Who infects whom? Social networks and tuberculosis transmission in wild meerkats

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

Volumn 277, Issue 1681, 2010, Pages 633-642

  Drewe, Julian A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Meerkat; Mycobacterium bovis; Social network analysis; Suricata suricatta; Tuberculosis

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM; CARNIVORE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIOLOGY; HEALTH RISK; INFECTIOUS DISEASE; INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION; INTRASPECIFIC INTERACTION; MAMMAL; SOCIAL NETWORK; TUBERCULOSIS;

ANIMALIA; EMMELICHTHYIDAE; MAMMALIA; MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS; SURICATA SURICATTA;

EID: 76249085580     PISSN: 09628452     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.1775     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Altizer,S.etal.2003Socialorganizationandparasiteriskinmammals: integratingtheoryandempiricalstudies.Ann.Rev.Ecol.Evol.Syst.34,517-547.(doi:10. 1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.030102.151725)(Pubitemid38171429)
2. Böhm, M., Palphramand, K. L., Newton-Cross, G., Hutchings, M. R. & White, P. C. L. 2008 Dynamic interactions among badgers: implications for sociality and disease transmission. J. Anim. Ecol. 77, 735-745. (doi:10.1111/j. 1365-2656.2008.01377.X)
3. Borgatti, S. P. 1995 Centrality and AIDS. Connections 18, 112-115.
4. Borgatti, S. P. 2005 Centrality and network flow. Social Netw. 27, 55-71. (doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2004.11.008)
5. Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G. & Freeman, L. C. 2002 UCINET for Windows: software for social network analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies. Available at http://www.analytictech.com/ucinet6/ucinet.htm.
6. Chambers, M. A., Pressling, W. A., Cheeseman, C. L., Clifton-Hadley, R. S. & Hewinson, R. G. 2002 Value of existing serological tests for identifying badgers that shed Mycobacterium bovis. Vet. Microbiol. 86, 183-189.
7. Chambers, M. A., Crawshaw, T., Waterhouse, S., Delahay, R., Hewinson, R. G. & Lyashchenko, K. P. 2008 Validation of the BrockTB Stat-Pak assay for detection of tuberculosis in Eurasian badgers (Meles meles) and influence of disease severity on diagnostic accuracy. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46, 1498-1500. (doi:10.1128/JCM.02117-07)
8. Clifton-Hadley, R. S., Wilesmith, J. W. & Stuart, F. A. 1993 Mycobacterium bovis in the European badger (Meles meles): epidemiological findings in tuberculous badgers from a naturally infected population. Epidemiol. Infect. 111, 9-19.
9. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Brotherton, P. N. M., Smith, R., McIlrath, G. M., Kansky, R., Gaynor, D., O'Riain, M. J. & Skinner, J. D. 1998a Infanticide and expulsion of females in a cooperative mammal. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 2291-2295. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0573)
10. Clutton-Brock, T. H. et al. 1998b Costs of cooperative behaviour in suricates, Suricata suricatta. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 185-190. (doi:10.1098/rspb.1998.0281)
11. Clutton-Brock, T. H. et al. 2001 Cooperation, control, and concession in meerkat groups. Science 291, 478-481. (doi:10.1126/science.291.5503.478)
12. Clutton-Brock, T. H., Hodge, S. J., Spong, G., Russell, A. F., Jordan, N. R., Bennett, N. C., Sharpe, L. L. & Manser, M. B. 2006 Intrasexual competition and sexual selection in cooperative mammals. Nature 444, 1065-1068. (doi:10.1038/nature05386)
13. Corner, L. A. 2006 The role of wild animal populations in the epidemiology of tuberculosis in domestic animals: how to assess the risk. Vet. Microbiol. 112, 303-312. (doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.11.015)
14. Corner, L. A., Pfeiffer, D. U. & Morris, R. S. 2003a Socialnetwork analysis of Mycobacterium bovis transmission among captive brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula). Prev. Vet. Med. 59, 147-167. (doi:10.1016/S01675877(03) 00075-8)
15. Corner, L. A., Stevenson, M. A., Collins, D. M. & Morris, R. S. 2003b The re-emergence of Mycobacterium bovis infection in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) after localised possum eradication. NZ Vet. J. 51, 73-80.
16. Cross, P. C., Lloyd-Smith, J. O., Johnson, P. L. F. & Getz, W. M. 2005 Duelling timescales of host movement and disease recovery determine invasion of disease in structured populations. Ecol. Lett. 8, 587-595. (doi:10.1111/ J.1461-0248.2005.00760.X)
17. Cross, P. C., Drewe, J. A., Patrek, V., Pearce, G. P., Samuel, M. D. & Delahay, R. J. 2009 Wildlife population structure and parasite transmission: implications for disease management. In Management of disease in wild mammals (eds R. J. Delahay, M. R. Hutchings & G. C. Smith), pp. 9-29. Tokyo, Japan: Springer Publishing, (doi:10. 1007/978-4-431-77134-0-2)
18. Dalley, D., Dave, D., Lesellier, S., Palmer, S., Crawshaw, T., Hewinson, G. H. & Chambers, M. A. 2008 Development and evaluation of a gamma interferon assay for tuberculosis in badgers (Meles meles). Tuberculosis 88, 235-243. (doi:10.1016/j.tube.2007.11.001)
19. Delahay, R. J., Langton, S., Smith, G. C., Clifton-Hadley, R. S. & Cheeseman, C. L. 2000 The spatio-temporal distribution of Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) infection in a high-density badger population. J Anim. Ecol. 69, 428-441.
20. Doolan, S. P. & Macdonald, D. W. 1996 Dispersal and extraterritorial prospecting by slender-tailed meerkats (Suricata suricatta) in the south-western Kalahari. J. Zool. 240, 59-73.
21. Drewe, J. A. 2009 Social networks and infectious disease transmission: epidemiology of tuberculosis in wild meerkats. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
22. Drewe, J. A., Dean, G. S., Michel, A. L., Lyashchenko, K. P., Greenwald, R. & Pearce, G. P. 2009a Accuracy of three diagnostic tests for determining Mycobacterium bovis infection status in live-sampled wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 21, 31-39.
23. Drewe, J. A., Foote, A. K., Sutcliffe, R. L. & Pearce, G. P. 2009b Pathology of Mycobacterium bovis infection in wild meerkats (Suricata suricatta). J. Comp. Pathol. 140, 12-24. (doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2008.09.004)
24. Drewe, J. A., Madden, J. R. & Pearce, G. P. 2009c The social network structure of a wild meerkat population: 1. Intergroup interactions. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 63, 1295-1306. (doi:10.1007/s00265-009-0782-x)
25. Freeman, L. C., Borgatti, S. P. & White, D. R. 1991 Centrality in valued graphs: a measure of betweenness based on network flow. Social Netw. 13, 141-154.
26. Hamede, R. K., Bashford, J., McCallum, H. & Jones, M. 2009 Contact networks in a wild Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) population: using social network analysis to reveal seasonal variability in social behaviour and its implications for transmission of devil facial tumour disease. Ecol. Lett. 12, 1147-1157. (doi:10.1111/j. 1461-0248.2009.01370.X)
27. Hanneman, R. A. & Riddle, M. 2005 Introduction to social network methods. Riverside, CA: University of California. Published in digital form at http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/-hanneman/nettext/.
28. Jenkins, H. E. et al. 2008 The prevalence, distribution and severity of detectable pathological lesions in badgers naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. Epidemiol. Infect. 136, 1350-1361. (doi:10.1017/S0950268807009909)
29. Keeling, M. J. 2005 The implications of network structure for epidemic dynamics. Theoret. Popul. Biol. 67, 1-8. (doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2004.08.002)
30. Kutsukake, N. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 2006a Aggression and submission reflect reproductive conflict between females in cooperatively breeding meerkats Suricata suricatta. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 59, 541-548. (doi:10.1007/ s00265-005-0079-7)
31. Kutsukake, N. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 2006b Social functions of allogrooming in cooperatively breeding meerkats. Anim. Behav. 72, 1059-1068. (doi:10.1016/j. anbehav.2006.02.016)
32. Kutsukake, N. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 2008 Do meerkats engage in conflict management following aggression? Reconciliation, submission and avoidance. Anim. Behav. 75, 1441-1453. (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav. 2007.09.018)
33. Lloyd-Smith, J. O., Schreiber, S. J., Kopp, P. E. & Getz, W. M. 2005 Superspreading and the effect of individual variation on disease emergence. Nature 438, 355-359. (doi:10.1038/nature04153)
34. Madden, J. R. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 2009 Manipulating grooming by decreasing ectoparasite load causes unpredicted changes in antagonism. Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 1263-1268. (doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1661)
35. Madden, J. R., Drewe, J. A., Pearce, G. P. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 2009 The social network structure of a wild meerkat population: 2. Intragroup interactions. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 64, 81-95. (doi:10.1007/s00265-0090820-8)
36. Otterstatter, M. C. & Thomson, J. D. 2007 Contact networks and transmission of an intestinal pathogen in bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) colonies. Oecohgia 154, 411-421. (doi:10.1007/s00442-007-0834-8)
37. Perkins, S. E., Ferrari, M. F. & Hudson, P. J. 2008 The effect of social structure and sex-biased transmission on macroparasite infection. Parasitology 135, 1561-1569. (doi:10. 1017/S0031182008000449)
38. Perkins, S. E., Cagnacci, F., Stradiotto, A., Arnoldi, D. & Hudson, P. J. 2009 Comparison of social networks derived from ecological data: implications for inferring infectious disease dynamics. J. Anim. Ecol. 78, 1015-1022. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009. 01557.x)
39. Phillips, C. J. C., Foster, C. R., Morris, P. A. & Teverson, R. 2003 The transmission of Mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. Res. Vet. Sci. 74, 1-15.
40. Read, J. M., Eames, K. T. D. & Edmunds, W. J. 2008 Dynamic social networks and the implications for the spread of infectious disease. J. R. Soc. Interface 5, 1001-1007. (doi:10.1098/rsif.2008.0013)
41. Stephens, P. A., Russell, A. F., Young, A. J., Sutherland, W. J. & Clutton-Brock, T. H. 2005 Dispersal, eviction, and conflict in meerkats (Suricata suricatta): an evolutionary stable strategy model. Am. Nat. 165, 120-135.
42. Vicente, J., Delahay, R. J., Walker, N. J. & Cheeseman, C. L. 2007 Social organization and movement influence the incidence of bovine tuberculosis in an undisturbed highdensity badger Meles meles population. J. Anim. Ecol. 76, 348-360. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01199.x)
43. Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. 1994 Social network analysis: methods and applications. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
44. Woodroffe, R., Frost, S. D. W. & Clifton-Hadley, R. S. 1999 Attempts to control tuberculosis in cattle by removing infected badgers: constraints imposed by live test sensitivity. J. Appl. Ecol. 36, 494-501.
45. Woodroffe, R. et al. 2009 Social group size affects Mycobacterium bovis infection in European badgers (Meles meles). J. Anim. Ecol. 78, 818-827. (doi:10.1111/j.1365-2656. 2009.01545.x)
46. Young, A. J., Carlson, A. A. & Clutton-Brock, T 2005 Trade-offs between extraterritorial prospecting and helping in a cooperative mammal. Anim. Behav. 70, 829-837. (doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.01.019)
47. Young, A. J., Carlson, A. A., Monfort, S. L., Russell, A. F., Bennett, N. C. & Clutton-Brock, T. 2006 Stress and the suppression of subordinate reproduction in cooperatively breeding meerkats. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 12 005-12 010. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0510038103)
48. Young, A. J., Spong, G. & Clutton-Brock, T. 2007 Subordinate male meerkats prospect for extra-group paternity: alternative reproductive tactics in a cooperative mammal. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 1603-1609. (doi:10. 1098/rspb.2007.0316)