Evaluation of fever and infections in cardiac surgery patients

Seminars in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2015, Pages 143-153

  Rhee, Chanu ^a   Sax, Paul Edward ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiac surgery; cardiopulmonary bypass; critical care; inflammation; intensive care unit; postoperative complications

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN;

ABDOMINAL TENDERNESS; ANASTOMOSIS DEHISCENCE; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; AORTIC VASCULAR GRAFT INFECTION; ARTICLE; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DECUBITUS; DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS; DRUG FEVER; ERYTHEMA; EVALUATION STUDY; FEVER; GRAFT INFECTION; HEART SURGERY; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION; INTRAOPERATIVE PERIOD; MEDIASTINITIS; MEDICAL DEVICE COMPLICATION; PNEUMONIA; POSTPERICARDIOTOMY SYNDROME; PROSTHETIC VALVE ENDOCARDITIS; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SEPSIS; SURGICAL INFECTION; SURGICAL MORTALITY; THORAX RADIOGRAPHY; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE INFECTION; WOUND INFECTION; ADVERSE EFFECTS; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS; PROCEDURES;

CARDIAC SURGICAL PROCEDURES; FEVER; HUMANS; INFECTION; POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS;

EID: 84930733806     PISSN: 10892532     EISSN: 19405596     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1089253214538524     Document Type: Article

References (100)

1. Livelli FD, Johnson RA, McEnany MT, et al. Unexplained in-hospital fever following cardiac surgery. Natural history, relationship to postpericardiotomy syndrome, and a prospective study of therapy with indomethacin versus placebo. Circulation. 1978 ; 57: 968-975
2. Andrade CL, Olvera S, Reyes PA. Fever and infection after heart surgery. A prospective study of 75 cases. Arch Inst Cardiol Mexico. 1989 ; 59: 487-491
3. El Oakley RM, Wright JE. Postoperative mediastinitis: classification and management. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996 ; 61: 1030-1036
4. Fleck T, Kickinger B, Moidl R, et al. Management of open chest and delayed sternal closure with the vacuum assisted closure system: preliminary experience. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2008 ; 7: 801-804
5. Anderson DJ, Kaye KS, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008 ; 29: S51 - S61
6. Orita H, Shimanuki T, Fukasawa M, et al. A clinical study of postoperative infections following open-heart surgery: occurrence and microbiological findings in 782 cases. Surg Today. 1992 ; 22: 207-212
7. Garibaldi RA, Brodine S, Matsumiya S, Coleman M. Evidence for the non-infectious etiology of early postoperative fever. Infect Control. 1985 ; 6: 273-277
8. Mitchell JD, Grocott HP, Phillips-Bute B, Mathew JP, Newman MF, Bar-Yosef S. Cytokine secretion after cardiac surgery and its relationship to postoperative fever. Cytokine. 2007 ; 38: 37-42
9. Pien F, Ho PW, Fergusson DJ. Fever and infection after cardiac operation. Ann Thorac Surg. 1982 ; 33: 382-384
10. Clark JA, Bar-Yosef S, Anderson A, Newman MF, Landolfo K, Grocott HP. Postoperative hyperthermia following off-pump versus on-pump coronary artery bypass surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2005 ; 19: 426-429
11. Miholic J, Hiertz H, Hudec M, Laczkovics A, Domanig E. Fever, leucocytosis and infection after open heart surgery. A log-linear regression analysis of 115 cases. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1984 ; 32: 45-48
12. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for Prevention of Surgical Site Infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control. 1999 ; 27: 97-132
13. Leal-Noval SR, Rincón-Ferrari MD, García-Curiel A, et al. Transfusion of blood components and postoperative infection in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Chest. 2001 ; 119: 1461-1468
14. Sedor J, Mulholland SG. Hospital-acquired urinary tract infections associated with the indwelling catheter. Urol Clin North Am. 1999 ; 26: 821-828
15. Bartlett JG, Gerding DN. Clinical recognition and diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 ; 46: S12 - S18
16. Carignan A, Allard C, Pepin J, Cossette B, Nault V, Valiquette L. Risk of Clostridium difficile infection after perioperative antibacterial prophylaxis before and during an outbreak of infection due to a hypervirulent strain. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 ; 46: 1838-1843
17. George DL, Falk PS, Umberto Meduri G, et al. Nosocomial sinusitis in patients in the medical intensive care unit: a prospective epidemiological study. Clin Infect Dis. 1998 ; 27: 463-470
18. Deniz H, Gokaslan G, Arslanoglu Y, et al. Treatment outcomes of postoperative mediastinitis in cardiac surgery; negative pressure wound therapy versus conventional treatment. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 ; 7: 67
19. Farinas MC, Gald Peralta F, Bernal JM, Rabasa JM, Revuelta JM, Gonzalez-Macias J. Suppurative mediastinitis after open-heart surgery: a case-control study covering a seven-year period in Santander, Spain. Clin Infect Dis. 1995 ; 20: 272-279
20. Risnes I, Abdelnoor M, Almdahl SM, Svennevig JL. Mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting risk factors and long-term survival. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 ; 89: 1502-1509
21. Trouillet JL, Vuagnat A, Combes A, et al. Acute poststernotomy mediastinitis managed with debridement and closed-drainage aspiration: factors associated with death in the intensive care unit. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 ; 129: 518-524
22. Loop FD, Lytle BW, Cosgrove DM, et al. J. Maxwell Chamberlain memorial paper. Sternal wound complications after isolated coronary artery bypass grafting: early and late mortality, morbidity, and cost of care. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990 ; 49: 179-186
23. Pertowski CA, Baron RC, Lasker BA, Werner SB, Jarvis WR. Nosocomial outbreak of Candida albicans sternal wound infections following cardiac surgery traced to a scrub nurse. J Infect Dis. 1995 ; 172: 817-822
24. Dimopoulos G, Tsangaris I, Poulakou G, et al. Post-operative Aspergillus mediastinitis in a man who was immunocompetent: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2010 ; 4: 312
25. Seyfer AE, Shriver CD, Miller TR, Graeber GM. Sternal blood flow after median sternotomy and mobilization of the internal mammary arteries. Surgery. 1988 ; 104: 899-904
26. Kohli M, Yuan L, Escobar M, et al. A risk index for sternal surgical wound infection after cardiovascular surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2003 ; 24: 17-25
27. Russo PL, Spelman DW. A new surgical-site infection risk index using risk factors identified by multivariate analysis for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002 ; 23: 372-376
28. Milano CA, Kesler K, Archibald N, Sexton DJ, Jones RH. Mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Risk factors and long-term survival. Circulation. 1995 ; 92: 2245-2251
29. Ottino G, De Paulis R, Pansini S, et al. Major sternal wound infection after open-heart surgery: a multivariate analysis of risk factors in 2,579 consecutive operative procedures. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987 ; 44: 173-179
30. Nagachinta T, Stephens M, Reitz B, Polk BF. Risk factors for surgical-wound infection following cardiac surgery. J Infect Dis. 1987 ; 156: 967-973
31. Koshal A, Hendry P, Raman SV, Keon WJ. Should obese patients not undergo coronary artery surgery?. Can J Surg. 1985 ; 28: 331-334
32. Wouters R, Wellens F, Vanermen H, De Geest R, Degrieck I, De Meerleer F. Sternitis and mediastinitis after coronary artery bypass grafting. Analysis of risk factors. Texas Heart Inst J. 1994 ; 21: 183-188
33. Lilienfeld DE, Vlahov D, Tenney JH, McLaughlin JS. Obesity and diabetes as risk factors for postoperative wound infections after cardiac surgery. Am J Infect Control. 1988 ; 16: 3-6
34. Trick WE, Scheckler WE, Tokars JI, et al. Modifiable risk factors associated with deep sternal site infection after coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2000 ; 119: 108-114
35. Dodds Ashley ES, Carroll DN, Engemann JJ, et al. Risk factors for postoperative mediastinitis due to methicillin-resistant. Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 ; 38: 1555-1560
36. Kouchoukos NT, Wareing TH, Murphy SF, Pelate C, Marshall WG. Risks of bilateral internal mammary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990 ; 49: 210-217
37. Bor DH, Rose RM, Modlin JF, Weintraub R, Friedland GH. Mediastinitis after cardiovascular surgery. Rev Infect Dis. 1983 ; 5: 885-897
38. Kohman LJ, Coleman MJ, Parker FB. Bacteremia and sternal infection after coronary artery bypass grafting. Ann Thorac Surg. 1990 ; 49: 454-457
39. Jolles H, Henry DA, Roberson JP, Cole TJ, Spratt JA. Mediastinitis following median sternotomy: CT findings. Radiology. 1996 ; 201: 463-466
40. Yamashiro T, Kamiya H, Murayama S, et al. Infectious mediastinitis after cardiovascular surgery: role of computed tomography. Radiat Med. 2008 ; 26: 343-347
41. Benlolo S, Mateo J, Raskine L, et al. Sternal puncture allows an early diagnosis of poststernotomy mediastinitis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 ; 125: 611-617
42. Quirce R, Serano J, Arnal C, Banzo I, Carril JM. Detection of mediastinitis after heart transplantation by gallium-67 scintigraphy. J Nucl Med. 1991 ; 32: 860-861
43. Engoren M. Lack of association between atelectasis and fever. Chest. 1995 ; 107: 81-84
44. Mackowiak PA, LeMaistre CF. Drug fever: a critical appraisal of conventional concepts. An analysis of 51 episodes in two Dallas hospitals and 97 episodes reported in the English literature. Ann Intern Med. 1987 ; 106: 728-733
45. Forni AL, Murray HW. Drug fever induced by heparin. Am J Med. 1992 ; 92: 107
46. Goldhaber SZ, Hirsch DR, MacDougall RC, Polak JF, Creager MA, Cohn LH. Prevention of venous thrombosis after coronary artery bypass surgery (a randomized trial comparing two mechanical prophylaxis strategies). Am J Cardiol. 1995 ; 76: 993-996
47. Roach GW, Kanchuger M, Mangano CM, et al. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996 ; 335: 1857-1863
48. Woodman RC, Harker LA. Bleeding complications associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood. 1990 ; 76: 1680-1697
49. Mavros MN, Velmahos GC, Falagas ME. Atelectasis as a cause of postoperative fever: where is the clinical evidence?. Chest. 2011 ; 140: 418-424
50. Imazio M, Brucato A, Rovere ME, et al. Contemporary features, risk factors, and prognosis of the post-pericardiotomy syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 2011 ; 108: 1183-1187
51. Imazio M, Hoit BD. Post-cardiac injury syndromes. An emerging cause of pericardial diseases. Int J Cardiol. 2013 ; 168: 648-652
52. Bucekova E, Simkova I, Hulman M. Postpericardiotomy syndrome - post-cardiac injury syndrome. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2012 ; 113: 481-485
53. Imazio M, Trinchero R, Brucato A, et al. COlchicine for the Prevention of the Post-pericardiotomy Syndrome (COPPS): a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Heart J. 2010 ; 31: 2749-2754
54. Madsen SM, Jakobsen TJ. Colchicine treatment of recurrent steroid-dependent pericarditis in a patient with post-myocardial-infarction syndrome (Dressler's syndrome) [in Danish]. Ugeskr Laeger. 1992 ; 154: 3427-3428
55. Verkkala K, Valtonen V, Jarvinen A, Tolppanen EM. Fever, leucocytosis and C-reactive protein after open-heart surgery and their value in the diagnosis of postoperative infections. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1987 ; 35: 78-82
56. Everts RJ, Heneghan JP, Adholla PO, Reller LB. Validity of cultures of fluid collected through drainage catheters versus those obtained by direct aspiration. J Clin Microbiol. 2001 ; 39: 66-68
57. Ivert TS, Dismukes WE, Cobbs CG, Blackstone EH, Kirklin JW, Bergdahl LA. Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation. 1984 ; 69: 223-232
58. Wang A, Athan E, Pappas PA, et al. Contemporary clinical profile and outcome of prosthetic valve endocarditis. JAMA. 2007 ; 297: 1354-1361
59. Rivas P, Alonso J, Moya J, de Gorgolas M, Martinell J, Fernandez Guerrero ML. The impact of hospital-acquired infections on the microbial etiology and prognosis of late-onset prosthetic valve endocarditis. Chest. 2005 ; 128: 764-771
60. Brennan JM, Edwards FH, Zhao Y, et al. Long-term safety and effectiveness of mechanical versus biologic aortic valve prostheses in older patients: results from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Adult Cardiac Surgery National Database. Circulation. 2013 ; 127: 1647-1655
61. Calderwood SB, Swinski LA, Waternaux CM, Karchmer AW, Buckley MJ. Risk factors for the development of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Circulation. 1985 ; 72: 31-37
62. Grover FL, Cohen DJ, Oprian C, Henderson WG, Sethi G, Hammermeister KE. Determinants of the occurrence of and survival from prosthetic valve endocarditis. Experience of the Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study on Valvular Heart Disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994 ; 108: 207-214
63. Arvay A, Lengyel M. Incidence and risk factors of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 1988 ; 2: 340-346
64. Ben Ismail M, Hannachi N, Abid F, Kaabar Z, Rouge JF. Prosthetic valve endocarditis. A survey. Br Heart J. 1987 ; 58: 72-77
65. Masur H, Johnson WD. Prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1980 ; 80: 31-37
66. Calderwood SB, Swinski LA, Karchmer AW, Waternaux CM, Buckley MJ. Prosthetic valve endocarditis. Analysis of factors affecting outcome of therapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1986 ; 92: 776-783
67. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994 ; 96: 200-209
68. Daniel WG, Mugge A, Grote J, et al. Comparison of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography for detection of abnormalities of prosthetic and bioprosthetic valves in the mitral and aortic positions. Am J Cardiol. 1993 ; 71: 210-215
69. Vered Z, Mossinson D, Peleg E, Kaplinsky E, Motro M, Beker B. Echocardiographic assessment of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 1995 ; 16: 63-67
70. Daniel WG, Mugge A, Martin RP, et al. Improvement in the diagnosis of abscesses associated with endocarditis by transesophageal echocardiography. N Engl J Med. 1991 ; 324: 795-800
71. Vieira ML, Grinberg M, Pomerantzeff PM, Andrade JL, Mansur AJ. Repeated echocardiographic examinations of patients with suspected infective endocarditis. Heart. 2004 ; 90: 1020-1024
72. Anwar AM, Nosir YF, Alasnag M, Chamsi-Pasha H. Real time three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography: a novel approach for the assessment of prosthetic heart valves. Echocardiography. 2014 ; 31: 188-196
73. Berdejo J, Shibayama K, Harada K, et al. Evaluation of vegetation size and its relationship with embolism in infective endocarditis: a real-time 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2014 ; 7: 149-154
74. ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (writing Committee to Revise the 1998 guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease) developed in collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists endorsed by the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 ; 48: e1-148
75. Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Kormos RL, et al. Second INTERMACS annual report: more than 1,000 primary left ventricular assist device implants. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2010 ; 29: 1-10
76. Schaffer JM, Allen JG, Weiss ES, et al. Infectious complications after pulsatile-flow and continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011 ; 30: 164-174
77. Slaughter MS, Rogers JG, Milano CA, et al. Advanced heart failure treated with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. N Engl J Med. 2009 ; 361: 2241-2251
78. Grossi P, Dalla Gasperina D, Pagani F, Marone P, Vigano M, Minoli L. Infectious complications in patients with the Novacor left ventricular assist system. Transplant Proc. 2001 ; 33: 1969-1971
79. Sharma V, Deo SV, Stulak JM, et al. Driveline infections in left ventricular assist devices: implications for destination therapy. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012 ; 94: 1381-1386
80. Topkara VK, Kondareddy S, Malik F, et al. Infectious complications in patients with left ventricular assist device: etiology and outcomes in the continuous-flow era. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010 ; 90: 1270-1277
81. Nienaber JJ, Kusne S, Riaz T, et al. Clinical manifestations and management of left ventricular assist device-associated infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2013 ; 57: 1438-1448
82. Gordon SM, Schmitt SK, Jacobs M, et al. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients with implantable left ventricular assist devices. Ann Thorac Surg. 2001 ; 72: 725-730
83. Wilson SE. New alternatives in management of the infected vascular prosthesis. Surg Infect. 2001 ; 2: 171-175
84. Calligaro KD, Veith FJ, Schwartz ML, Dougherty MJ, DeLaurentis DA. Differences in early versus late extracavitary arterial graft infections. J Vasc Surg. 1995 ; 22: 680-685
85. Legout L, Sarraz-Bournet B, D'Elia PV, et al. Characteristics and prognosis in patients with prosthetic vascular graft infection: a prospective observational cohort study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012 ; 18: 352-358
86. Legout L, D'Elia PV, Sarraz-Bournet B, et al. Diagnosis and management of prosthetic vascular graft infections. Med Mal Infect. 2012 ; 42: 102-109
87. Fiorani P, Speziale F, Rizzo L, et al. Detection of aortic graft infection with leukocytes labeled with technetium 99m-hexametazime. J Vasc Surg. 1993 ; 17: 87-95
88. Johnson KK, Russ PD, Bair JH, Friefeld GD. Diagnosis of synthetic vascular graft infection: comparison of CT and gallium scans. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990 ; 154: 405-409
89. Meisner M, Tschaikowsky K, Hutzler A, Schick C, Schuttler J. Postoperative plasma concentrations of procalcitonin after different types of surgery. Intensive Care Med. 1998 ; 24: 680-684
90. Aouifi A, Piriou V, Bastien O, et al. Usefulness of procalcitonin for diagnosis of infection in cardiac surgical patients. Crit Care Med. 2000 ; 28: 3171-3176
91. Nahum E, Schiller O, Livni G, Bitan S, Ashkenazi S, Dagan O. Procalcitonin level as an aid for the diagnosis of bacterial infections following pediatric cardiac surgery. J Crit Care. 2012 ; 27: 220.e11-220.e16
92. Séguéla PE, Joram N, Romefort B, et al. Procalcitonin as a marker of bacterial infection in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiol Young. 2011 ; 21: 392-399
93. Millar BC, Prendergast BD, Alavi A, Moore JE. (18)FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) has a role to play in the diagnosis and therapy of infective endocarditis and cardiac device infection. Int J Cardiol. 2013 ; 167: 1724-1736
94. Van Riet J, Hill EE, Gheysens O, et al. (18)F-FDG PET/CT for early detection of embolism and metastatic infection in patients with infective endocarditis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2010 ; 37: 1189-1197
95. Saby L, Laas O, Habib G, et al. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography for diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis: increased valvular 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake as a novel major criterion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 ; 61: 2374-2382
96. Bruggink JL, Glaudemans AW, Saleem BR, et al. Accuracy of FDG-PET-CT in the diagnostic work-up of vascular prosthetic graft infection. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2010 ; 40: 348-354
97. Spacek M, Belohlavek O, Votrubova J, Sebesta P, Stadler P. Diagnostics of "non-acute" vascular prosthesis infection using 18F-FDG PET/CT: our experience with 96 prostheses. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009 ; 36: 850-858
98. Keidar Z, Engel A, Hoffman A, Israel O, Nitecki S. Prosthetic vascular graft infection: the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT. J Nucl Med. 2007 ; 48: 1230-1236
99. Zimmerman PM, Cherr GS, Angelo GC, Gona J, Dosluoglu HH. Is F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography too sensitive for the diagnosis of vascular endograft infection?. Vascular. 2008 ; 16: 346-349
100. Thuny F, Lass O, Saby L, et al. Reply: positron emission tomography/computed tomography for diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 ; 63: 187-189