Optimal duration of anticoagulation: Provoked versus unprovoked VTE and role of adjunctive thrombophilia and imaging tests

Thrombosis and Haemostasis

Volumn 113, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1210-1215

  Prandoni, Paolo ^a   Barbar, Sofia ^a   Milan, Marta ^a   Campello, Elena ^a   Spiezia, Luca ^a   Piovella, Chiara ^a   Pesavento, Raffaele ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PADOVA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anticoagulation; Deep venous thrombosis; Pulmonary embolism; Residual thrombosis; Thrombophilia; Ultrasonography; Venous thromboembolism

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBIN; ANTIVITAMIN K; APIXABAN; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5 LEIDEN; D DIMER; DABIGATRAN ETEXILATE; EDOXABAN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; PROTEIN C; PROTEIN S; RIVAROXABAN; WARFARIN;

ANTICOAGULATION; ARTICLE; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ECHOGRAPHY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL NORMALIZED RATIO; LUNG EMBOLISM; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); OBESITY; POSTTHROMBOSIS SYNDROME; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN DEFECT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RECURRENCE RISK; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOPHILIA; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VEIN THROMBOSIS; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; BLEEDING; BLOOD; BLOOD CLOTTING TEST; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; COMPLICATION; DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; PATIENT SELECTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; RECURRENT DISEASE; TIME FACTOR; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

ANTICOAGULANTS; BLOOD COAGULATION TESTS; DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HEMORRHAGE; HUMANS; PATIENT SELECTION; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; PULMONARY EMBOLISM; RECURRENCE; RISK FACTORS; THROMBOPHILIA; TIME FACTORS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VENOUS THROMBOSIS;

EID: 84931287774     PISSN: 03406245     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1160/TH14-04-0396     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Cogo A, et al. The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 1-7.
2. Prandoni P, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1626 patients. Haematologica 2007; 91: 199-205.
3. Schulman S, Rhedin AS, Lindmarker P, et al. A comparison of six weeks with six months of oral anticoagulant therapy after a first episode of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 1661-1665.
4. Hansson PO, Sorbo J, Eriksson H. Recurrent venous thromboembolism after deep vein thrombosis. Incidence and risk factors. Arch Intern Med 2000; 1260: 769-774.
5. Baglin T, Luddington R, Brown K, et al. Incidence of recurrent venous thromboembolism in relation to clinical and thrombophilic risk factors: prospective cohort study. Lancet 2003; 362: 523-526.
6. Holley AB, King CS, Jackson JL, et al. Different finite durations of anticoagulation and outcomes following idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a metaanalysis. Thrombosis 2010; 2010: 540386.
7. Boutitie F, Pinede L, Schulman S, et al. Influence of preceding length of anticoagulant treatment and initial presentation of venous thromboembolism on risk of recurrence after stopping treatment: analysis of individual participants' data from seven trials. Br Med J 2011; 342: d3036.
8. Kyrle PA, Minar E, Bialonczyk C, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in men and women. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2558-2563.
9. McRae S, Tran H, Schulman S, et al. Effect of patient's sex on risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2006; 368: 371-378.
10. Douketis J, Tosetto A, Marcucci M, et al. Risk of recurrence after venous thromboembolism in men and women: patient level meta-analysis. Br Med J 2011; 342: d813.
11. Lijfering WM, Veeger NJ, Middeldorp S, et al. A lower risk of recurrent venous thrombosis in women compared to men is explained by sex-specific risk factors at time of first venous thrombosis in thrombophilic families. Blood 2009; 114: 2031-2036.
12. Le Gal G, Kovacs MJ, Carrier M, et al. Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after a first oestrogen-associated episode. Data from the REVERSE cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2010; 104: 498-503.
13. Roach RE, Lijfering WM, Rosendaal FR, Cannegieter SC, le Cessie S. Sex difference in risk of second but not of first venous thrombosis: paradox explained. Circulation 2014; 129: 51-56.
14. Eischer L, Eichinger S, Kyrle PA. Age at first venous thromboembolism and risk of recurrence: a prospective cohort study. Medicine 2009; 88: 366-370.
15. López-Jiménez L, Montero M, González-Fajardo JA, et al. Venous thromboembolism in very elderly patients: findings from a prospective registry. Haematologica 2006; 91: 1046-1051.
16. Eichinger S, Hron G, Bialonczyk C, et al. Overweight, obesity, and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Arch Intern Med 2008; 68: 1678-1683.
17. Gándara E, Kovacs MJ, Kahn SR, et al. Non-O blood type influences the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. A cohort study. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110: 1172-1179.
18. Kovacs MJ, Kahn SR, Wells PS, et al. Patients with a first symptomatic unprovoked DVT are at higher risk of recurrent VTE than patients with a first unprovoked PE. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 1926-1932.
19. Baglin T, Douketis J, Tosetto A, et al. Does the clinical presentation and extent of venous thrombosis predict likelihood and type of recurrence? A patient level meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 2436-2442.
20. Kearon C, Julian JA, Kovacs MJ, et al. Influence of thrombophilia on risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism while on warfarin: Results from a randomized trial. Blood 2008; 112: 4432-4436.
21. De Stefano V, Simioni P, Rossi E, et al. The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with inherited deficiency of natural anticoagulants antithrombin, protein C and protein S. Haematologica 2006; 91: 695-698.
22. Di Minno MN, Dentali F, Lupoli R, Ageno W. Mild antithrombin deficiency and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism: a prospective cohort study. Circulation 2014; 129: 497-503.
23. Eichinger S, Stümpflen A, Hirschl M, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80: 566-569.
24. Kyrle PA, Minar E, Hirschl M, et al. High plasma levels of factor VIII and the risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2000; 343: 457-462.
25. Eischer L, Gartner V, Schulman S, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. 6 versus 30 months anticoagulation for recurrent venous thrombosis in patients with high factor VIII. Ann Hematol 2008; 88: 85-90.
26. Weltermann A, Eichinger S, Bialonczyk C, et al. The risks of recurrent venous thromboembolism among patients with high factor IX levels. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 28-32.
27. Segal JB, Brotman DJ, Necochea AJ, et al. Predictive value of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A in adults with venous thromboembolism and in family members of those with a mutation: a systematic review. J Am Med Assoc 2009; 301: 2472-2485.
28. Lijfering WM, Middeldorp S, Veeger NJ, et al. Risk of recurrent venous thrombosis in homozygous carriers and double heterozygous carriers of factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A. Circulation 2010; 121: 1706-1712.
29. Zöller B, Ohlsson H, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Familial risk of venous thromboembolism in first-, second-and third-degree relatives: a nationwide family study in Sweden. Thromb Haemost 2013; 109: 458-463.
30. Hron G, Eichinger S, Weltermann A, et al. Family history for venous thromboembolism and the risk for recurrence. Am J Med 2006; 119: 50-53.
31. Gauthier K, Kovacs MJ, Wells PS, LE Gal G, Rodge M. Family history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) as a predictor for recurrent VTE in unprovoked VTE patients. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11: 200-203.
32. Palareti G, Legnani C., Cosmi B, et al. Predictive value of D-Dimer test for recurrent venous thromboembolism after anticoagulation withdrawal in subjects with a previous idioipathic event and in carriers of congenital thrombophilia. Circulation 2003; 108: 313-318.
33. Palareti G, Legnani C, Cosmi B, Guazzaloca G, Pancani C, Coccheri S. Risk of venous thromboembolism recurrence: high negative predictive value of D-dimer performed after oral anticoagulation is stopped. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 7-12.
34. Eichinger S, Minar E, Bialonczyk C, et al. D-dimer levels and risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism. J Am Med Assoc 2003; 290: 1071-1074.
35. Verhovsek M, Douketis JD, Yi Q, et al. Systematic review: D-dimer to predict recurrent disease after stopping anticoagulant therapy for unprovoked venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2008; 149: 481-490.
36. Bruinstroop E, Klok FA, van de Ree MA, Oosterwijk FL, Huisman MV. Elevated D-dimer levels predict recurrence in patients with idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 611-618.
37. Stain M, Schönauer V, Minar E, et al. The post-thrombotic syndrome: risk factors and impact on the course of thrombotic disease. J Thromb Haemost 2005; 3: 2671-2676.
38. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Residual venous thrombosis as a predictive factor of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137: 955-960.
39. Piovella F, Crippa L, Barone M, et al. Normalization rates of compression ultrasonography in patients with a first episode of deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs: association with recurrence and new thrombosis. Haematologica 2002; 87: 515-522.
40. Tan M, Mos IC, Klok FA, et al. Residual venous thrombosis as predictive factor for recurrent venous thromboembolim in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis: a sytematic review. Br J Haematol 2011; 153: 168-178.
41. Donadini MP, Ageno W, Antonucci E, et al. Prognostic significance of residual venous obstruction in patients with treated unprovoked deep vein thrombosis. A patient-level meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 2014; 111: 172-179.
42. Prandoni P, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al. Residual vein thrombosis as a strong predictor of recurrent thromboembolism and post-thrombotic syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11 (Suppl 2): AS 19.2.
43. Golpe R, de Llano LA, Castro-Añón O, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with persistent vascular obstruction on computed tomography pulmonary angiography 6 months after acute pulmonary embolism. Acta Radiol 2012; 53: 728-731.
44. Pesavento R, Filippi L, Pagnan A, et al. Unexpectedly high recanalization rate in patients with pulmonary embolism treated with anticoagulants alone. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2014; Epub ahead of print.
45. Rodger MA, Kahn SR, Wells PS, et al. Identifying unprovoked thromboembolism patients at low risk for recurrence who can discontinue anticoagulant therapy. CMAJ 2008; 179: 417-426.
46. Eichinger S, Heinze G, Jandeck LM, et al. Risk assessment of recurrence in patients with unprovoked deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The Vienna Prediction Model. Circulation 2010; 121: 1630-1636.
47. Tosetto A, Iorio A, Marcucci M, et al. Predicting disease recurrence in patients with previous unprovoked venous thromboembolism. A proposed prediction score (DASH). J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10: 1019-1025.
48. Kyrle PA, Eichinger S. Clinical scores to predict recurrence risk of venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2012; 108: 1061-1064.
49. Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2012; 141(2 Suppl): e419S-e494S.
50. Kearon C, Ginsberg JS, Anderson DR, et al. Comparison of 1 month with 3 months of anticoagulation for a first episode of venous thromboembolism associated with a transient risk factor. J Thromb Haemost 2004; 2: 743-749.
51. Carrier M, Le Gal G, Wells PS, Rodger MA. Systematic review: case-fatality rates of recurrent venous thromboembolism and major bleeding events among patients treated for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2010; 152: 578-589.
52. Lecumberri R, Alfonso A, Jiménez D, et al. Dynamics of case-fatalilty rates of recurrent thromboembolism and major bleeding in patients treated for venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110: 834-843.
53. Spencer FA, Gore JM, Lessard D, Douketis JD, Emery C, Goldberg RJ. Patient outcomes after deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: the Worcester Venous Thromboembolism Study. Arch Intern Med 2008; 168: 425-430.
54. Prandoni P, Santos JT, Sánchez-Cantalejo E, et al. Major bleeding as a predictor of mortality in patients with venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 2475-2477.
55. Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, et al. D-dimer testing to determine the duration of anticoagulation therapy. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1780-1789.
56. Cosmi B, Legnani C, Tosetto A, et al. Usefulness of repeated D-dimer testing after stopping anticoagulation for a first episode of unprovoked venous thromboembolism: the PROLONG II prospective study. Blood 2010; 115: 481-488.
57. Prandoni P, Prins MH, Lensing AW, et al. Residual thrombosis on ultrasonography to guide the duration of anticoagulation in patients with deep venous thrombosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2009; 150: 577-585.
58. Siragusa S, Malato A, Anastasio R, et al. Residual vein thrombosis to establish duration of anticoagulation after a first episode of deep vein thrombosis: the "DACUS" study. Blood 2008; 112: 511-515.
59. Palareti G, Cosmi B, Legnani C, et al. D-dimer and residual thrombosis to guide the duration of anticoagulation in patients with venous thromboembolism. A management study. Blood 2014; 124: 196-203.
60. Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2342-2352.
61. Schulman S, Kakkar AK, Goldhaber SZ, et al. Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism with dabigatran or warfarin and pooled analysis. Circulation 2014; 129: 764-772.
62. The Einstein Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 2499-2510.
63. The Einstein Investigators. Oral rivaroxaban for the treatment of symptomatic pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1287-1297.
64. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Oral apixaban for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 699-708.
65. The Hokusai-VTE Investigators. Edoxaban versus warfarin for the treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1406-1415.
66. Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK, et al. Extended Use of dabigatran, warfarin, or placebo in venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 709-718.
67. Agnelli G, Buller HR, Cohen A, et al. Apixaban for extended treatment of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2013; 368: 699-708.
68. Becattini C, Agnelli G, Schenone, et al. Aspirin for preventing the recurrence of venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2012; 366: 1959-1967.
69. Brighton TA, Eikelboom JW, Mann K, et al. Low-dose aspirin for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 1979-1987.
70. Warkentin TE. Aspirin for dual prevention of venous and arterial thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 2039-2041.
71. Warkentin AE, Donadini MP, Spencer FA, Lim W, Crowther M. Bleeding risk in randomized controlled trials comparing warfarin and aspirin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10: 512-520.
72. Milan M, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A, et al. Aspirin and recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with symptomatic atherosclerosis. Retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10: 2205-2206.
73. Sørensen HT, Horvath-Puho E, Søgaard KK, et al. Arterial cardiovascular events, statins, low dose aspirin and subsequent risk of venous thromboembolism: a population-based case-control study. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7: 521-528.
74. Agarwal V, Phung OJ, Tongbram V, Bhardwaj A, Coleman CI. Statin use and the prevention of venous thromboembolism: a meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pract 2010; 64: 1375-1383.
75. Biere-Rafi S, Hutten BA, Squizzato A, et al. Statin treatment and the risk of recurrent pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1800-1806.
76. Nguyen CD, Andersson C, Jensen TB, et al. Statin treatment and risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism: a nationwide cohort study. Br Med J Open 2013; 3: e003135.
77. Schmidt M, Cannegieter SC, Johannesdottir SA, Dekkers OM, Horváth-Puhó E, Sørensen HT. Statin use and venous thromboembolism recurrence: a combined nationwide cohort and nested case-control study. J Thromb Haemost 2014; Epub ahead of print.