We are connected: Flea-host association networks in the plague outbreak focus in the Rift Valley, northern Tanzania

Wildlife Research

Volumn 42, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 196-206

  Makundi, Rhodes H ^a   Massawe, Apia W ^a   Borremans, Benny ^b   Laudisoit, Anne ^b,c   Katakweba, Abdul ^a  

^a SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE   (Tanzania)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Karatu; Mbulu; Rodents; Yersinia pestis

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BACTERIAL DISEASE; BACTERIUM; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DISEASE VECTOR; FLEA; HABITAT TYPE; HEALTH RISK; HOST-PARASITE INTERACTION; POPULATION OUTBREAK; RODENT; SPECIES DIVERSITY; SPECIES RICHNESS;

KARATAU MOUNTAINS; KAZAKHSTAN; KENYA; MANYARA; MBULU; RIFT VALLEY; TANZANIA;

ANIMALIA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); LOPHUROMYS FLAVOPUNCTATUS; MAMMALIA; RODENTIA; SIPHONAPTERA (FLEAS); XENOPSYLLA; XENOPSYLLA CHEOPIS; YERSINIA PESTIS;

EID: 84931049019     PISSN: 10353712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1071/WR14254     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Amatre, G., Babi, N., Enscore, R. E., Ogen-Odoi, A., Atiku, L. A., Akol, A., Gage, K. L., and Eisen, R. J. (2009). Flea diversity and infestation prevalence on rodents in a plague-endemic region of Uganda. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 81, 718-724. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2009.09-0104
2. Bearden, S. W., and Brubaker, R. R. (2010). Recent findings regarding maintenance of enzootic variants of Yersinia pestis in sylvatic reservoirs and their significance in the evolution of epidemic plague. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 10, 85-92. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0043
3. Bevins, S. N., Baroch, J. A., Nolte, D. L., Zhang, M., and Hongxuan, H. E. (2012). Yersinia pestis: examining wildlife plague surveillance in China and USA. Integrative Zoology7, 99-109. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2011.00277.x
4. Carter, T. B., Handcock, M. S., and Hunter, D. R. (2014a). 'Network: Classes for Relational Data. R Package Version 1. 9. 0. ' (University of Washington: Irvine, CA.) Available at http://statnet.org/ [accessed 10 October 2014]
5. Carter, T. B., Handcock, M. S., and Hunter, D. R. (2014b). 'Network: Classes for Relational Analysis. R Package Version 2. 3-2'. Available at http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=sna [accessed 10 October 2014]
6. Davis, R. M., Smith, R. T., Madon, M. B., and Sitko-Cleugh, E. (2002). Fleas, rodents andplague ecologyatChuchupate Campground, Ventura County, California. Journal of Vector Ecology 27, 107-127.
7. Davis, S., Makundi, R. H., Machangu, R. S., and Leirs, H. (2006). Demographic and spatio-temporal variation in human plague at a persistent focus in Tanzania. Acta Tropica 100, 133-141. doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2006.10.006
8. Drewe, J. A. (2010). Who infects whom? Social networks and tuberculosis transmission in wild meerkats. Proceedings Royal Society London B. Biology 277, 633-642.
9. Durden, L. A., and Hinckle, N. C. (2009). Fleas (Siphonaptera) In 'Medical and Veterinary Entomology'. 2nd edn. (Eds G. R. Mullen and L. A. Durden.) pp. 115-135. (Academic Press: New York.)
10. Eames, K. T. D., and Keeling, M. J. (2002). Modelling dynamics and network heterogeneities in the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Proceedings of theNationalAcademyof Sciences, USA99, 13330-13335. doi:10.1073/pnas.202244299
11. Eisen, R. J., Borchert, J. N., Mpanga, J. T., Atiku, L. A., MacMillan, K., Boegler, K. A., Montenieri, J. A., Monaghan, A., and Gage, K. L. (2012). Flea diversity as an element for persistence of plague bacteria in an East African plague focus. PLoS One 7(4), e35598. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035598
12. Foley, P., and Foley, J. (2010). Modeling susceptible infective recovered dynamics and plague persistence in California rodent-flea communities. Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 10, 59-67. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0048
13. Gage, K. L., and Kosoy, M. Y. (2005). Natural historyofplague: perspectives from more than a century of research. Annual Review of Entomology 50, 505-528. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337
14. Haule, M., Lyamuya, E. E., Hang'ombe, B. M., Kilonzo, B. S., and Matee, M. I. (2013). Investigations of fleasasvectors in the transmission of plague during quiescent periodinnorth-eastern Tanzania. Journal of Entomology and Nematology 5, 88-93. doi:10.5897/JEN2013.0083
15. Kilonzo, B. S. (1976). Asurveyofrodents and theirflea ectoparasitesinnorth-eastern Tanzania. East African Journal of Medical Research 3, 117-126.
16. Kilonzo, B. S., and Mtoi, R. S. (1983). Entomological, bacteriological and serological observations after the 1977 plague outbreak in Mbulu District, Tanzania. East African Medical Journal 60, 91-97.
17. Kilonzo, B. S., and Mhina, J. I. K. (1983). Observations on the current status of plague endemicity in the Western Usambara mountains, north-east Tanzania. Acta Tropica 40, 365-373.
18. Kilonzo, B. S., Julius, M., Sabuni, C., and Mgode, G. (2005). The role of rodents and small carnivores in plague endemicity in Tanzania. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135, 119-125.
19. Kingdon, J. (1974). 'The Kingdon Field Guide of African Mammals. ' (A&C Black Publishers.)
20. Krasnov, B., Shenbrot, G. I., Medvedev, S., Vatschenok, V., and Khokhlova, I. (1997). Host-habitat relations as an important determinant of flea assemblages (Siphonaptera) on rodents in the Negev desert. Parasitology 114, 159-173. doi:10.1017/S0031182096008347
21. Krasnov, B., Shenbrot, G., Khokhlova, I., Medvedev, S., and Vatschenok, V. (1998). Habitat dependence of a parasite-host relationship: flea (Siphonaptera) assemblages in two gerbil species of the Negev desert. Journal of Medical Entomology 35, 303-313. doi:10.1093/jmedent/35.3.303
22. Krasnov, B. R., and Khokhlova, I. S. (2001). The effect of behavioural interactions on the transfer of fleas (Siphonaptera) between two rodent species. Journal of Vector Ecology 26, 181-190.
23. Krebs, C. J. (2009). 'Programs for Ecological Methodology. Version 7. 1. ' (Exeter Software: Setauket, NY.)
24. Laudisoit, A., Neerinckx, S., Makundi, R. H., Leirs, H., and Krasnov, B. R. (2009a). Are local plague endemicity and ecological characteristics of vectors and reservoirs related? A case study in north-east Tanzania. Current Zoology 55, 200-211.
25. Laudisoit, A., Leirs, H., Makundi, R. H., andKrasnov, B. R. (2009b). Seasonal and habitat dependence of species composition of flea assemblages parasitic on small mammals in Tanzania. Integrative Zoology 4, 196-212. doi:10.1111/j.1749-4877.2009.00150.x
26. Laudisoit, A., Neerinckx, S., Makundi, R. H., Leirs, H., and Krasnov, B. (2010). Plague in Tanzania: from a host and vector perspective. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 10, 101.
27. Leirs, H., Neerinckx, S., Laudisoit, A., andMakundi, R. H. (2010). Emergence and growth of plague foci in Africa. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (Larchmont, N. Y.) 10, 97.
28. Lemon, J. (2006). Plotrix: a package in the red light district of R. R-News 6, 8-12.
29. Makundi, R. H., and Kilonzo, B. S. (1994). Seasonal dynamics of rodentfleas and its implication on control strategies in Lushoto district, Tanzania. Journal of Applied Entomology 118, 165-171. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1994.tb00791.x
30. Makundi, R. H., Kilonzo, B. S., and Massawe, A. W. (2003). Interaction between rodent species in agro-forestry habitats in the western Usambara mountains, northeast Tanzania, and its potentialfor plague transmission to humans. In 'Rats, Mice and People. Rodent Biology and Management'. (Eds G. R. Singleton, L. A. Hinds, C. J. Krebs and D. M. Spratt.) pp. 20-24. (Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra.)
31. Makundi, R. H., Massawe, A. W., and Mulungu, L. S. (2005). Rodent population fluctuations in three ecologically heterogeneous locations in north-east, central and south-west Tanzania. Belgian Journal of Zoology 135, 159-165.
32. Makundi, R. H., Massawe, A. W., Mulungu, L. S., Katakweba, A. S., Mbise, T. J., and Mgode, G. F. (2008). Potential mammalian reservoirs in a bubonic plague outbreak focus in Mbulu District, northern Tanzania, in 2007. Mammalia 72, 253-257. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2008.038
33. Makundi, R. H., Massawe, A. W., Mulungu, L. S., and Katakweba, A. S. (2009). Diversity and population dynamics of rodents in farm-fallow mosaic fields in Central Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology 48, 313-320. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01109.x
34. Marshall, A. G. (1981). 'The Ecology of Ectoparasitic Insects. ' (Academic Press: London.)
35. McCauley, D. J., Salkeld, D. J., Young, H. S., Makundi, R. H., Dirzo, R., Eckerlin, R. P., Lambin, E. F., Gaffikin, L., Barry, M., and Helgen, K. M. (2015). Effects of land use onplague (Yersinia pestis) activity in rodents in Tanzania. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene doi:10.4269/ajtmh.14-0504
36. Msangi, A. S. (1969). Entomological observations after the 1968 plague outbreak in Mbulu District, Tanzania. East African Medical Journal 46, 465-470.
37. Poulin, R. (2010). Network analysis shining light on parasite ecology and diversity. Trends in Parasitology 26, 492-498. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2010.05.008
38. R CORE TEAM (2013). 'R: a Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. '(R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna.) Available at http://www.R-project.org/. [Accessed April 2013]
39. Rahelinirina, S., Duplantier, J. M., Ratovonjato, J., Ramilijaona, O., Ratsimba, M., and Rahalison, L. (2010). Study on the movement of Rattus rattus and evalauation of the plague dispersion in Madagascar. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases 10, 77-84. doi:10.1089/vbz.2009.0019
40. Thiagarajan, B., Cully, J. F. Jr, Loughin, T. M., Montenieri, J. A., and Gage, K. L. (2008). Geographic variation in rodent-flea relationships in the presence of black-tailed prairie dog colonies. Journal of Vector Ecology 33, 178-190. doi:10.3376/1081-1710(2008)33[178:GVIRRI]2.0.CO;2
41. Thomas, R. E. (1996). Fleas and the agents they transmit. In 'The Biology of Disease Vectors'. (Eds B. J. Beaty and W. C. Marquardt.) pp. 146-159. (University Press of Colorado: Niwot, CO.)
42. Wimsatt, J., and Biggins, D. E. (2009). A review of plague persistence with special emphasis on fleas. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases 46, 85-99.
43. Winter, L. (2014). 'Bubonic Plague Spread in Madagascar. ' (IFLScience.) Available at http://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/bubonic-plague-outbreak-spreads-madagascar. [Accessed 23 March 2015]
44. Ziwa, M. H., Matee, M. I., Kilonzo, B. S., and Hang'ombe, B. M. (2013). Evidence of Yersinia pestis DNA in rodents in plague outbreak foci in Mbulu and Karatu Districts, northern Tanzania. Tanzania Journal of Health Research 15, 1-8. doi:10.4314/thrb.v15i3.1