Urbanization and prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Southern Asia: A systematic analysis

Journal of Global Health

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2014, Pages

  Cheema, Arsalan ^a   Adeloye, Davies ^a   Sidhu, Simrita ^a   Sridhar, Devi ^a   Chan, Kit Yee ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84931589238     PISSN: 20472978     EISSN: 20472986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7189/jogh.04.010404     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. World Health Organization. UN High Level Meeting on NCDS: Summary report of the discussions at the round tables. Geneva: WHO, 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/nmh/events/moscow_ncds_2011/round_tables_ summary.pdf.Accessed: 22 January 2013
2. Alwan A, MacLean DR, Riley LM, d'Espaignet ET, Mathers CD, Stevens GA, et al. Monitoring and surveillance of chronic non-communicable diseases: progress and capacity in high-burden countries. Lancet. 2010;376:1861-8. Medline:21074258 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61853-3
3. United Nations. Prevention and control of non-communicable diseases: Report of the Secretary-General. New York: United Nations, 2011. Available at: http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/66/83&Lang=E. Accessed: 22 January 2013
4. Boutayeb A. The double burden of communicable and non-communicable diseases in developing countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006;100:191-9. Medline:16274715 doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.021
5. Beaglehole R, Bonita R, Horton R, Adams C, Alleyne G, Asaria P, et al. Priority actions for the non-communicable disease crisis. Lancet. 2011;377:1438-47. Medline:21474174 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60393-0
6. World Health Organization. Commission on the Social Determinants of Health. Geneva: WHO, 2008
7. Engelgau MM, El-Saharty S, Kudesia P, Rajan V, Rosenhouse S, Okamoto K. Capitalizing on the demographic transition: tackling noncommunicable diseases in South Asia. Washington DC: The World Bank, 2011
8. Miranda JJ, Kinra S, Casas JP, Davey Smith G, Ebrahim S. Non-communicable diseases in low-and middle-income countries: context, determinants and health policy. Trop Med Int Health. 2008;13:1225-34. Medline: 18937743 doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02116.x
9. Chan KY, Adeloye D, Grant L, Kolčić I, Marušić A. Estimating the burden of non-communicable diseases in low-and middle-income countries. J Glob Health. 2012;2:020101. Medline:23289068
10. American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:S62-9. Medline:20042775 doi:10.2337/dc10-S062
11. World Health Organization. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia: Report of a WHO/IDF Consultation. Geneva: WHO, 2006
12. World Health Organization. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Geneva: WHO Department of Non-Communicable Disease Surveillance, 1999
13. World Health Organization. use of glycatedhaemoglobin (hba1c) in the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: Abbreviated Report of a WHO Consultation. Geneva: WHO, 2011
14. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Dietz WH, Vinicor F, Bales VS, et al. Prevalence of obesity, diabetes, and obesity-related health risk factors, 2001. JAMA. 2003;289:76-9. Medline:12503980 doi:10.1001/jama.289.1.76
15. Wang J, Luben R, Khaw K, Bingham S, Wareham NJ, Forouhi NG. Dietary energy density predicts the risk of incident type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:2120-5. Medline:18689693 doi:10.2337/dc08-1085
16. Expert Consultation WHO. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157-63. Medline:14726171 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15268-3
17. Mohan V. Why are Indians more prone to diabetes? J Assoc Physicians India. 2004;52:468-74. Medline:15645957
18. Misra A, Vikram NK. Insulin resistance syndrome (metabolic syndrome) and obesity in Asian Indians: Evidence and implications. Nutrition. 2004;20:482-91. Medline:15105039 doi:10.1016/j.nut.2004.01.020
19. United Nations. Composition of macro geographical (continental) regions, geographical sub-regions, and selected economic other groupings. New York: United Nations Statistics Division, 2013. Available at: http://unstats. un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm. Accessed: 22 January 2013
20. World Bank. Countries and Economies. The World Bank Group, 2013. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/ country. Accessed: 6 February 2013
21. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:1047-53. Medline:15111519 doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047
22. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ. Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;87:4-14. Medline:19896746 doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.007
23. United Nations Population Division. World population prospects, the 2010 Revision. New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Estimates and Projections Section, 2011. Available at: http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm. Accessed: 12 February 2013
24. Bhowmik B, Binte Munir S, Ara Hossain I, Siddiquee T, Diep LM, Mahmood S, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose regulation with associated cardiometabolic risk factors and depression in an urbanizing rural community in Bangladesh: a population-based cross-sectional study. Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36:422-32. Medline:23275936 doi:10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.422
25. Rahim MA, Khan AK, Ali SM, Nahar Q, Shaheen A, Hussain A. Glucose tolerance in a rural population of Bangladesh. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2008;28:45-50. Medline:19902047 doi:10.4103/0973-3930.43098
26. Nazir A, Papita R, Anbalagan VP, Anjana RM, Deepa M, Mohan V. Prevalence of diabetes in Asian Indians based on glycated hemoglobin and fasting and 2-H post-load (75-g) plasma glucose (CURES-120). Diabetes Technol Ther. 2012;14:665-8. Medline:22823754 doi:10.1089/dia.2012.0059
27. Prasad DS, Kabir Z, Dash AK, Das BC. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in Asian Indians: a community survey from urban eastern India. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2012;6:96-101. Medline: 23153977 doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2012.05.016
28. Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdiaDIABetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study. Diabetologia. 2011;54:3022-7. Medline:21959957 doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2291-5
29. Deepa M, Anjana RM, Manjula D, Narayan KM, Mohan V. Convergence of prevalence rates of diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle and low income groups in urban India: 10-year follow-up of the Chennai Urban Population Study. J Diabetes Sci Techol. 2011;5:918-27. Medline:21880235 doi:10.1177/193229681100500415
30. Ravikumar P, Bhansali A, Ravikiran M, Bhansali S, Walia R, Shanmugasundar G, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of diabetes in a community-based study in North India: the Chandigarh Urban Diabetes Study (CUDS). Diabetes Metab. 2011;37:216-21. Medline:21195002 doi:10.1016/j.diabet.2010.10.004
31. Ramachandran A, Mary S, Yamuna A, Murugesan N, Snehalatha C. High prevalence of diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors associated with urbanization in India. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:893-8. Medline:18310309 doi:10.2337/dc07-1207
32. Zargar AH, Wani AA, Laway BA, Masoodi SR, Wani AI, Bashir MI, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and other abnormalities of glucose tolerance in young adults aged 20-40 years in North India (Kashmir Valley). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;82:276-81. Medline:18814927 doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.08.006
33. Sadikot SM, Nigam A, Das S, Bajaj S, Zargar AH, Prasannakumar KM, et al. The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO 1999 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2004;66:301-7. Medline:15609460 doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.04.008
34. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Kapur A, Vijay V, Mohan V, Das AK, et al. High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey. Diabetologia. 2001;44:1094-101. Medline: 11596662 doi:10.1007/s001250100627
35. Hadaegh F, Bozorgmanesh MR, Ghasemi A, Harati H, Saadat N, Azizi F. High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in the Iranian urban population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. BMC Public Health. 2008;8:176. Medline:18501007 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-8-176
36. Sadeghi M, Roohafza H, Shirani S, Poormoghadas M, Kelishadi R, Baghaii A, et al. Diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Iran: the Isfahan Healthy Heart Programme. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2007;36:175-80. Medline:17450262
37. Shrestha UK, Singh DL, Bhattarai MD. The prevalence of hypertension and diabetes defined by fasting and 2-h plasma glucose criteria in urban Nepal. Diabet Med. 2006;23:1130-5. Medline:16978379 doi:10.1111/ j.1464-5491.2006.01953.x
38. Katulanda P, Constantine GR, Mahesh JG, Sheriff R, Seneviratne RD, Wijeratne S, et al. Prevalence and projections of diabetes and pre-diabetes in adults in Sri Lanka-Sri Lanka Diabetes, Cardiovascular Study (SLDCS). Diabet Med. 2008;25:1062-9. Medline:19183311 doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02523.x
39. Rahman MM, Rahim MA, Nahar Q. Prevalence and risk factors of type 2 diabetes in an urbanizing rural community of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2007;33:48-54. Medline:18481438
40. Hussain A, Rahim MA, Azad Khan AK, Ali SM, Vaaler S. Type 2 diabetes in rural and urban population: diverse prevalence and associated risk factors in Bangladesh. Diabet Med. 2005;22:931-6. Medline:15975110 doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01558.x
41. Pandey RM, Gupta R, Misra A, Misra P, Singh V, Agrawal A, et al. Determinants of urban-rural differences in cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged women in India: a cross-sectional study. Int J Cardiol. 2013;163:157-62. Medline:21880382 doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.06.008
42. Vaz NC, Ferreira AM, Kulkarni MS, Vaz FS. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a rural population of Goa, India. Natl Med J India. 2011;24:16-8. Medline:21608352
43. Rao CR, Kamath VG, Shetty A, Kamath A. A study on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in coastal Karnataka. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2010;30:80-5. Medline:20535311 doi:10.4103/0973-3930.62597
44. Vijayakumar G, Arun R, Kutty VR. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic disorders in rural Central Kerala. J Assoc Physicians India. 2009;57:563-7. Medline:20209716
45. Namperumalsamy P, Kim R, Vignesh TP, Nithya N, Royes J, Gijo T, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy: a population-based assessment from Theni District, south India. Br J Ophthalmol. 2009;93:429-34. Medline:19091856
46. Chow CK, Raju PK, Raju R, Reddy KS, Cardona M, Celermajer DS, et al. The prevalence and management of diabetes in rural India. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1717-8. Medline:16801618 doi:10.2337/dc06-0621
47. Gupta A, Gupta R, Sarna M, Rastogi S, Gupta VP, Kothari K. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance syndrome in an urban Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003;61:69-76. Medline: 12849925 doi:10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00085-8
48. Misra A, Pandey RM, Devi JR, Sharma R, Vikram NK, Khanna N. High prevalence of diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia in urban slum population in northern India. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25:1722-9. Medline: 11753596 doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801748
49. Esteghamati A, Khalilzadeh O, Anvari M, Meysamie A, Abbasi M, Forouzanfar M, et al. The economic costs of diabetes: a population-based study in Tehran, Iran. Diabetologia. 2009;52:1520-7. Medline:19475364 doi:10.1007/s00125-009-1398-4
50. Azimi-Nezhad M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Parizadeh MR, Safarian M, Esmaeili H, Parizadeh SM, et al. Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Iran and its relationship with gender, urbanisation, education, marital status and occupation. Singapore Med J. 2008;49:571-6. Medline:18695867
51. Sharma SK, Ghimire A, Radhakrishnan J, Thapa L, Shrestha NR, Paudel N, et al. Prevalence of hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome in Nepal of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Hypertens . 2011;2011:821971. Medline:21629873 doi:10.4061/2011/821971
52. Paudyal G, Shrestha MK, Meyer JJ, Thapa R, Gurung R, Ruit S. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy following a community screening for diabetes. Nepal Med Coll J. 2008;10:160-3. Medline:19253859
53. Basit A. Danish Alvi SF, Fawwad A, Ahmed K, Yakoob Ahmedani M, Hakeem R. Temporal changes in the prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and its associated risk factors in the rural area of Baluchistan. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94:456-62. Medline:21890227 doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.08.009
54. Zafar J, Bhatti F, Akhtar N, Rasheed U, Bashir R, Humayun S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for diabetes mellitus in a selected urban population of a city in Punjab. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011;61:40-7. Medline:22368901
55. Mahar PS, Awan MZ, Manzar N, Memon MS. Prevalence of type-II diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy: the Gaddap study. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2010;20:528-32. Medline:20688018
56. Basit A, Hydrie MZ, Ahmed K, Hakeem R. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and associated risk factors in a rural area of Baluchistan province according to new ADA criteria. J Pak Med Assoc. 2002;52:357-60. Medline:12481676
57. Pinidiyapathirage MJ, Kasturiratne A, Ranawaka UK, Gunasekara D, Wijekoon N, Medagoda K, et al. The burden of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose in an urban population of Sri Lanka. Diabet Med. 2013;30:326-32. Medline:22998091 doi:10.1111/dme.12013
58. Wijewardene K, Mohideen MR, Mendis S, Fernando DS, Kulathilaka T, Weerasekara D, et al. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes and obesity: baseline findings of a population based survey in four provinces in Sri Lanka. Ceylon Med J. 2005;50:62-70. Medline:16114771
59. Boddula R, Yadav S, Bhatia V, Genitta G, Pandey D, Kumar A, et al. High prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in affluent urban Indians. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81:e4-7. Medline:18486256 doi:10.1016/j.diabres. 2008.04.003
60. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Baskar AD, Mary S, Kumar CK, Selvam S, et al. Temporal changes in prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance associated with lifestyle transition occurring in the rural population in India. Diabetologia. 2004;47:860-5. Medline:15114469 doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1387-6
61. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Shyamala P, Vijay V, Viswanathan M. High prevalence of NIDDM and IGT in an elderly south Indian population with low rates of obesity. Diabetes Care. 1994;17:1190-2. Medline:7821141 doi:10.2337/diacare.17.10.1190
62. Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Dharmaraj D, Viswanathan M. Prevalence of glucose intolerance in Asian Indians. Urban-rural difference and significance of upper body adiposity. Diabetes Care. 1992;15:1348-55. Medline: 1425100 doi:10.2337/diacare.15.10.1348
63. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global Burden of Diabetes, 1995-2025: Prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1414-31. Medline:9727886 doi:10.2337/diacare.21.9.1414
64. Jayawardena R, Ranasinghe P, Byrne NM, Soares MJ, Katulanda P, Hills AP. Prevalence and trends of the diabetic epidemic in South Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:380. Medline: 22630043 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-380
65. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J. IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;94:311-21. Medline:22079683 doi:10.1016/j.diabres. 2011.10.029
66. Murugesan N, Snehalatha C, Shobhana R, Roglic G, Ramachandran A. Awareness about diabetes and its complications in the general and diabetic population in a city in southern India. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2007;77:433-7. Medline:17291622 doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.01.004
67. Gul N. Knowledge, attitudes and practices of type 2 diabetic patients. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2010;22:128-31. Medline:22338437
68. Yudkin JS. Insulin for the world's poorest countries. Lancet. 2000;355:919-21. Medline:10752719 doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(99)09225-9
69. World Health Organization. 2008-2013 Action plan for the global strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: WHO, 2008
70. Verma R, Khanna P, Mehta B. National programme on prevention and control of diabetes in India: Need to focus. Australas Med J. 2012;5:310-5. Medline:22848329 doi:10.4066/AMJ.2012.1340
71. Rafique G, Azam SI, White F. Diabetes knowledge, beliefs and practices among people with diabetes attending a university hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. East Mediterr Health J. 2006;12:590-8. Medline:17333798
72. Ulvi OS, Chaudhary RY, Ali T, Alvi RA, Khan MF, Khan M, et al. Investigating the awareness level about diabetes mellitus and associated factors in Tarlai (Rural Islamabad). J Pak Med Assoc. 2009;59:798-801. Medline: 20361687
73. Mohan V, Shanthirani CS, Deepa M, Datta M, Williams OD, Deepa R. Community empowerment-a successful model for prevention of non-communicable diseases in India-the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS-17). J Assoc Physicians India. 2006;54:858-62. Medline:17249253
74. Misra A, Khurana L, Isharwal S, Bhardwaj S. South Asian diets and insulin resistance. Br J Nutr. 2009;101:465-73. Medline:18842159 doi:10.1017/S0007114508073649
75. World Health Organization. Macroeconomics and health: Investing in health for economic development. Geneva: WHO, 2001
76. Mahal A, Karan A, Engelgau M. the economic implications of non-communicable disease for India. Washington DC: The World Bank, 2010
77. Khowaja LA, Khuwaja AK, Cosgrove P. Cost of diabetes care in out-patient clinics of Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Health Serv Res. 2007;7:189. Medline:18028552 doi:10.1186/1472-6963-7-189
78. Tharkar S, Devarajan A, Kumpatla S, Viswanathan V. The socioeconomics of diabetes from a developing country: A population based cost of illness study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;89:334-40. Medline:20538363 doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2010.05.009
79. World Health Organization. The World Health Report 2010: Health systems financing-The path to universal coverage. Geneva: WHO, 2010