Occurrence of amphibians in saline habitats: A review and evolutionary perspective

Herpetological Monographs

Volumn 29, Issue , 2015, Pages 1-27

  Hopkins, Gareth R ^a   Brodie, Edmund D ^a  

^a UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adaptation; Anura; Brackish; Caudata; Coastal; Frog; Newt; Road deicing salts; Salamander; Salt; Toad

Indexed keywords

AMPHIBIA; ANURA; CAUDATA; SALAMANDRIDAE; SALAMANDROIDEA;

EID: 84930591573     PISSN: 07331347     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-14-00006     Document Type: Review

References (233)

1. Abe, S., and E.P.W. Bicudo. 1991. Adaptations to salinity and osmoregulation in the frog Thoropa miliaris (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae). Zoologischer Anzeiger 227: 5-6.
2. Alcala, A.C. 1962. Breeding behavior and early development of frogs of Negros, Philippine Islands. Copeia 1962: 679-726.
3. Alexander, L.G., S.P. Lailvaux, J.H.K. Pechmann, and P.J. De Vries. 2012. Effects of salinity on early life stages of the Gulf Coast toad, Incilius nebulifer (Anura: Bufonidae). Copeia 2012: 106-114.
4. Allen, M.J. 1932. A survey of the amphibians and reptiles of Harrison County, Mississippi. American Museum Novitates 542: 1-20.
5. Alvarado, R.H., and T.H. Dietz. 1970a. Effect of salt depletion on hydromineral balance in larval Ambystoma gracile: I. Ionic composition. Comparative and Biochemical Physiology 33: 85-92.
6. Alvarado, R.H., and T.H. Dietz. 1970b. Effect of salt depletion on hydromineral balance in larval Ambystoma gracile: II. Kinetics of ion exchange. Comparative and Biochemical Physiology 33: 93-110.
7. Alvarado, R.H., and A. Moody. 1970. Sodium and chloride transport in tadpoles of the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana. American Journal of Physiology 218: 1510-1516.
8. Alvarez-León, R., and R.M. De Ayala-Monedero. 2000. Frogs associated to the swamps of the Colombian Caribbean. Revista de Biología Tropical 48: 724.
9. Andrade, E.B., T.B.L. Júnior, J.M.A.L. Júnior, and J.R.S.A. Leite. 2012. Predation by native fish and feeding by crab species on Leptodactylus macrosternum Mirando-Ribeiro, 1926 (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in northeastern Brazil. Herpetology Notes 5: 173-175.
10. Annandale, N. 1907. The fauna of brackish ponds at Port Canning, Lower Bengal. Records of the Indian Museum (A Journal of Indian Zoology) 1: 35-43.
11. Asem, A., A. Eimanifar, M. Djamali, P. De los Rios, and M. Wink. 2014. Biodiversity of the hypersaline Urmia Lake National Park (NW Iran). Diversity 6: 102-132.
12. Badyaev, A.V. 2005. Stress-induced variation in evolution: From behavioural plasticity to genetic assimilation. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 272: 877-886.
13. Bahmani, Z., R. Karamiani, N. Rastergar-Pouyani, A. Gharzi, and R.K. Browne. 2014. The amphibian fauna of Kurdistan Province, Western Iran. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 9: 31-35.
14. Balinsky, J.B. 1981. Adaptation of nitrogen metabolism to hyperosmotic environment in Amphibia. Journal of Experimental Zoology 215: 335-350.
15. Barrett, R.D.H., and D. Schluter. 2007. Adaptation from standing genetic variation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 38-44.
16. Beadle, L.C. 1943. An ecological survey of some inland saline waters of Algeria. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 43: 218-242.
17. Beebee, T.J.C. 1985. Salt tolerances of natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) eggs and larvae from coastal and inland populations in Britain. Herpetological Journal 1: 14-16.
18. Bell, G. 2013. Evolutionary rescue and the limits of adaptation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368: 1-6.
19. Bell, T. 1843. Reptiles. Elder and Co., UK.
20. Bellairs, A., and C.C.D. Shute. 1954. Notes on the herpetology of an Algerian beach. Copeia 1954: 224-226.
21. Bernabò , I., A. Bonacci, F. Coscarelli, M. Tripepi, and E. Brunelli. 2013. Effects of salinity stress on Bufo balearicus and Bufo bufo tadpoles: Tolerance, morphological gill alterations and Na+/K+-ATPase localization. Aquatic Toxicology 132-133: 119-133.
22. Boss, H., and T. Chesnes. 2014. Siren lacertina. (Greater Siren) habitat. Herpetological Review 45: 302.
23. Boulenger, G.A. 1897-1898. The Tailless Batrachians of Europe. The Ray Society, UK.
24. Boulenger, G.A. 1912. A Vertebrate Fauna of the Malay Peninsula from the Isthmus of Kra to Singapore Including the Adjacent Islands: Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor and Francis, UK.
25. Boulenger, G.A. 1920a. British batrachians. Proceedings of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society 1919-1921: 23-31.
26. Boulenger, G.A. 1920b. A monograph of the South Asian, Papuan, Melanesian, and Australian frogs of the genus Rana. Records of the Indian Museum (A Journal of Indian Zoology) 20: 1-226.
27. Brady, S.P. 2012. Road to evolution? Local adaptation to road adjacency in an amphibian (Ambystoma maculatum). Scientific Reports 2: 1-5. DOI: 10.1038/srep00235.
28. Brady, S.P. 2013. Microgeographic maladaptive performance and deme depression in response to roads and runoff. PeerJ 1: e163. DOI: http://dx. doi.org/10.7717/peerj.163
29. Brand, A., J.W. Snodgrass, M.T. Gallagher, R.E. Casey, and R. Van Meter. 2010. Lethal and sublethal effects of embryonic and larval exposure of Hyla versicolor to stormwater pond sediments. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58: 325-331.
30. Brandon, R.A., E.J. Maruska, and W.T. Rumph. 1981. A new species of neotenic Ambystoma (Amphibia, Caudata) endemic to Laguna Alchichica, Puebla, Mexico. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 80: 112-125.
31. Brasileiro, C.A., M. Martins, and I. Sazima. 2010. Feeding ecology of Thoropa taophora (Anura: Cycloramphidae) on a rocky seashore in southeastern Brazil. South American Journal of Herpetology 5: 181-188.
32. Brown, M.E., and S.C. Walls. 2013. Variation in salinity tolerance among larval anurans: Implications for community composition and the spread of an invasive, non-native species. Copeia 2013: 543-551.
33. Brown, R.M., C.D. Siler, C.H. Oliveros, and A.C. Diesmos. 2013. The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: The herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. ZooKeys 266: 1-120.
34. Brues, C.T. 1932. Studies on the fauna of North American hot springs. Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 67: 185-303.
35. Burger, W.L., P.W. Smith, and H.M. Smith. 1949. Notable records of reptiles and amphibians in Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Sciences 24: 130-134.
36. Cañedo-Argülles, M., B.J. Kefford, C. Piscart, N. Prat, R.B. Schäfer, and C.-J. Schulz. 2013. Salinization of rivers: An urgent ecological issue. Environmental Pollution 173: 157-167.
37. Carl, G.C. 1949. Extensions of known ranges of some amphibians in British Columbia. Herpetologica 5: 139.
38. Cei, J.M. 1955. Chacoan batrachians in central Argentina. Copeia 1955: 291-293.
39. Chakko, G. 1968. Salinity tolerances in some south Indian anurans. Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences B 67: 233-236.
40. Chambers, D.L. 2011. Increased conductivity affects corticosterone levels and prey consumption in larval amphibians. Journal of Herpetology 45: 219-223.
41. Chan, S.H., and C. Goh. 2010. Frogs of Sungei Buoh wetland reserve (Amphibia: Anura). Nature in Singapore 3: 103-116.
42. Chinathamby, K., R.D. Reina, P.C.E. Bailey, and B.K. Lees. 2006. Effects of salinity on the survival, growth and development of tadpoles of the brown tree frog, Litoria ewingii. Australian Journal of Zoology 54: 97-105.
43. Christman, S.P. 1974. Geographic variation for salt water tolerance in the frog Rana sphenocephala. Copeia 1974: 773-778.
44. Christy, M.T., and C.R. Dickman. 2002. Effects of salinity on tadpoles of the green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea). Amphibia-Reptilia 23: 1-11.
45. Collins, S.J., and R.W. Russell. 2009. Toxicity of road salt to Nova Scotia amphibians. Environmental Pollution 157: 320-324.
46. Crawford, S.C., and E.P. Jones. 1933. Field notes on some amphibians from British Guiana. Copeia 2: 88-92.
47. Crump, M.L. 2002. Natural history of Darwin's frog, Rhinoderma darwinii. Herpetological Natural History 9: 21-30.
48. Darwin, C. 1834. Beagle animal notes. Pp. 186-187 in Charles Darwin's Zoology Notes and Specimen Lists from H.M.S. Beagle. R. Keynes (Ed.). Cambridge University Press, UK.
49. Darwin, C. 1859. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Murray, UK.
50. Darwin, C. 1872. On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, 6th ed. Murray, UK.
51. Darwin, C. 1876. Letter 391. To A.R. Wallace. Pp. 16 in More Letters of Charles Darwin: A Record of his Work in a Series of Hitherto Unpublished Letters. F. Darwin and A.C. Seward (Eds.). Murray, UK.
52. Davenport, J.M., and K.K. Huat. 1997. Salinity tolerance and preference in the frog Rana rugulosa Wiegmann. Herpetological Journal 7: 114-115.
53. Decksbach, N. 1922. Die Salzwassertierwelt Mittelrusslands. Archiv füer Hydrobiologie 14: 191-195.
54. Degani, G. 1981. Salinty tolerance and osmoregulation in Salamandra salamandra (L.) from different populations. Journal of Comparative Physiology 145: 133-137.
55. Degani, G., N. Silanikove, and A. Shkolnik. 1984. Adaptation of green toad (Bufo viridis) to terrestrial life by urea accumulation. Comparative and Biochemical Physiology 77A: 585-587.
56. Delson, J., and W.G. Whitford. 1973. Adaptation of the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum, to arid habitats. Comparative and Biochemical Physiology 46A: 631-638.
57. Diener, R.A. 1965. The occurrence of tadpoles of the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea cinerea (Schneider) in Trinity Bay, Texas. British Journal of Herpetology 3: 198-199.
58. Dougherty, C.K., and G.R. Smith. 2006. Acute effects of road de-icers on the tadpoles of three anurans. Applied Herpetology 3: 87-93.
59. Downie, J.R., E.G. Hancock, and A.P. Muir. 2010. The diet of the paradoxical frog Pseudis paradoxa in Trinidad, West Indies. Herpetological Journal 20: 111-114.
60. Drever, J.I. 1997. The Geochemistry of Natural Waters: Surface and Groundwater Environments. Prentice Hall, USA.
61. Duellman, W.E., and A. Schwartz. 1958. Amphibians and reptiles of southern Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 3: 181-324.
62. Duerr, F.G., and G.C. Ness. 1970. Non-protein-nitrogen levels and nitrogen excretion by Ambystoma tigrinum from saline lakes. American Zoologist 10: 287-326.
63. Duff, J.P., K. Colvile, J. Foster, and N. Dumphreys. 2011. Mass mortality of great crested newts (Triturus cristatus) on ground treated with road salt. Veterinary Record 168: 282.
64. Dunson, W.A. 1977. Tolerance to high temperature and salinity by tadpoles of the Philippine frog, Rana cancrivora. Copeia 1977: 375-378.
65. El Hamoumi, R., M. Dakki, and M. Thevenot. 2007. Etude écologique des larves d'anoures du Maroc. Bulletin de l'Institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Sciences de la Vie 29: 27-34.
66. Ely, C. 1944. Development of Bufo marinus larvae in dilute sea water. Copeia 1944: 256.
67. Engels, W.L. 1952. Vertebrate fauna of North Carolina coastal islands II: Shackleford Banks. American Midland Naturalist 47: 702-742.
68. Environment Canada. 2001. Priority Substances List Assessment Report: Road Salts. Environment Canada, Canada.
69. Ferguson, D.E. 1956. Notes on the occurrence of some Oregon salamanders close to the Ocean. Copeia 1956: 120.
70. Ferreira, R.B., and J.F.R.T. Tonini. 2010. Living holed: Leptodactylus latrans occupying crabs' burrows. Herpetology Notes 3: 237-238.
71. Florentin, M.R. 1899. Études sur la faune des mares salées de Lorraine. Docteur des Sciences Naturelles dissertation, Université de Nancy, France.
72. Frost, D.R. 2014. Amphibian species of the world: An online reference. American Museum of Natural History, USA. Available at http://research. amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/index.php. Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6U0q9vUeU on 11 November 2014.
73. Gadow, H. 1901. Amphibia and reptiles. Cambridge Natural History 8: 1-668.
74. Gallagher, M.T., J.W. Snodgrass, A.B. Brand, R.E. Casey, S.M. Lev, and R.J. Van Meter. 2014. The role of pollutant accumulation in determining the use of stormwater ponds by amphibians. Wetlands Ecology and Mangement 22: 551-564.
75. Gasser, K.W., and B.T. Miller. 1986. Osmoregulation of larval blotched tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum melanostictum, in saline environments. Physiological Zoology 59: 643-648.
76. Gislén, T., and H. Kauri. 1959. Zoogeography of the Swedish amphibians and reptiles with notes on their growth and ecology. Acta Vertebratica 1: 197-397.
77. Glorioso, B.M., J.H. Waddle, M.E. Crockett, K.G. Rice, and H.F. Percival. 2012. Diet of the invasive Cuban Treefrog (Osteopilus septentrionalis) in pine rockland and mangrove habitats in South Florida. Caribbean Journal of Science 46: 346-355.
78. Goin, C.J. 1953. Rediscovery of the frog Litoria luteola Gosse in Jamaica. Occasional Papers of the Museum of the Institute of Jamaica 7: 1-4.
79. Gomez-Mestre, I., and M. Tejedo. 2003. Local adaptation of an anuran amphibian to osmotically stressful environments. Evolution 57: 1889-1899.
80. Gomez-Mestre, I., and M. Tejedo. 2004. Contrasting patterns of quantitative and neutral genetic variation in locally adapted populations of the natterjack toad, Bufo calamita. Evolution 58: 2243-2352.
81. Gomez-Mestre, I., and M. Tejedo. 2005. Adaptation or exaptation? An experimental test of hypotheses on the origin of salinity tolerance in Bufo calamita. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18: 847-855.
82. Gomez-Mestre, I., M. Tejedo, E. Ramayo, and J. Estepa. 2004. Developmental alterations and osmoregulatory physiology of a larval anuran under osmotic stress. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 77: 267-274.
83. Gordon, M.S. 1962. Osmotic regulation in the green toad (Bufo viridis). Journal of Experimental Biology 39: 261-270.
84. Gordon, M.S., and V.A. Tucker. 1965. Osmotic regulation in the tadpoles of the crab-eating frog (Rana cancrivora). Journal of Experimental Biology 42: 437-445.
85. Gordon, M.S., and V.A. Tucker. 1968. Further observations on the physiology of salinity adaptation in the crab-eating frog (Rana cancrivora). Journal of Experimental Biology 49: 185-193.
86. Gordon, M.S., K. Schmidt-Nielsen, and H.M. Kelly. 1961. Osmotic regulation in the crab-eating frog (Rana cancrivora). Journal of Experimental Biology 38: 659-678.
87. Goris, C.R., and N. Maeda. 2005 Guide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Japan. Krieger Publishing Company, USA.
88. Gornitz, V. 1995. Sea-level rise: A review of recent past and near-future trends. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 20: 7-20.
89. Gosner, K.L., and I.H. Black. 1957. The effects of acidity on the development and hatching of New Jersey frogs. Ecology 38: 256-262.
90. Grant, C. 1932. Herpetology of Tortola: Notes on Anegada and Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands. Journal of the Department of Agriculture, Puerto Rico 16: 339-346.
91. Grant, C. 1939. Additional data on Jamaican snakes of the genus Dromicus. Copeia 1939: 105-106.
92. Guix, J.C., and R.M. Lopes. 1989. Occurrence of Hyla geographica Spix and Bufo crucifer Wied tadpoles in brackish water environments in the Juréia region (Sao Paulo, SE Brazil). Amphibia-Reptilia 10: 185-192.
93. Gunter, G. 1956. Some relations of faunal distributions to salinity in estuarine waters. Ecology 37: 616-619.
94. Gunzburger, M.S., W.B. Hughes, W.J. Barichivich, and J.S. Staiger. 2010. Hurricane storm surge and amphibian communities in coastal wetlands of northwestern Florida. Wetlands Ecology and Mangement 18: 651-663.
95. Hagström, T. 1981. Tadpoles of the common toad (Bufo bufo L.) found in brackish water. Amphibia-Reptilia 2: 187-188.
96. Hamer, A.J., S.J. Lane, and M. Mahony. 2002. Management of freshwater wetlands for the endangered green and golden bell frog (Litoria aurea): Roles of habitat determinants and space. Biological Conservation 106: 413-424.
97. Hammer, U.T. 1986. Saline Lake Ecosystems of the World. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, the Netherlands.
98. Hansen, R.W., D.B. Wake, and G.M. Fellers. 2005. Batrachoseps pacificus (Cope, 1985): Species Account. Pp. 685-686 in Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species. M. Lannoo (Ed.). University of California Press, USA.
99. Haramura, T. 2004. Salinity and other abiotic characteristics of oviposition sites of the rhacophorid frog, Buergeria japonica, in coastal habitat. Current Herpetology 23: 81-84.
100. Haramura, T. 2007a. Salinity tolerance of eggs of Buergeria japonica (Amphibia, Anura) inhabiting coastal areas. Zoological Science 24: 820-823.
101. Haramura, T. 2007b. Microhabitat selection by tadpoles of Buergeria japonica inhabiting the coastal area. Journal of Ethology 25: 3-7.
102. Haramura, T. 2008. Experimental test of spawning site selection by Buergeria japonica (Anura: Rhacophoridae) in response to salinity level. Copeia 2008: 64-67.
103. Haramura, T. 2011. Use of oviposition sites by a Rhacophorid frog inhabiting a coastal area of Japan. Journal of Herpetology 45: 432-437.
104. Hardy, E. 1943. Newt larvae in brackish water (reply). Nature 151: 226.
105. Hardy, J.D., Jr. 1952. A concentration of juvenile spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw). Copeia 1952: 181-182.
106. Hardy, J.D., Jr. 1953. Notes on the distribution of Mycrohyla carolinensis in southern Maryland. Herpetologica 8: 162-166.
107. Hardy, J.D., Jr. 1972. Amphibians of the Chesapeake Bay region. Chesapeake Science 13: S123-S128.
108. Harless, M.L., C.J. Huckins, J.B. Grant, and T.G. Pypker. 2011. Effects of six chemical deicers on larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 30: 1637-1641.
109. Hedges, S.B., and R. Thomas. 1992. A new marsh-dwelling species of Eleutherodactylus from Haiti (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Journal of Herpetology 26: 191-195.
110. Held, J.W., and J.J. Peterka. 1974. Age, growth and food habits of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, in North Dakota saline lakes. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 103: 743-756.
111. Hoffman, J. 2014. Physiological response of Bufo viridis (Laurenti, 1768) populations across an aridity gradient. Alytes 30: 33-41.
112. Hoogmoed, M.S., A.O. Maciel, and J.T. Coragem. 2011. Discovery of the largest lungless tetrapod, Atretochoana eiselti (Taylor, 1968) (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Typhlonectidae), in its natural habitat in Brazilian Amazonia. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Ciências Naturais 6: 241-262.
113. Hopkins, G.R., and Z.M. Hopkins. In press. Salty salamander: Occurrence of a Dicamptodon tenebrosus in a tidal stream. Northwestern Naturalist 96(2).
114. Hopkins, G.R., S.S. French, and E.D. Brodie Jr. 2013a. Increased frequency and severity of developmental deformities in rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa) embryos exposed to road deicing salts (NaCl & MgCl2). Environmental Pollution 173: 264-269.
115. Hopkins, G.R., S.S. French, and E.D. Brodie Jr. 2013b. Potential for local adaptation in response to an anthropogenic agent of selection: Effects of road deicing salts on amphibian embryonic survival and development. Evolutionary Applications 6: 384-392.
116. Hopkins, G.R., E. Brodie Jr., and S.S. French. 2014. Developmental and evolutionary history affect survival in stressful environments. PLoS One 9: e95174. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095174.
117. Hovingh, P. 1993. Aquatic habitats, life history observations, and zoogeographic considerations of the spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) in Tule Valley, Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 53: 168-179.
118. Hua, J., and B.A. Pierce. 2013. Lethal and sublethal effects of salinity on three common Texas amphibians. Copeia 2013: 562-566.
119. Janicke, G., and J.D. Roberts. 2010. Litoria cyclorhyncha saline habitat. Herpetological Review 41: 199-200.
120. Jena, S.C., S.K. Palita, and M.K. Mahapatra. 2013. Anurans of Bhitarkanika mangroves, Odisha, east coast of India. Check List 9: 400-404.
121. Jones, R.M., and S.S. Hillman. 1978. Salinity adaptation in the salamander Batrachoseps. Journal of Experimental Biology 76: 1-10.
122. Karraker, N.E. 2007. Are embryonic and larval green frogs (Rana clamitans) insensitive to road deicing salt? Herpetological Conservation and Biology 2: 35-41.
123. Karraker, N.E., and J.P. Gibbs. 2011. Road deicing salt irreversibly disrupts osmoregulation of salamander egg clutches. Environmental Pollution 159: 833-835.
124. Karraker, N.E., and G.R. Ruthig. 2009. Effect of road deicing salt on the susceptibility of amphibian embryos to infection by water molds. Environmental Research 109: 40-45.
125. Karraker, N.E., J.P. Gibbs, and J.R. Vonesh. 2008. Impacts of road deicing salt on the demography of vernal pool-breeding amphibians. Ecological Applications 18: 724-734.
126. Karraker, N.E., J. Arrigoni, and D. Dudgeon. 2010. Effects of increased salinity and an introduced predator on lowland amphibians in southern China: Species identity matters. Biological Conservation 143: 1079-1086.
127. Katz, U. 1973. Studies on the adaptation of the toad Bufo viridis to high salinities: Oxygen consumption, plasma concentration and water content of the tissues. Journal of Experimental Biology 58: 785-796.
128. Katz, U. 1975. NaCl adaptation in Rana ridibunda and a comparison with the euryhaline toad Bufo viridis. Journal of Experimental Biology 63: 763-773.
129. Katz, U. 1989. Strategies of adaptation to osmotic stress in anuran amphibia under salt and burrowing conditions. Comparative and Biochemical Physiology 93A: 499-503.
130. Kaushal, S.S., P.M. Groffman, G.E. Likens, K.T. Belt, W.P. Stack, V.R. Kelly, L.E. Band, and G.T. Gisher. 2005. Increased salinization of fresh water in the northeastern United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102: 13517-13520.
131. Kearney, B.D., P.G. Byrne, and R.D. Reina. 2012. Larval tolerance to salinity in three species of Australian anuran: An indication of saline specialisation in Litoria aurea. PLoS One 7: e43427. DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0043427.
132. Kearney, B.D., R.J. Pell, P.G. Byrne, and R.D. Reina. 2014. Anuran larval developmental plasticity and survival in response to variable salinity of ecologically relevant timing and magnitude. Journal of Experimental Zoology A 321: 541-549
133. Kirschner, L.B., T. Kerstetter, D. Porter, and R.H. Alvarado. 1971. Adaptation of larval Ambystoma tigrinum to concentrated environments. American Journal of Physiology 220: 1814-1819.
134. Kiviat, E., and J. Stapleton. 1983. Bufo americanus. (American toad) estuarine habitat. Herpetological Review 14: 46.
135. Klemens, M.W., E. Kiviat, and R.E. Schmidt. 1987. Distribution of the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens, in the lower Hudson and Housatonic river valleys. Northeastern Environmental Science 6: 99-101.
136. Knoepffler, L.P. 1962. Contribution à l'étude du genre Discoglosus (Amphibiens, Anoures). Vie et Milieu 12: 1-94.
137. La Rivers, I. 1948. Some Hawaiian ecological notes. The Wasmann Collector 7: 85-110.
138. Langhans, M., B. Peterson, A. Walker, G.R. Smith, and J.E. Rettig. 2009. Effects of salinity on survivorship of wood frog (Rana sylvatica) tadpoles. Journal of Freshwater Ecology 24: 335-336.
139. Larson, D.W. 1968. The occurrence of neotenic salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum diaboli Dunn, in Devils Lake, North Dakota. Copeia 1968: 620-621.
140. Licht, P., M.E. Feder, and S. Bledsoe. 1975. Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation in the salamander Batrachoseps. Journal of Comparative Physiology 102: 123-134.
141. Liggins, G.W., and G.C. Grigg. 1985. Osmoregulation of the Cane toad, Bufo marinus, in salt water. Comparative and Biochemical Physiology 82A: 613-619.
142. Lynn, W.G. 1957. Notes on a collection of reptiles and amphibians from Antigua, B.W.I. Herpetologica 13:53-56.
143. Margalef, R. 1956. La vida en las aguas de elevado residuo salino de la provincia de Zamora. Publicaciones del Instituto de Biología Aplicada 26: 123-137.
144. Matlaga, T.H., C.A. Phillips, and D.J. Soucek. 2014. Insensitivity to road salt: An advantage for the American bullfrog? Hydrobiologia 721: 1-8.
145. Matos-Torres, J.J. 2006. Habitat characterization for the Puerto Rican Crested Toad (Peltophryne [Bufo] lemur) at Guánica State Forest, Puerto Rico. M.S. thesis, University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico.
146. McBean, R.L., and L. Goldstein. 1967. Ornithine-urea cycle activity in Xenopus laevis: Adaptation in saline. Science 157: 931-932.
147. McCoid, M.J. 2005. Rana berlandieri salinity tolerance. Herpetological Review 36: 437-438.
148. Measey, G.J., M. Vences, R.C. Drewes, Y. Chiari, M. Melo, and B. Bourles. 2007. Freshwater paths across the ocean: Molecular phylogeny of the frog Ptychadena newtoni gives insights into amphibian colonization of oceanic islands. Journal of Biogeography 34: 7-20.
149. Mertens, R. 1926. Amphibia, Reptilia. Die Tierwelt der Nord-und Ostee 12: 1-20.
150. Mester, B., N.J. Cozma, and M. Puky. 2013. First observation of facultative paedomorphosis in the Danube crested newt (Triturus dobrogicus Kiritzescu, 1903) and the occurrence of facultative paedomorphosis in two newt species from soda pans of the Danube-Tisza Interfluve (Kiskunság National Park, Hungary). North-Western Journal of Zoology 9: 443-445.
151. Mokany, A., and R. Shine. 2003. Oviposition site selection by mosquitoes is affected by cues from conspecific larvae and anuran tadpoles. Austral Ecology 28: 33-37.
152. Moreira, L.F.B., D.S. Knauth, and L. Maltchik. 2015. Intermittently closed estuaries and tadpole communities: Influence of artificial breaching. Estuaries and Coasts 38: 979-987.
153. Mueller, A.J. 1985. Vertebrate use of nontidal wetlands on Galveston Island, Texas. Texas Journal of Science 37: 215-225.
154. Munsey, L.D. 1972. Salinity tolerance of the African pipid frog, Xenopus laevis. Copeia 1972: 584-586.
155. Muralidhar, P., F.P. De Sá , C.F.B. Haddad, and K.R. Zamudio. 2014. Kinbias, breeding site selection and female fitness in a cannibalistic Neotropical frog. Molecular Ecology 23: 453-463.
156. Murray, K.F. 1955. Herpetological collections from Baja California. Herpetologica 11: 33-48.
157. National Transportation Research Board. 2007. Guidelines for the Selection of Snow and Ice Control Materials to Mitigate Environmental Impacts. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 577. National Cooperative Highway Research Program, USA.
158. Neill, W.T. 1958. The occurrence of amphibians and reptiles in saltwater areas, and a bibliography. Bulletin of Marine Science of the Gulf and Caribbean 8: 1-97.
159. Nicholls, R.J., F.M.J. Hoozemans, and M. Marchand. 1999. Increasing flood risk and wetland losses due to global sea-level rise: Regional and global analyses. Global Environmental Change 9: S69-S87.
160. Nöllert, A., and C. Nöllert. 1992. Die Amphibien Europas. Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH and Company, Germany.
161. Odendaal, F.J., and C.M. Bull. 1982. A parapatric boundary between Ranidella signifera and R. riparia (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in South Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 30: 49-57.
162. Ortiz-Santaliestra, M.E., M.J. Fernández-Benéitez, M. Lizana, and A. Marco. 2010. Adaptation to osmotic stress provides protection against ammonium nitrate in Pelophylax perezi embryos. Environmental Pollution 158: 934-940.
163. Ouellet, M., C. Fortin, and M.-J. Grimard. 2009. Distribution and habitat use of the Boreal Chorus Frog (Pseudacris maculata) at its extreme northeastern range limit. Herpetological Conservation and Biology 4: 277-284.
164. Padhye, A.D., and H.V. Ghate. 1992. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride tolerance of different stages of the frog, Microhyla ornata. Herpetological Journal 2: 18-23.
165. Parsons, P.A. 2005. Environments and evolution: Interactions between stress, resource inadequacy and energetic efficiency. Biological Reviews 80: 589-610.
166. Pawling, R.O. 1939. The amphibians and reptiles of Union County, Pennsylvania. Herpetologica 1: 165-169.
167. Pearse, A.S. 1911. Concerning the development of frog tadpoles in sea water. Phillippine Journal of Science 6: 219-220.
168. Péfaur, J.E. 1984. A new species of Dendrobatid frog from the coast of Peru. Journal of Herpetology 18: 492-494.
169. Peterson, H.W., R. Garrett, and J.P. Lantz. 1952. The mating period of the giant tree frog Hyla dominicensis. Herpetologica 8: 63.
170. Petranka, J.W., and E.J. Doyle. 2010. Effects of road salts on the composition of seasonal pond communities: Can the use of road salts enhance mosquito recruitment? Aquatic Ecology 44: 155-166.
171. Petranka, J.W., and R.A. Francis. 2013. Effects of road salts on seasonal wetlands: Poor prey performance may compromise growth of predatory salamanders. Wetlands 33: 707-715.
172. Pombal, J.P., and Jr. 1993. New species of Aparashpenodon (Anura: Hylidae) from southeastern Brazil. Copeia 1993: 1088-1091.
173. Ponssa, M.L., M.J. Jowers, and R.O. De Sá . 2010. Osteology, natural history notes, and phylogenetic relationships of the poorly known Caribbean frog Leptodactylus nesiotus (Anura: Leptodactylidae). Zootaxa 2646: 1-25.
174. Purcell, K.M., A.T. Hitch, P.L. Klerks, and P.L. Leberg. 2008. Adaptation as a potential response to sea-level rise: A genetic basis for salinity tolerance in populations of a coastal marsh fish. Evolutionary Applications 1: 155-160.
175. Pyefinch, K.A. 1937. The fresh and brackish waters of Bardsey Island (North Wales): A chemical and faunistic survery. Journal of Animal Ecology 6: 115-137.
176. Pyke, G.H., A.W. White, P.J. Bishop, and B. Waldman. 2002. Habitat-use by the Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea in Australia and New Zealand. Australian Zoologist 32: 12-31.
177. Pyke, G.H., S.T. Ahyong, A. Fuessel, and S. Callaghan. 2013. Marine crabs eating freshwater frogs: Why are such observations so rare? Herpetology Notes 6: 195-199.
178. Rahman, M.R., and M. Asaduzzaman. 2010. Ecology of Sundarban, Bangladesh. Journal of Science Foundation 8: 35-47.
179. Reis, D.K. 1999. Habitat characteristics of California red-legged frogs (Rana aurora draytonii): Ecological differences between eggs, tadpoles, and adults in a coastal brackish and freshwater system. M.S. thesis, San Jose State University, USA.
180. Rios-López, N. 2008. Effects of increased salinity on tadpoles of two anurans from a Caribbean coastal wetland in relation to their natural abundance. Amphibia-Reptilia 29: 7-18.
181. Roberts, J.O. 1970. Variations in salinity tolerance in the Pacific treefrog, Hyla regilla, in Oregon. Ph.D. dissertation [unpublished], Oregon State University, USA.
182. Romspert, A.P., and L.L. McClanahan. 1981. Osmoregulation of the terrestrial salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum in hypersaline media. Copeia 1981: 400-405.
183. Ruibal, R. 1959. The ecology of a brackish water population of Rana pipiens. Copeia 1959: 315-322.
184. Ruibal, R. 1962. Osmoregulation in amphibians from heterosaline habitats. Physiological Zoology 35: 133-147.
185. Samraoui, B., F. Samraoui, N. Benslimane, A. Alfarhan, and K.A.S. Al-Rasheid. 2012. A precipitous decline of the Algerian newt Pleurodeles poireti Gervais, 1835 and other changes in the status of amphibians of Numidia, north-eastern Algeria. Revue d'Écologie (Terre Vie) 67: 71-81.
186. Sanzo, D., and S.J. Hecnar 2006. Effects of road de-icing salt (NaCl) on larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica). Environmental Pollution 140: 247-256.
187. Sasa, M., G.A. Chaves, and L.D. Patrick. 2009. Marine reptiles and amphibians. Pp. 459-468 in Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America. I.S. Wehrtmann and J. Cortés (Eds.). Springer, the Netherlands.
188. Satheeshkumar, P. 2011. First record of a mangrove frog Fejervarya cancrivora (Amphibia: Ranidae) in the Pondicherry Mangroves, Bay of Bengal-India. World Journal of Zoology 6: 328-330.
189. Sazima, I. 1971. The occurrence of marine invertebrates in the stomach contents of the frog Thoropa miliaris. Ciência e Cultura 23: 647-648.
190. Schmidt, K.P. 1955. Amphibians and reptiles from Iran. Videnskabelige Meddeleser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening 117: 193-207.
191. Shaw, T.-H. 1934. Notes on specimens of Radde's toad from Chefoo. The China Journal 20: 197-199.
192. Shoemaker, V.H., and K.A. Nagy. 1977. Osmoregulation in amphibians and reptiles. Annual Reviews of Physiology 39: 449-471.
193. Shoemaker, V.H., S.S. Hillman, S.D. Hillyard, D.C. Jackson, L.L. McClanahan, P.C. Withers, and M.L. Wygoda. 1992. Exchange of water, ions, and respiratory gases in terrestrial amphibians. Pp. 125-150 in Environmental Physiology of the Amphibians. M.E. Feder and W.W. Burggren (Eds.). University of Chicago Press, USA.
194. Sillero, N., and R. Ribeiro. 2010. Reproduction of Pelophylax perezi in brackish water in Porto (Portugal). Herpetology Notes 3: 337-340.
195. Smith, H.M., and O. Sanders. 1952. Distributional data on Texan amphibians and reptiles. Texas Journal of Science 2: 204-219.
196. Smith, J.J., and D.K. Reis. 1997. Pescadero Marsh Natural Preserve salinity, tidewater goby and red-legged frog monitoring for 1995-1996. Report number 3790-301-722(7), California Department of Parks and Recreation, San Jose State University, USA.
197. Smith, M.A. 1927. Contributions to the herpetology of the Indo-Australian region. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1927: 199-225.
198. Smith, M.J., E.S.G. Schreiber, M.P. Scroggie, M. Kohout, K. Ough, J. Potts, R. Lennie, D. Turnbull, C. Jin, and T. Clancy. 2007. Associations between anuran tadpoles and salinity in a landscape mosaic of wetlands impacted by secondary salinisation. Freshwater Biology 52: 75-84.
199. Smith, P.W., and J.C. List. 1955. Notes on Mississippi amphibians and reptiles. American Midland Naturalist 53: 115-125.
200. Snodgrass, J.W., R.E. Casey, D. Joseph, and J.A. Simon. 2008. Microcosm investigations of stormwater pond sediment toxicity to embryonic and larval amphibians: Variation in sensitivity among species. Environmental Pollution 154: 291-297.
201. Spurway, H. 1943. Newt larvae in brackish water. Nature 151: 109-110.
202. Stanescu, F., R. Iosif, D. Székely, P. Székely, D. Rosioru, and D. Cogalniceanu. 2013. Salinity tolerance in Pelobates fuscus (Laurenti, 1768) tadpoles (Amphibia: Pelobatidae). Travaux du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle ''Grigore Antipa'' 56: 103-108.
203. Storer, T.I. 1925. A Synopsis of the Amphibia of California. University of California Press, USA.
204. Strahan, R. 1957. The effect of salinity on the survival of larvae of Bufo melanostictus Schneider. Copeia 1957: 146-147.
205. Taylor, E.H. 1943. A new ambystomatid salamander adapted to brackish water. Copeia 3: 151-156.
206. Tercafs, R.R., and E. Schoffeniels. 1962. Adaptation of amphibians to salt water. Life Sciences 1: 19-23.
207. Theobald, Jr., W. 1868. Cataologue of the reptiles of British Birma, embracing the provinces of Pegu, Martaban, and Tenasserim; with descriptions of new or little-known species. Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology 10: 4-67.
208. Thienemann, A. 1926. Erganzende Notizen zur Salzwasserfauna von Oldesloe. Mitteilunger der Geographischen Gesellschat und des Naturhistorischen Museums in Lübeck 31: 102-126.
209. Thirion, J.-M. 2002. Impact du raz de marée sur une population de Pélobate cultripède Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829) (Amphibia, Pelobatidae) dans un espace protégé de Charente-Maritime. Annales de la Socié té des sciences naturelles de la Charente-Maritime 9: 195-202.
210. Thirion, J.-M. 2006. Le Pélobate cultripède Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829) sur la façade Atlantique Française: Chorologie, écologie et conservation. Diplome de l'ecole pratique des Hautes estudes, Montpellier Université , France.
211. Thirion, J.-M. 2014. Salinity of the reproductive habitats of the Western Spadefoot Toad Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829), along the Atlantic coast of France (Anura: Pelobatidae). Herpetozoa 27: 13-20.
212. Thunqvist, E. 2004. Regional increase of mean chloride concentration in water due to the application of deicing salt. Science of the Total Environment 325: 29-37.
213. Turtle, S.L. 2000. Embryonic survivorship of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) in roadside and woodland vernal pools in southeastern New Hampshire. Journal of Herpetology 34: 60-67.
214. Uchiyama, M., T.Murakami, andH. Yoshizawa. 1990. Notes on the development of the crab-eating frog, Rana cancrivora. Zoological Science 7: 73-78.
215. van Beurden, E.K., and G.C. Grigg. 1980. An isolated and expanding population of the introduced toad Bufo marinus in New South Wales. Australian Wildlife Research 7: 305-310.
216. Van Meter, R., and C.M. Swan. 2014. Road salts as environmental constraints in urban pond food webs. PLoS One 9: 1-12. DOI: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0090168.
217. Van Meter, R.J., C.M. Swan, J. Leips, and J.W. Snodgrass. 2011. Road salt stress induces novel food web structure and interactions. Wetlands 31: 843-851.
218. Vences, M., D.R. Vieites, F. Glaw, H. Brinkmann, J. Kosuch, M. Veith, and A. Meyer. 2003. Multiple overseas dispersal in amphibians. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270: 2435-2442.
219. Viertel, B. 1999. Salt tolerance of Rana temporaria: Spawning site selection and survival during embryonic development (Amphibia, Anura). Amphibia-Reptilia 20: 161-171.
220. Viosca, P., and Jr. 1923. An ecological study of the cold blooded vertebrates of southeastern Louisiana. Copeia 115: 35-44.
221. Weick, D.L. 1980. Osmotic regulation and salinity tolerance in the Pacific tree frog Hyla regilla. M.A. thesis [unpublished], California State University, USA.
222. Werner, F. 1909. Reptilien, Batrachier und Fische von Tripolis und Barka. Zoologische Jahrbücher Abteilung für Systematik 27: 595-646.
223. Whitfield, P.H., and N.L. Wade. 1992. Monitoring transient water quality events electronically. Water Resources Bulletin 28: 703-711.
224. Whitfield, P.H., and N.L. Wade. 1996. Transient water quality events in British Columbia coastal streams. Water Science and Technology 33: 151-161.
225. Williams, W.D. 2001. Anthropogenic salinisation of inland waters. Hydrobiologia 466: 329-337.
226. Wittig, K.P., and S.C. Brown. 1977. Sodiumbalance in the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens. Comparative and Biochemical Physiology 58A: 49-52.
227. Wogan, G.O.U., J.V. Vindum, J.A. Wilkinson, and A.K. Shein. 2008. New country records and range extensions for Myanmar amphibians and reptiles. Hamadryad 33: 83-96.
228. Wright, A.H., and A.A. Wright. 1938. Amphibians of Texas. Transactions of the Texas Academy of Sciences 21: 5-35.
229. Wu, C.-S., and Y.-C. Kam. 2009. Effects of salinity on the survival, growth, development, and metamorphosis of Fejervarya limnocharis tadpoles living in brackish water. Zoological Science 26: 476-482.
230. Wu, C.-S., I. Gomez-Mestre, and Y.-C. Kam. 2012. Irreversibility of a bad start: Early exposure to osmotic stress limits growth and adaptive developmental plasticity. Oecologia 169: 15-22.
231. Wu, C.-S., W.-K. Yang, T.-H. Lee, I. Gomez-Mestre, and Y.-C. Kam. 2014. Salinity acclimation enhances salinity tolerance in tadpoles living in brackish water through increased Na+, K+-ATPase expression. Journal of Experimental Zoology 321: 57-64.
232. Wygoda, M.L., T.F. Dabruzzi, and W.A. Bennett. 2011. Cutaneous resistance to evaporative water loss in the crab-eating frog (Fejervarya cancrivora). Journal of Herpetology 45: 417-420.
233. Young, R.T. 1924. The life of Devils Lake, North Dakota. Publication of the North Dakota Biological Station, USA.