Political computational thinking: policy networks, digital governance and ‘learning to code’

Critical Policy Studies

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 39-58

  Williamson, Ben ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF STIRLING   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

computational thinking; computing curriculum; governance; learning to code; policy labs; policy networks

Indexed keywords

EID: 84931864145     PISSN: 19460171     EISSN: 1946018X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19460171.2015.1052003     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. S.J.Ball, 2012. “The Reluctant State and the Beginning of the End of State Education.” Journal of Educational Administration and History 44 (2): 89–103. doi:10.1080/00220620.2012.658764.
2. S.J.Ball,, and C.Junemann. 2012. Networks, New Governance and Education. Bristol: Policy Press.
3. A.Barry, 2001. Political Machines: Governing a Technological Society. London: Athlone Press.
4. BBC Media Centre. 2015. “Make it digital.” BBC Media Centre, March 12. Accessed 18 March 2015. http://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/makeitdigital
5. D.Beer,, and R.Burrows. 2013. “Popular Culture, Digital Archives and the New Social Life of Data.” Theory, Culture & Society 30 (4): 47–71. doi:10.1177/0263276413476542.
6. H.Bell, 2014. “Coding for civic service: What we are learning?” Nesta Blogs. Accessed September1 2014. http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/coding-civic-service-what-we-are-learning
7. M.Berry, 2013. “The new computing curriculum—Some thoughts.” An Open Mind. Accessed 15September 2014. http://milesberry.net/2013/02/the-new-computing-curriculum-some-thoughts/
8. M.Berry, 2014. “There is more to the new computing curriculum than just coding.” An Open Mind. Accessed 15September 2014. http://milesberry.net/2014/05/there-is-more-to-the-new-computing-curriculum-than-just-coding/
9. T.Cave,, and A.Rowell. 2014. A Quiet Word: Lobbying, Crony Capitalism, and Broken Politics in Britain. London: Bodley Head.
10. R.Cellan-Jones, 2014. “Year of code—PR fiasco or vital mission?” BBC Online, February 12. Accessed 28 April 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-26150717
11. Code Club. 2013. “About Code Club.” Code Club. Accessed September13 2013. https://www.codeclub.org.uk/about
12. Code for America. 2014. “Principles for 21st century government.” Code for America. Accessed November14 2014. http://www.codeforamerica.org/governments/principles/
13. Code.org. 2014. “Overview.” Code.org website. Accessed April28 2014. https://code.org/files/Code.orgOverview.pdf
14. P.Colligan, 2014. “People powered public services in practice.” Nesta Blogs. Accessed September1 2014. http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/people-powered-public-services-practice
15. Computing at School. 2010. “Computing at school white paper.” Computing at School. Accessed June16 2014. http://www.computingatschool.org.uk/data/uploads/Computing_at_School.pdf
16. Computing at School. 2014a. “Computing in the national curriculum: A guide for secondary teachers.” Computing at School. Accessed September30 2014. http://www.computingatschool.org.uk/data/uploads/cas_secondary.pdf
17. Computing at School. 2014b. “Network of teaching excellence in computer science.” Computing at School. Accessed June16 2014. http://www.computingatschool.org.uk/index.php?id=noe
18. Department for Business, Innovation & Skills [BIS]. 2013. “Smart cities: Background paper.” Gov.uk. Accessed 4November 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/246019/bis-13-1209-smart-cities-background-paper-digital.pdf
19. Department for Education [DfE]. 2012. “‘Harmful’ ICT curriculum set to be dropped to make way for rigorous computer science.” Gov.uk. Accessed 13September 2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/harmful-ict-curriculum-set-to-be-dropped-to-make-way-for-rigorous-computer-science
20. Department for Education [DfE]. 2013. “National curriculum in England: Computing programmes of study.” Gov.uk. Accessed 16June 2014. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-computing-programmes-of-study
21. Design Commission. 2014. Designing the Digital Economy: Embedding Growth through Design, Innovation and Technology. London: Design Commission.
22. S.Dredge, 2014. “Forcing a generation to code is unprecedented, says Codecademy chief.” The Guardian, September 5. Accessed 15 September 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/sep/05/codecademy-coding-schools-education-apps
23. R.Freeman, 2009. “What is Translation?” Evidence & Policy: A Journal of Research, Debate and Practice 5 (4): 429–447. doi:10.1332/174426409X478770.
24. C.D.Frey,, and M.A.Osborne. 2013. The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation? University of Oxford. Accessed 30September 2014. http://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.
25. J.Gabrys, 2014. “Programming Environments: Environmentality and Citizen Sensing in the Smart City.” Environment & Planning D: Society & Space 32: 30–48. doi:10.1068/d16812.
26. S.Grek, 2014. “OECD as a Site of Coproduction: European Education Governance and the New Politics of ‘Policy Mobilization’.” Critical Policy Studies 8 (3): 266–281. doi:10.1080/19460171.2013.862503.
27. B.Hayes, 2015. “Cultures of Code.” American Scientist 103 (1). doi:10.1511/2015.112.10.
28. HM Treasury. 2013. “100,000 young people to become ‘digital makers’.” Gov.co.uk. Accessed 13September 2013. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/100000-young-people-to-become-digital-makers
29. B.Jessop,, N.Brenner, and M.Jones. 2008. “Theorizing Sociospatial Relations.” Environment & Planning D: Society & Space 26: 389–401. doi:10.1068/d9107.
30. R.Kitchin, 2014a. “Big Data, New Epistemologies and Paradigm Shifts.” Big Data & Society 1 (1). doi:10.1177/2053951714528481.
31. R.Kitchin, 2014b. “The Real-Time City? Big Data and Smart Urbanism.” GeoJournal 79: 1–14. doi:10.1007/s10708-013-9516-8.
32. R.Kitchin,, and M.Dodge. 2011. Code/Space: Software and Everyday Life. London: MIT Press.
33. A.Kutay, 2014. “Managerial Formations and Coupling among the State, the Market, and Civil Society: An Emerging Effect of Governance.” Critical Policy Studies 8 (3): 247–265. doi:10.1080/19460171.2013.869180.
34. S.Lash, 2007. “Power after Hegemony: Cultural Studies in Mutation?” Theory, Culture & Society 24 (3): 55–78. doi:10.1177/0263276407075956.
35. B.Lingard,, and S.Sellar. 2012. “A Policy Sociology Reflection on School Reform in England: From the ‘Third Way’ to the ‘Big Society’.” Journal of Educational Administration and History 44 (1): 43–63. doi:10.1080/00220620.2011.634498.
36. I.Livingstone, 2012. “The quest to release the ICT curriculum from the jaws of the dragon of dullness.” Wired.co.uk, January 23. Accessed 15 September 2014. http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-01/23/ict-curriculum-ian-livingstone
37. I.Livingstone,, and A.Hope. 2011. Next Gen. London: Nesta.
38. A.Mackenzie, 2006. Cutting Code: Software and Sociality. Oxford: Peter Lang.
39. A.Mager, 2012. “Algorithmic Ideology: How Capitalist Society Shapes Search Engines.” Information, Communication & Society 15 (5): 769–787. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2012.676056.
40. Make Things Do Stuff. 2013a. “About Make Things Do Stuff.” Make Things Do Stuff. Accessed September13 2013. http://makethingsdostuff.co.uk/about
41. Make Things Do Stuff. 2013b. “What Is Make Things Do Stuff?” Make Things Do Stuff Blog. Accessed September13 2013. http://makethingsdostuff.co.uk/blog/2013/03/12/what-make-things-do-stuff
42. P.Maltby, 2015. “A new operating model for government.” Open Policy Making, March 17. Accessed 18 March 2015. https://openpolicy.blog.gov.uk/2015/03/17/a-new-operating-model-for-government/
43. H.Margetts,, and P.Dunleavy. 2013. “The Second Wave of Digital-Era Governance: A Quasi-Paradigm for Government on the Web.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A 371: 20120382. doi:10.1098/rsta.2012.0382.
44. J.G.McGann,, and R.Sabatini. 2011. Global Think Tanks: Policy Networks and Governance. London: Routledge.
45. N.Merrett, 2014. “Public sector embraces ‘Hackathon’ innovation potential.” Government Computing, May 30. Accessed 16 June 2014. http://central-government.governmentcomputing.com/news/public-sector-embraces-hackathon-innovation-potential-4281766
46. P.Miller,, and N.Rose. 2008. Governing the Present: Administering Economic, Social and Personal Life. Cambridge: Polity.
47. N.Mitchell, 2014. “Canary Wharf Group launches initiative for the development of new smart cities technologies.” Cities Today, November 4. Accessed 6 November 2014. http://cities-today.com/2014/11/canary-wharf-group-launches-initiative-development-new-smart-cities-technologies/
48. E.Morozov, 2013. “The perils of perfection.” New York Times, Sunday Review, March 2. Accessed 16 June 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/03/opinion/sunday/the-perils-of-perfection.html
49. G.Mulgan, 2014a. The Radical’s Dilemma: An Overview of the Practice and Prospects of Social and Public Labs—Version 1. Accessed 26February 2014. http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/social_and_public_labs_-_and_the_radicals_dilemma.pdf
50. G.Mulgan, 2014b. “Smart cities: What we’re doing and why.” Nesta Blog, January 23. Accessed 6 November 2014. http://www.nesta.org.uk/blog/smart-cities-what-were-doing-and-why
51. J.Naughton, 2012. “A manifesto for teaching computer science in the 21st century.” The Observer, March 31. Accessed 13 September 2013. http://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/mar/31/manifesto-teaching-ict-education-minister
52. J.Naughton, 2014. “Year of code already needs a reboot.” The Guardian, February 15. Accessed 28 April 2014. http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/feb/15/year-of-code-needs-reboot-teachers
53. Nesta. 2014a. “i-Teams.” Nesta. Accessed June16 2014. http://www.nesta.org.uk/project/i-teams
54. Nesta. 2014b. “Code for Europe.” Nesta. Accessed November14 2014. http://www.nesta.org.uk/project/code-europe
55. Nominet Trust. 2013. “Digital making activities to expand opportunities for UK young people.” Nominet Trust. Accessed September13 2013. http://www.nominettrust.org.uk/news-events/news/digital-making-activities-to-expand-opportunities-uk-young-people
56. Nominet Trust. 2014. “About the social tech guide.” Social Tech Guide. Accessed June16 2014. http://www.socialtech.org.uk/about/
57. T.O’Reilly, 2010. “Government as a platform.” In Open Government, edited by D.Lathrop and L.Ruma. O’Reilly Books. Accessed 18March 2015. http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1234000000774/ch02.html.
58. J.Ozga,, C.Segerholm, and H.Simola. 2011. “The Governance Turn.” In Fabricating Quality in Education: Data and Governance in Europe, edited by J.Ozga, P.Dahler-Larsen, C.Segerholm, and H.Simola, 85–95. London: Rouledge.
59. S.Peyton Jones,, B.Mitchell, and S.Humphreys 2013. “Computing at School in the UK.” Microsoft Research Papers. Accessed 15September 2014. http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/simonpj/papers/cas/computingatschoolcacm.pdf
60. O.Quinlan, 2015. Young Digital Makers: Surveying Attitudes and Opportunities for Digital Creativity across the UK. London: Nesta. Accessed 18March 2015. http://www.nesta.org.uk/sites/default/files/young-digital-makers-march-2015.pdf.
61. Rewired State. 2014. Rewired State’s National Hack the Government. Accessed 1September 2014. http://nationalhackthegovernment.wordpress.com/
62. N.Rose, 1999. Powers of Freedom: Reframing Political Thought. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. R.SocietyRoyal. 2012. Shut Down or Restart? The Way Forward for Computing in UK Schools. London: Royal Society. Accessed March18 2015. https://royalsociety.org/~/media/education/computing-in-schools/2012-01-12-computing-in-schools.pdf
64. L.Sandvik, 2014. “Resignation.” GitHub, August 26. Accessed 15 September 2014. https://gist.github.com/drtortoise/5dc254c614d6b6a19116
65. S.Shaw,, J.Russell, W.Parsons, and T.Greenhalgh. 2014. “The View from Nowhere? How Think Tanks Work to Shape Health Policy.” Critical Policy Studies. doi:10.1080/19460171.2014.964278.
66. N.Thrift, 2005. Knowing Capitalism. London: Sage.
67. P.Twining, 2013. “Digital literacy does not compute.” PeterT’s Bliki. Accessed September15 2014. http://edfutures.net/PeterT%27s_bliki#12-Feb-2013_Digital_literacy_does_not_compute
68. J.Wakefield, 2014. “Does a five year-old need to learn to code?” BBC News, September 26. Accessed 30 September 2014. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-29145904
69. B.Williamson, 2014a. Knowing Public Services: Cross-Sector Intermediaries and Algorithmic Governance in Public Sector Reform. Public Policy & Administration 29 (4): 292–312. doi:10.1177/0952076714529139.
70. B.Williamson, 2014b. Mediating Education Policy: Making Up the ‘Anti-politics’ of Third Sector Participation in Public Education. British Journal of Education Studies 62 (1): 37–55. doi:10.1080/00071005.2013.857386.
71. Year of Code. 2014. “What is Year of Code?” Year of Code. Accessed June16 2014. http://yearofcode.org/