Climate change, cocoa migrations and deforestation in West Africa: What does the past tell us about the future?

Sustainability Science

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 101-111

  Ruf, François ^a   Schroth, Götz ^b   Doffangui, Kone ^c  

^a CIRAD   (France)

^b Centre National de Recherche Agronomique ^*  (Brazil)

^c Centre National de Recherche Agronomique Abidjan   (Côte d’Ivoire)

Author keywords

Climate driven migration; C te d Ivoire; Forest rent; Guinean forest; Technological change; Theobroma cacao; Vegetation climate interaction

Indexed keywords

EID: 84930632653     PISSN: 18624065     EISSN: 18624057     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11625-014-0282-4     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Benveniste C (1974) La Boucle du Cacao. Côte d’Ivoire, Étude Régionale de Circuits de Transports. Travaux et Documents de l’ORSTOM No. 31. ORSTOM, Paris
2. Black R, Adger WN, Arnell NW, Dercon S, Geddes A, Thomas DSG (2011) The effect of environmental change on human migration. Glob Environ Change 21S:1S–11S. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.10.001
3. Boserup E (1965) The conditions of agricultural growth: the economics of Agrarian change under population pressure. Allen and Unwin, London
4. Bouquet C (2008) Géopolitique de la Côte d’Ivoire. Armand Colin, Paris
5. Boutillier J-L (1960) Bongouanou. Berger-Levrault, Côte d’Ivoire
6. Boutillier J-L (1971) Croissance démographique et croissance économique en Côte d’Ivoire. Cahiers de l’ORSTOM, série Sciences humaines 8:73–79
7. Boutillier J-L, Quesnel A, Vaugelade J (1985) La migration de la jeunesse du Burkina. Cahiers de l’ORSTOM, série Sciences humaines 21:243–249
8. Brou YT (2005) Climat, Mutations Socio-économiques et Paysages en Côte d’Ivoire. Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, Lille
9. Carr MKV, Lockwood G (2011) The water relations and irrigation requirements of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.): a review. Expl Agric 47:653–676. doi:10.1017/S0014479711000421
10. Chauveau JP, Léonard E (1996) Côte d’Ivoire’s pioneer fronts: historical and political determinants of the spread of cocoa cultivation. In: Clarence-Smith WG (ed) Cocoa pioneer fronts since 1800. The role of smallholders, planters and merchants. MacMillan Press, London, pp 176–194
11. Clarence-Smith WG (1996) Cocoa pioneer fronts since 1800—the role of smallholders, planters and merchants. Macmillan Press, Houndmills
12. Clay J (2004) World agriculture and the environment. Island Press, Washington DC
13. Damnyag L, Saastamoinen O, Blay D, Dwomoh FK, Anglaaere LCN, Pappinen A (2013) Sustaining protected areas: identifying and controlling deforestation and forest degradation drivers in the Ankasa Conservation Area, Ghana. Biol Cons 165:86–94. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.024
14. Epule ET, Peng C, Lepage L, Chen Z (2014) The causes, effects and challenges of Sahelian droughts: a critical review. Reg Environ Change. doi:10.1007/s10113-013-0473-z
15. 2 emissions, biodiversity conservation, and rural livelihoods in the Guinea rainforest of West Africa. Environ Manage 48:307–321. doi:10.1007/s00267-010-9602-3
16. Jagoret P, Michel-Dounias I, Snoeck D, Ngnogué HT, Malézieux E (2012) Afforestation of savannah with cocoa agroforestry systems: a small-farmer innovation in Central Cameroon. Agrofor Syst 86:493–504. doi:10.1007/s10457-012-9513-9
17. Kassin KE, Doffangui K, Kouamé B, Yoro RG, Assa A (2008) Variabilité pluviométrique et perspectives pour la replantation cacaoyère dans le Centre Ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire. J Appl Biosci 12:633–641
18. Kotir JH (2011) Climate change and variability in Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of current and future trends and impacts on agriculture and food security. Environ Dev Sustain 13:587–605. doi:10.1007/s10668-010-9278-0
19. Läderach P, Martinez A, Schroth G, Castro N (2013) Predicting the future climatic suitability for cocoa farming of the world’s leading producer countries, Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. Clim Change 119:841–854. doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0774-8
20. Léonard E, Oswald M (1996) Une agriculture forestière sans forêt. Changements agro-ecologiques et innovations paysannes en Côte d’Ivoire. Nat Sci Soc 4:202–216
21. Léonard E, Vimard P (2005) Crises et Recompositions d’une Agriculture Pionnière en Côte d’Ivoire. Karthala, Paris
22. Lilleor HB, Van den Broek K (2011) Economic drivers of migration and climate change in LDCs. Glob Environ Change S21:S70–S81. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.002
23. Lin BB (2011) Resilience in agriculture through crop diversification: adaptive management for environmental change. Bioscience 61:183–193. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.3.4
24. McLeman RA (2014) Climate and human migration—past experiences, future challenges. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
25. Metz B (2010) Controlling climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
26. Ministère de l’Agriculture (1986) Annuaire des Statistiques Agricoles. République de Côte d’Ivoire, Abidjan
27. Mittermeier RA, Robles Gil P, Hoffmann M, Pilgrim J, Brooks T, Mittermeier CG, Lamoreux J, Fonseca GAB (2004) Hotspots revisited. CEMEX, Mexico City
28. Norris K, Asase A, Collen B, Gockowski J, Mason J, Phalan B, Wade ASI (2010) Biodiversity in a forest-agriculture mosaic—the changing face of West African rainforests. Biol Cons 143:2341–2350. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.12.032
29. Petithuguenin P (1998) The natural conditions for cocoa production in Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana and Indonesia. Plantations, Recherche, Développement 5:393–411
30. Ruf F (1987) Eléments pour une théorie sur l’agriculture des régions tropicales humides I. De la forêt, rente différentielle, au cacaoyer, capital travail. Agron Trop 42:218–232
31. Ruf F (1988) Stratification Sociale en Économie de Plantation Ivoirienne. Doctoral Thesis. University of Paris X, Paris
32. Ruf F (1995) Booms et Crises du Cacao. Les Vertiges de l’Or Brun, Karthala
33. Ruf F (2001) Tree crops as deforestation and reforestation agents: the case of cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire and Sulawesi. In: Angelsen A, Kaimowitz D (eds) Agricultural technologies and tropical deforestation. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 291–315
34. Ruf F (2007) Boom du cacao au Ghana, fuit de la libéralisation? Grain de Sel 38:5–6
35. Ruf F (2010) Les Baoulé ne sont pas des oiseaux pour manger du riz. Anthropol Food. http://aof.revues.org/6686
36. Ruf F (2011) The myth of complex cocoa agroforests: the case of Ghana. Human Ecol 39:373–388. doi:10.1007/s10745-011-9392-0
37. Ruf F, Schroth G (2004) Chocolate forests and monocultures—an historical review of cocoa growing and its conflicting role in tropical deforestation and forest conservation. In: Schroth G, Fonseca GAB, Harvey CA, Gascon C, Vasconcelos HL, Izac A-MN (eds) Agroforestry and biodiversity conservation in tropical landscapes. Island Press, Washington, pp 107–134
38. Ruf F, Schroth G (2013) Cultures Pérennes Tropicales: Enjeux Économiques et Écologiques de la Diversification. Editions Quae, Montpellier
39. Schroth G, Ruf F (2014) Farmer strategies for tree crop diversification in the humid tropics. A review. Agron Sustain Dev 34:139–154. doi:10.1007/s13593-013-0175-4
40. Schroth G, Läderach P, Dempewolf J, Philpott SM, Haggar JP, Eakin H, Castillejos T, Garcia-Moreno J, Soto-Pinto L, Hernandez R, Eitzinger A, Ramirez-Villegas J (2009) Towards a climate change adaptation strategy for coffee communities and ecosystems in the Sierra Madre de Chiapas, Mexico. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 14:605–625. doi:10.1007/s11027-009-9186-5
41. Schwartz A (1993) Sous-peuplement et Développement dans le Sud-Ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire. ORSTOM, Paris
42. van der Geest K, Vrieling A, Dietz T (2010) Migration and environment in Ghana: a cross-district analysis of human mobility and vegetation dynamics. Environ Urban 22:107–124
43. Verdeaux F, Alpha A (2004) Deforestation in Côte d’Ivoire: the exploitation of forest resources, Beyond tropical deforestation. UNESCO, Paris, pp 51–60
44. Wood GAR, Lass RA (2001) Cocoa. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford
45. Zuidema PA, Leffelaar PA, Gerritsma W, Mommer L, Anten NPR (2005) A physiological production model for cocoa (Theobroma cacao): model presentation, validation and application. Agric Syst 84:195–225. doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2004.06.015