are measures of cognitive effort and motivation useful in differentiating feigned from genuine psychiatric symptoms? The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 8, 271-278.
40. Rees, L. M., Tombaugh, T. N., Gansler, D. A., & Moczynski, N. P. (1998). Five validation experiments of the Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). Psychological Assessment, 10, 10-20. (Pubitemid 28183785)
41. Rosenfeld, B., Green, D., Pivovarova, E., Dole, T., & Zapf, P. (2010). What to do with contradictory data? Approaches to the integration of multiple malingering measures. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 9, 63-73.
42. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
43. Samra, J. (2004). The impact of depression on multiple measures of malingering (Doctoral dissertation, Simon Fraser University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 4061.
44. Schipper, L. J., Berry, D. T. R., Coen, E., & Clark, J. A. (2008). Cross-validation of a manual form of the Letter Memory Test using a known-groups methodology. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22, 345-349. (Pubitemid 351507784)
45. Shandera, A. L., Berry, D. T. R., Clark, J. A., Schipper, L. J., Graue, L. O., & Harp, J. P. (2010). Detection of malingered mental retardation. Psychological Assessment, 22, 50-56.
46. Sharp, D. (1997). Of apples and oranges, file drawers, and garbage: Why validity issues in meta-analysis will not go away. Clinical Psychology Review, 17, 881-901.
47. Sholtz, B. P. (2006). Effects of cautioning and education in the detection of malingered mild traumatic brain injury. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 67, 2243.
48. Singhal, A., Green, P., Ashaye, K., Shankar, K., & Gill, D. (2009). High specificity of the Medical Symptom Validity Test in patients with very severe memory impairment. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24, 721-728.
49. Slick, D. J. (1996). The Victoria Symptom Validity Test: A new clinical measure of response bias (Doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria, 1996). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 6114.
50. Slick, D., Hopp, G., Strauss, E., & Spellacy, F. (1996). Victoria Symptom Validity Test: Efficiency for detecting feigned memory impairment and relationship to neuropsychological tests and MMPI-2 validity scales. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 911-922. (Pubitemid 27067327)
51. Slick, D. J., Sherman, E. M. S., & Iverson, G. L. (1999). Diagnostic criteria for malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Proposed standards for clinical practice and research. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 13, 465-473.
52. Sollman, M. J., Ranseen, J. R., & Berry, D. T. R. (2010). Detection of feigned ADHD in college students. Psychological Assessment, 22, 325-335.
53. Strauss, E., Slick, D. J., Levy-Bencheton, J., Hunter, M., MacDonald, S. W. S., & Hultsch, D. F. (2002). Intraindividual variability as an indicator of malingering in head injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 17, 423-444. (Pubitemid 34626384)
54. Tombaugh, T. N. (1997). The Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM): Normative data from cognitively intact and cognitively impaired individuals. Psychological Assessment, 9, 260-268. (Pubitemid 27428330)
55. Vagnini, V. L., Berry, D. T. R., Clark, J. A., & Jiang, Y. (2008). New measures to detect malingered neurocognitive deficit: Applying reaction time and event-related potentials. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 30, 766-776.
56. Vagnini, V. L., Sollman, M. J., Berry, D. T. R., Granacher, R. P., Clark, J. A., Burton, R., et al. (2006). Known-groups cross-validation of the Letter Memory Test in a compensation-seeking mixed neurologic sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20, 289-304.
57. Vickery, C. D., Berry, D. T. R., Dearth, C. S., Vagnini, V. L., Baser, R. E., Cragar, D. E., et al. (2004). Head injury and the ability to feign neuropsychological deficits. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 37-48. (Pubitemid 37518326)
58. Vickery, C. D., Berry, D. T. R., Inman, T. H., Harris, M. J., & Orey, S. A. (2001). Detection of inadequate effort on neuropsychological testing: A meta-analytic review of selected procedures. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 16, 45-73. (Pubitemid 32054793)
59. Viglione, D. J., Wright, D., Moynihan, N., Dizon, J. E., DuPuis, S., & Pizitz, T. D. (2001). Evading detection on the MMPI-2: Does caution produce more realistic patterns of responding? Psychological Assessment Resources, 8, 237-250. (Pubitemid 33595214)
60. Wolfe, P. L. (2004). Effects of coaching on simulated malingering performance: Comparison of three symptom validity measures (Doctoral dissertation, Illinois Institute of Technology, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 6346 (UMI No. 3117134).
61. Wood, S. M. (2009). Unique contributions of performance and self-report methods in the detection of malingered psychotic symptoms. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 70(3-B), 1961.
62. Youngjohn, J. R., Lees-Haley, P. R., & Binder, L. M. (1999). Comment: warning malingerers produces more sophisticated malingering. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 4511-4516.