Is continuous-cover silviculture, as practised in Bavaria, suitable for use in wet eucalypt forests in Tasmania, Australia?

Australian Forestry

Volumn 78, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 29-44

  Hickey, John ^a   Neyland, Mark ^a   Rothe, Andreas ^b   Bauhus, Jürgen ^c  

^a Research and Development Branch Forestry Tasmania   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES WEIHENSTEPHAN TRIESDORF   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF FREIBURG   (Germany)

Author keywords

Bavaria; ecology; eucalypts; forest management; forest ownership; forestry practices; public opinion; regeneration; silviculture; Tasmania

Indexed keywords

ECOLOGY; REFORESTATION; SOCIAL ASPECTS; TIMBER; WOOD PRODUCTS;

BAVARIA; EUCALYPTS; FOREST OWNERSHIP; FORESTRY PRACTICES; PUBLIC OPINIONS; REGENERATION; SILVICULTURE; TASMANIA;

FORESTRY;

ECOLOGY; EUCALYPTUS; FOREST MANAGEMENT; FORESTRY; REFORESTATION;

ABIES; FAGUS; PICEA;

EID: 84930892499     PISSN: 00049158     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00049158.2015.1037815     Document Type: Article

References (92)

1. Alcorn, P.J. (2002) The effects of light availability on the growth of Eucalyptus obliqua seedlings. Hons thesis, The Australian National University, Canberra.
2. Ashton, D.H. and Attiwill, P.M. (1994) Tall open-forests. In: Groves, R.H. (ed.) Australian Vegetation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 157-196.
3. Baker, S.C. and Read, S.M. (2011) Variable retention silviculture in Tasmania's wet forests: ecological rationale, adaptive management and synthesis of biodiversity benefits. Australian Forestry 74, 218-232. doi:10.1080/00049158.2011.10676365
4. Bassett, O.D., Edwards, L.G. and Plumpton, B.S. (2000) A comparison of four-year-old regeneration following six silvicultural treatments in a wet eucalypt forest in southern Tasmania. Tasforests 12, 35-54.
5. Bauhus, J. and Barthel, R. (1995) Mechanisms for carbon and nutrient release and retention in beech forest gaps. Plant and Soil 168-169, 585-592. doi:10.1007/BF00029372
6. Bauhus, J., Puettmann, K. and Messier, C. (2009) Silviculture for old-growth attributes. Forest Ecology and Management 258, 525-537. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.053
7. Bauhus, J., Puettman, K.J. and Kuehne, C. (2013) Close-to-nature forest management in Europe: does it support complexity and adaptability of forest ecosystems? In: Messier, C., Puettman, K.J. and Coates, K.D. (eds) Managing Forests as Complex Adaptive Systems. Routledge, London.
8. Bavarian Ministry for Food Agriculture and Forestry (2012) Bayerischer Agrarbericht 2012. Accessed 30 April 2013. Available from http://www.stmelf.bayern.de/mam/cms01/agrarpolitik/dateien/agrarbericht2012.pdf
9. Bayerische Staatsforsten (2012) Bavarian Forest Service Annual Report. Accessed 30 June 2013. Available from http://www.baysf.de/de/home/unternehmen-wald/aktuelles/publikation/article/50/jahresbericht-2012.html
10. Beese, W.J., Dunsworth, B.G., Zielke, K. and Bancroft, B. (2003) Maintaining attributes of old-growth forests in coastal B.C. through variable retention. The Forestry Chronicle 79, 570-578. doi:10.5558/tfc79570-3
11. Bieling, C. (2004) Non-industrial private-forest owners: possibilities for increasing adoption of close-to-nature forest management. European Journal of Forest Research 123, 293-303. doi:10.1007/s10342-004-0042-6
12. Bradshaw, F.J. (1999) Trends in silvicultural practices in the native forests of Western Australia. Australian Forestry 62, 255-264. doi:10.1080/00049158.1999.10674790
13. Brang, P. (2005) Virgin forests as a knowledge source for central European silviculture: reality or myth? Forest Snow and Landscape Research 79, 19-32.
14. Brang, P., Spathelf, P., Larsen, J.B., Bauhus, J., Boncina, A., Chauvin, C., Drossler, L., Garcia-Guemes, C., Heiri, C., Kerr, G., Lexer, M.J., Mason, B., Mohren, F., Muhlethaler, U., Nocentini, S. and Svoboda, M. (2014) Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change. Forestry 87, 492-503. doi:10.1093/forestry/cpu018
15. Bunnell, F.L. and Dunsworth, B.G. (2004) Making adaptive management for biodiversity work - the example of Weyerhaeuser in coastal British Columbia. The Forestry Chronicle 80, 37-43. doi:10.5558/tfc80037-1
16. Commarmot, B., Bachofen, H., Bundziak, Y., Bürgi, A., Ramp, B., Shparyk, Y., Sukhariuk, D., Viter, R. and Zingg, A. (2005) Structures of virgin and managed beech forests in Uholka (Ukraine) and Sihlwald (Switzerland): a comparative study. Forest Snow and Landscape Research 79, 45-56.
17. Cubit, S. (1996) Recollections from the Forests-75 Years of Forest Service in Tasmania. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, 247 pp.
18. Cunningham, T.M. (1960) The Natural Regeneration of Eucalyptus regnans. Bulletin 1. University of Melbourne, School of Forestry, Melbourne, 158 pp.
19. Cunningham, T.M. and Cremer, K.W. (1965) Control of the understorey in wet eucalypt forests. Australian Forestry 29, 4-14. doi:10.1080/00049158.1965.10675374
20. Elliott, H.J., Felton, K.C., Jarman, S.J. and Stone, M.G. (2008) A History of Innovation: Eighty-Five Years of Research and Development at Forestry Tasmania. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, 392 pp.
21. Eriksson, E., Gillespie, A.R., Gustavsson, L., Langvall, O., Olsson, M., Sathre, R. and Stendahl, J. (2007) Integrated carbon analysis of forest management practices and wood substitution. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, 671-681. doi:10.1139/X06-257
22. Flint, A. and Fagg, P.C. (2007) Mountain Ash in Victoria's State Forests. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne, 97 pp.
23. Florence, R.G. (1976) The silvicultural decision. Forest Ecology and Management 1, 293-306. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(76)90040-2
24. Florence, R.G. (1996) Ecology and Silviculture of Eucalypt Forests. CSIRO, Collingwood, Victoria, 413 pp.
25. Ford, R.M., Williams, K.J.H., Bishop, I.D. and Webb, T.J. (2009a) A value basis for the social acceptability of clearfelling in Tasmania, Australia. Landscape and Urban Planning 90, 196-206. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.11.006
26. Ford, R.M., Williams, K.J.H., Bishop, I.D. and Hickey, J.E. (2009b) Effects of information on the social acceptability of alternatives to clearfelling in Australian wet eucalypt forests. Environmental Management 44, 1149-1162. doi:10.1007/s00267-009-9392-7
27. Forest Practices Authority (2012) State of the Forests Tasmania 2012. Forest Practices Authority, Hobart, 516 pp. Available from http://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/--data/assets/pdf-file/0009/82872/State-of-the-forests-Tasmania-2012-report.pdf
28. Forest Practices Board (2000) Forest Practices Code. Forest Practices Board, Hobart, Tasmania, 125 pp. Available from http://www.fpa.tas.gov.au/--data/assets/pdf-file/0020/58115/Forest-Practices-Code-2000.pdf
29. Forestry Tasmania (2009a) Lowland Dry Eucalypt Forests. Native Forest Silviculture Technical Bulletin No. 3. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, 35 pp.
30. Forestry Tasmania (2009b) Lowland Wet Eucalypt Forests. Native Forest Silviculture Technical Bulletin No. 8. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, 32 pp.
31. Forestry Tasmania (2009c) A New Silviculture for Tasmania's Public Forests: A Review of the Variable Retention Program. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, 107 pp.
32. Forestry Tasmania (2010a) Eucalypt Seed and Sowing. Native Forest Silviculture Technical Bulletin No. 1. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, 56 pp.
33. Forestry Tasmania (2010b) Eucalyptus delegatensis Forests. Native Forest Silviculture Technical Bulletin No. 2. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, 36 pp.
34. Forestry Tasmania (2010c) Silvicultural Systems for Native Eucalypt Forests. Native Forest Silviculture Technical Bulletin No. 5. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart, 78 pp.
35. Forestry Tasmania (2010d) Special Timbers Strategy. Forestry Tasmania, Hobart. Available from http://www.stors.tas.gov.au/au-7-0095-02661
36. Franklin, J.F., Berg, D.R., Thornburgh, D.A. and Tappeiner, J.C. (1997) Alternative silvicultural approaches to timber harvesting: variable retention harvest systems. In: Kohm, K.A. and Franklin, J.F. (eds) Creating a Forestry for the 21st Century: The Science of Ecosystem Management. Island Press, Washington, DC, pp. 111-139.
37. Gayer, K. (1886) Der gemischte Wald. Seine Begründung und Plefge insbesondere durch Horst-und Gruppenwirtschaft. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin.
38. Gilbert, J.M. (1959) Forest succession in the Florentine Valley, Tasmania. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 93, 129-151.
39. Gilbert, J.M. (1960) Regeneration of Eucalyptus regnans in the Florentine Valley. Appita 13, 132-135.
40. Gilbert, J.M. and Cunningham, T.M. (1972) Regeneration of harvested forests 1. State forests in Tasmania. Appita 26, 43-45.
41. Greenpeace (2012) Waldschutz in Bayern - Die unrühmliche Rolle der Bayerischen Staatsforsten im Steigerwald. Accessed 27 June 2013. Available from http://blog.greenpeace.de/blog/2012/11/22/waldschutz-in-bayern-die-unruhmliche-rolle-der-bayerischenstaatsforsten-im-steigerwald/
42. Gustafsson, L., Baker, S.C., Bauhus, J., Beese, W.J., Brodie, A., Kouki, J., Lindenmayer, D.B., Lohmus, A., Martinez Pastur, G., Messier, C., Neyland, M., Palik, B., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Volney, J.A., Wayne, A. and Franklin, J.F. (2012) Retention forestry to maintain multifunctional forests: a world perspective. Bioscience 62, 633-645. doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.7.6
43. Hanewinkel, M. (2002) Comparative economic investigations of even-aged and uneven-aged silvicultural systems: a critical analysis of different methods. Forestry 75, 473-481. doi:10.1093/forestry/75.4.473
44. Hart, C. (1995) Alternative Silvicultural Systems to Clear Cutting in Britain: A review. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 115. HSMO, London, 93 pp.
45. Hickey, J.E. (1994) A floristic comparison of vascular species in Tasmanian oldgrowth mixed forest with regeneration resulting from logging and wildfire. Australian Journal of Botany 42, 383-404.
46. Hickey, J.E., Su, W., Rowe, P., Brown, M.J. and Edwards, L.G. (1999) Fire history of the tall wet eucalypt forests of the Warra ecological research site, Tasmania. Australian Forestry 62, 66-71. doi:10.1080/00049158.1999.10674765
47. Hickey, J.E. and Wilkinson, G.R. (1999) The development and current implementation of silvicultural practices in native forests in Tasmania. Australian Forestry 62, 245-254. doi:10.1080/00049158.1999.10674789
48. Kanninen, M. (2010) Plantation forests: global perspectives. In: Bauhus, J., van der Meer, P. and Kanninen, M. (eds) Ecosystem Goods and Services from Plantation Forests. Earthscan, London, 1-15.
49. Keenan, R.J. and Kimmins, J.P. (1993) The ecological effects of clear-cutting. Environmental Reviews 1, 121-144. doi:10.1139/a93-010
50. Knoke, T., Ammer, C., Stimm, B. and Mosandl, R. (2008) Admixing broadleaved to coniferous tree species: a review on yield, ecological stability and economics. European Journal of Forest Research 127, 89-101. doi:10.1007/s10342-007-0186-2
51. Koch, A., Munks, S. and Driscoll, D. (2008) The use of hollow-bearing trees by vertebrate fauna in wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest, Tasmania. Wildlife Research 35, 727-746.
52. Lindenmayer, B.D. (2007) The Variable Retention System and its Implications for Biodiversity in the Mountain Ash Forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria. Occasional Paper 2. ANU Fenner School of Environment and Society, Canberra, 67 pp.
53. Lindenmayer, D.B. and Franklin, J.F. (2002) Conserving Forest Biodiversity: A Comprehensive Multiscaled Approach. Island Press, Washington, DC, 352 pp.
54. Lindenmayer, D.B. and McCarthy, M.A. (2002) Congruence between natural and human forest disturbance: a case study from Australian montane ash forests. Forest Ecology and Management 155, 319-335. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00569-2
55. Lindenmayer, D.B., Norton, T.W. and Tanton, M.T. (1990) Differences between wildfire and clearfelling on the structure of montane ash forests of Victoria and their implications for fauna dependent on tree hollows. Australian Forestry 53, 61-68. doi:10.1080/00049158.1990.10676062
56. Marsden-Smedley, J.B. (1998) Changes in southwestern Tasmanian fire regimes since the early 1800s. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 132, 15-29.
57. Mitscherlich, G. (1981) Wald, Wachstum und Umwelt. Vol. 2. Waldklima und Wasserhaushalt. Sauerländer, Frankfurt am Main, 402 pp.
58. Neyland, M., Hickey, J. and Read, S.M. (2012) A synthesis of outcomes from the Warra Silvicultural Systems Trial, Tasmania: safety, timber production, economics, biodiversity, silviculture and social acceptability. Australian Forestry 75, 147-162. doi:10.1080/00049158.2012.10676397
59. Neyland, M.G. and Cunningham, J.K. (2004) Silvicultural monitoring in uneven-aged highland dry Eucalyptus delegatensis forests in Tasmania. Australian Forestry 67, 6-13. doi:10.1080/00049158.2004.10676199
60. Neyland, M.G. and Jarman, S.J. (2012) Early impacts of harvesting and burning disturbances on vegetation communities in the Warra silvicultural systems trial, Tasmania, Australia. Australian Journal of Botany 59, 701-712.
61. Neyland, M.G., Wilkinson, G.R. and Edwards, L.G. (1999) The Forestier silvicultural systems trial: alternatives to clearfelling. Tasforests 11, 35-48.
62. Neyland, M.G., Hickey, J., Beadle, C., Bauhus, J., Davidson, N. and Edwards, L. (2009a) An examination of stocking and early growth in the Warra silvicultural systems trial confirms the importance of a burnt seedbed for vigorous regeneration in Eucalyptus obliqua forest. Forest Ecology and Management 258, 481-494.
63. Neyland, M.G., Hickey, J.E. and Edwards, L.G. (2009b) Safety and productivity at the Warra silvicultural systems trial. Tasforests 18, 1-16.
64. Neyland, M., Hickey, J. and Read, S.M. (2012) A synthesis of outcomes from the Warra Silvicultural Systems Trial, Tasmania, Australia: safety, timber production, economics, biodiversity, silviculture and social acceptability. Australian Forestry 75, 147-162.
65. Pommerening, A. and Murphy, S.T. (2004) A review of the history, definitions and methods of continuous cover forestry with special attention to afforestation and restocking. Forestry 77, 27-44. doi:10.1093/forestry/77.1.27
66. Private Forests Tasmania (2012) Annual Report 2011/12. Private Forests Tasmania, Hobart, 78 pp. Available from http://www.pft.tas.gov.au/images/pdfs/Annual-Report-2011-12.pdf
67. Puettmann, K.J., D'Amato, A.W., Kohnle, U. and Bauhus, J. (2009) Individual-tree growth dynamics of mature Abies alba during repeated irregular group shelterwood (Femelschlag) cuttings. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 39, 2437-2449. doi:10.1139/X09-158
68. Ribe, R.G., Ford, R.M. and Williams, K.J.H. (2013) Clearfell controversies and alternative timber harvest designs: how acceptability perceptions vary between Tasmania and the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Journal of Environmental Management 114, 46-62. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.09.029
69. Roeder, H. (2008) Results of the Cluster study into forest industries. Cluster Forst und Holz in Bayern. Available from www.clusterforstholzbayern.de.
70. Rothe, A. (2013) Forest Biomass for Energy: Current and Potential Use in Tasmania and a Comparison with European Experience. Weihenstephan University of Applied Sciences, Bavaria, 41 pp. Available from http://www.forestrytas.com.au/uploads/File/pdf/pdf2013/biomass-report-rothe-170713.pdf
71. Rothe, A. and Borchert, H. (2003) Der Wald für morgen - eine Naturalbilanz über 25 Jahre naturnahe Forstwirtschaft im Bayerischen Staatswald. Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany. Available from http://www.lwf.bayern.de
72. Schelhaas, M.-J., Nabuurs, G.-J. and Schuck, A. (2003) Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries. Global Change Biology 9, 1620-1633. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00684.x
73. Schirmer, J. (2010) Tasmania's Forest Industry: Trends in Industry Employment and Turnover, 2006 to 2010. Technical Report 206. Cooperative Research Centre for Forestry, Hobart, 16 pp. Available from http://www.crcforestry.com.au/publications/downloads/Schirmer-Tas-forest-industry-WEB.pdf
74. Schütz, J.-P. (2001) Opportunities and strategies of transforming regular forests to irregular forests. Forest Ecology and Management 151, 87-94. doi:10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00699-X
75. Schütz, J.-P. (2002) Silvicultural tools to develop irregular and diverse forest structures. Forestry 75, 329-337. doi:10.1093/forestry/75.4.329
76. Scott, R.E., Neyland, M.G. and Hovenden, M.J. (2013a) Variable retention harvesting in Tasmania: silvicultural success? In: Brown, A.G., Wells, K.F., Parsons, M. and Kerruish, C.M. (eds) Managing Our Forests into the 21st Century. 7-11 April 2013. Institute of Foresters of Australia, Canberra, pp. 119-126.
77. Scott, R.E., Neyland, M.G. and McElwee, D.J. (2013b) Early regeneration results following aggregated retention harvesting of wet eucalypt forests in Tasmania, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 302, 254-263. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2013.03.005
78. Select Committee (1959) Regeneration of eucalypt forests. Report of the Select Committee of the Legislative Council, Parliament of Tasmania. Government Printer, Hobart.
79. Seymour, R. and Hunter, M.L. (1999) Principles of ecological forestry. In: Hunter, M.L. (ed.) Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 22-61.
80. Signatories (2012) Tasmanian Forest Agreement 2012 between the Australian Conservation Foundation, Australian Forest Contractors Association, Australian Forest Products Association, Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union, Environment Tasmania Inc, Forest Industries Association of Tasmania, Tasmanian Forest Contractors Association, Timber Communities Australia, Tasmanian Sawmillers Association, The Wilderness Society Inc, The Wilderness Society (Tasmania) Inc. Hobart, 17 pp. Accessed 30 April 2015. Available from https://www.acfonline.org.au/sites/default/files/resources/ACF-TFA-signatoryagreement-2012.pdf
81. Smith, D.M., Larson, B.C., Kelty, M.J. and Ashton, P.M.S. (1997) The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 537 pp.
82. Southern Forests Community Group (1996) The regional forest concept - a discussion paper to inform southern forests landuse strategy. In: Leech, M.D. (ed.) RFA Review Project. Southern Forests Community Group Inc., Huon Valley, Tasmania, pp. 1-32.
83. Steane, S.W. (1934) Report of the Forestry Department for the Year Ending 30th June 1934. Government Printer, Tasmania.
84. Stoneman, G.L. (2007) 'Ecological forestry' and eucalypt forests managed for wood production in south-western Australia. Biological Conservation 137, 558-566. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.03.008
85. Strie, F., Sprod, D., Mills, D., Leech, M. and Harris, A. (1994) ProSilva: quality management in our forests. In: Faces of Farm Forestry, pp. 121-127. Australian Forest Growers Conference, Launceston.
86. Tabor, J., McElhinny, C., Hickey, J. and Wood, J. (2007) Colonisation of clearfelled coupes by rainforest tree species from mature mixed forest edges, Tasmania, Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 240, 13-23. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.11.021
87. The Wilderness Society, Environment Tasmania and Australian Conservation Foundation (2011) Submission 109 to the inquiry into the future of the Australian Forestry Industry. House of Representatives Standing Committee on Agriculture, Resources, Fisheries and Forestry, 48 pp. Accessed 30 March 2013. Available from www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary-Business/Committees/House-of-Representatives-Committees?url=arff/forestry/subs/sub109.pdf
88. Trotsiuk, V., Hobi, M.L. and Commarmot, B. (2012) Age structure and disturbance dynamics of the relic virgin beech forest Uholka (Ukrainian Carpathians). Forest Ecology and Management 265, 181-190. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.042
89. Turner, P.A.M., Balmer, J. and Kirkpatrick, J.B. (2009) Stand-replacing wildfires?: the incidence of multi-cohort and single-cohort Eucalyptus regnans and E. obliqua forests in southern Tasmania. Forest Ecology and Management 258, 366-375. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.04.021
90. Wagner, S., Collet, C., Madsen, P., Nakashizuka, T., Nyland, R.D. and Sagheb-Talebi, K. (2010) Beech regeneration research: from ecological to silvicultural aspects. Forest Ecology and Management 259, 2172-2182. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.029
91. Walentowski, H., Ewald, J., Fischer, A., Kölling, C. and Türk, W. (2004) Handbuch der natürlichen Waldgesellschaften Bayerns. Geobotanica, Freising, 441 pp.
92. Wells, P. and Hickey, J.E. (1999) Wet sclerophyll, mixed and swamp forest. In: Reid, J.B., Hill, R.S., Brown, M.J. and Hovenden, M. (eds) Vegetation of Tasmania. Australian Biological Resources Study, Hobart, pp. 224-243.