Forest dynamics and tip-up pools drive pulses of high carbon accumulation rates in a tropical peat dome in Borneo (Southeast Asia)

Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences

Volumn 120, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 617-640

  Dommain, René ^a,b   Cobb, Alexander R ^c   Joosten, Hans ^a   Glaser, Paul H ^d   Chua, Amy F L ^c,e   Gandois, Laure ^c,f,g   Kai, Fuu Ming ^c   Noren, Anders ^h   Salim, Kamariah A ⁱ   Su'ut, N Salihah H ^j   Harvey, Charles F ^c,k  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GREIFSWALD   (Germany)

^b DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY   (United States)

^c SINGAPORE MIT ALLIANCE FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY   (Singapore)

^d University of Minnesota   (United States)

^e Vale Malaysia Minerals Sdn Bhd   (Malaysia)

^f GRENOBLE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (France)

^g CNRS   (France)

^h UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

ⁱ UNIVERSITI BRUNEI DARUSSALAM   (Brunei Darussalam)

^j Brunei Darussalam Heart of Borneo Centre   (Brunei Darussalam)

^k MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Borneo; carbon accumulation rates; disturbance; peat swamp forest; peatland pool; tropical peatland

Indexed keywords

CARBON CYCLE; DOME; FOREST DYNAMICS; MANGROVE; PALEOBOTANY; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PEATLAND; RECONSTRUCTION; SWAMP FOREST;

BORNEO;

SHOREA;

EID: 84930229846     PISSN: 21698953     EISSN: 21698961     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014JG002796     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Abràmoff, M. D., P. J. Magalhães, and, S. J. Ram, (2004), Image processing with ImageJ, Biophotonics Int., 11, 36-43.
2. Anderson, J. A. R., (1961a), The ecology and forest types of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei in relation to their silviculture Doctoral dissertation, Univ. of Edinburgh, U. K.
3. Anderson, J. A. R., (1961b), The destruction of Shorea albida forest by an unidentified insect, Empire Forest Rev., 40, 19-29.
4. Anderson, J. A. R., (1963), The flora of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei, including a catalogue of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns and fern allies, Gardens Bull. Singapore, 20, 131-228.
5. Anderson, J. A. R., (1964), Observations on climatic damage in peat swamp forest in Sarawak, Commonw. Forest. Rev., 43, 145-158.
6. Anderson, J. A. R., (1966), A note on two tree fires caused by lightning in Sarawak, Malay. For., 29, 18-20.
7. Anderson, J. A. R., (1983), The tropical peat swamps of western Malesia, in Ecosystems of the World 4B. Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor: Regional Studies, edited by, A. J. P. Gore, pp. 181-199, Elsevier, Amsterdam, New York.
8. Anderson, J. A. R., and, J. Muller, (1975), Palynological study of a Holocene peat and a Miocene coal deposit from NW Borneo, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 19, 291-351, doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(75)90049-4.
9. Anderson, J. M., J. Proctor, and, H. W. Vallack, (1983), Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forests in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak: III. Decomposition processes and nutrient losses from leaf litter, J. Ecol., 71, 503-527, doi: 10.2307/2259731.
10. Ashton, P. S., (1964), A Manual of the Dipterocarp Trees of Brunei State, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, U. K.
11. Baillie, I. C., P. S. Ashton, S. P. Chin, S. J. Davies, P. A. Palmiotto, S. E. Russo, and, S. Tan, (2006), Spatial associations of humus, nutrients and soils in mixed dipterocarp forest at Lambir, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, J. Trop. Ecol., 22, 543-553, doi: 10.1017/S026646740600352X.
12. Baird, A. J., L. R. B. Belyea, X. Comas, A. S. Reeve, and, L. D. Slater, (Eds.) (2009), Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 184, AGU, Washington, D. C.
13. Brown, T. A., G. W. Farwell, P. M. Grootes, and, F. H. Schmidt, (1992), Radiocarbon AMS dating of pollen extracted from peat samples, Radiocarbon, 34, 550-556.
14. Bruenig, E. F., (1990), Oligotrophic forested wetlands in Borneo, in Ecosystems of the World 15. Forested Wetlands, edited by, A. E. Lugo, M. Brinson, and, S. Brown, pp. 299-334, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
15. Brünig, E. F., (1964), A study of damage attributed to lightning in two areas of Shorea albida forest in Sarawak, Commonw. For. Rev., 43, 134-144.
16. Brünig, E. F., (1971), On the ecological significance of drought in the equatorial wet evergreen (rain) forest of Sarawak (Borneo), in Transactions of the 1st Symposium on Malesian Ecology, Miscellaneous Ser., vol. 11, edited by, J. R. Flenley, pp. 66-88, Dep. of Geography, Univ. of Hull, U. K.
17. Brünig, E. F., (1973), Some further evidence on the amount of damage attributed to lightning and wind-throw in Shorea albida-forest in Sarawak, Commonw. For. Rev., 52, 260-265.
18. Burghouts, T., G. Ernsting, G. Korthals, and, T. D. Vries, (1992), Litterfall, leaf litter decomposition and litter invertebrates in primary and selectively logged dipterocarp forest in Sabah, Malaysia, Philos. Trans. Biol. Sci., 335, 407-416, doi: 10.1098/rstb.1992.0032.
19. Caline, B., and, J. Huong, (1992), New insight into the recent evolution of the Baram Delta from satellite imagery, Bull. Geol. Soc. Malaysia, 32, 1-13.
20. Cameron, C. C., J. S. Esterle, and, C. A. Palmer, (1989), The geology, botany and chemistry of selected peat-forming environments from temperate and tropical latitudes, Int. J. Coal Geol., 12, 105-156, doi: 10.1016/0166-5162(89)90049-9.
21. Charman, D. J., et al. (2013), Climate-related changes in peatland carbon accumulation during the last millennium, Biogeosciences, 10, 929-944, doi: 10.5194/bg-10-929-2013.
22. Cobb, K. M., J. F. Adkins, J. W. Partin, and, B. Clark, (2007), Regional-scale climate influences on temporal variations of rainwater and cave dripwater oxygen isotopes in northern Borneo, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 263, 207-220, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.024.
23. Conroy, J. L., J. T. Overpeck, J. E. Cole, T. M. Shanahan, and, M. Steinitz-Kannan, (2008), Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galápagos lake sediment record, Quat. Sci. Rev., 27, 1166-1180, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.015.
24. Couwenberg, J., and, H. Joosten, (2005), Self-organisation in raised bog patterning: The origin of microtope zonation and mesotope diversity, J. Ecol., 93, 1238-1248, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01035.x.
25. Couwenberg, J., R. Dommain, and, H. Joosten, (2010), Greenhouse gas fluxes from tropical peatlands in south-east Asia, Global Change Biol., 16, 1715-1732, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02016.x.
26. Davidson, E. A., S. E. Trumbore, and, R. Amundson, (2000), Biogeochemistry-Soil warming and organic carbon content, Nature, 408, 789-790, doi: 10.1038/35048672.
27. Dean, W. E., Jr., (1974), Determination of carbonate and organic matter in calcareous sediments and sedimentary rocks by loss on ignition: Comparison with other methods, J. Sediment. Petrol., 44, 242-248.
28. Diemont, W. H., and, Supardi, (1987), Accumulation of organic matter and inorganic constituents in a peat dome in Sumatra, Indonesia, in International Peat Society Symposium on Tropical Peat and Peatlands for Development, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, February 9-14, 1987, Abstracts, pp. 698-708, International Peat Society.
29. Dommain, R., J. Couwenberg, and, H. Joosten, (2010), Hydrological self-regulation of domed peat swamps in south-east Asia and consequences for conservation and restoration, Mires Peat, 6 (05), 1-17.
30. Dommain, R., J. Couwenberg, and, H. Joosten, (2011), Development and carbon sequestration of tropical peat domes in Southeast Asia: Links to post-glacial sea-level changes and Holocene climatic variability, Quat. Sci. Rev., 30, 999-1010, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.018.
31. Dommain, R., J. Couwenberg, P. H. Glaser, H. Joosten, and, I. N. N. Suryadiputra, (2014), Carbon storage and release in Indonesian peatlands since the last deglaciation, Quat. Sci. Rev., 97, 1-32, doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.05.002.
32. Donato, D. C., J. B. Kauffman, D. Murdiyarso, S. Kurnianto, M. Stidham, and, M. Kanninen, (2011), Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics, Nat. Geosci., 4, 293-297, doi: 10.1038/ngeo1123.
33. Esterle, J., and, J. C. Ferm, (1994), Spatial variability in modern tropical peat deposits from Sarawak, Malaysia and Sumatra, Indonesia: Analogues for coal, Int. J. Coal Geol., 26, 1-41, doi: 10.1016/0166-5162(94)90030-2.
34. Faegri, K., and, J. Iversen, (1989), Textbook of Pollen Analysis, Wiley, New York.
35. Furukawa, H., (1988), Stratigraphic and geomorphic studies of peat and giant podzols in Brunei: I. Peat, Pedologist, 32, 26-42.
36. Gandois, L., A. R. Cobb, I. C. Hei, L. B. L. Lim, K. A. Salim, and, C. F. Harvey, (2013), Impact of deforestation on solid and dissolved organic matter characteristics of tropical peat forests: Implications for carbon release, Biogeochemistry, 114, 183-199, doi: 10.1007/s10533-012-9799-8.
37. Gandois, L., R. Teisserenc, A. R. Cobb, H. I. Chieng, L. B. L. Lim, A. S. Kamariah, A. Hoyt, and, C. F. Harvey, (2014), Origin, composition, and transformation of dissolved organic matter in tropical peatlands, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 137, 35-47, doi: 10.1016/j.gca.2014.03.012.
38. Gastaldo, R. A., and, J. R. Staub, (1999), A mechanism to explain the preservation of leaf litter lenses in coals derived from raised mires, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 149, 1-14, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00188-6.
39. Glaser, P. H., J. C. Volin, T. J. Givnish, B. Hansen, and, C. A. Stricker, (2012), Carbon and sediment accumulation in the Everglades (USA) during the past 4000years: Rates, drivers, and sources of error, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G03026, doi: 10.1029/2011JG001821.
40. 2 from wetland ponds on the Hudson Bay lowlands (HBLs), J. Geophys. Res., 99 (D1), 1495-1510, doi: 10.1029/93JD03020.
41. Hirano, T., H. Segah, K. Kusin, S. Limin, H. Takahashi, and, M. Osaki, (2012), Effects of disturbances on the carbon balance of tropical peat swamp forests, Global Change Biol., 18, 3410-3422, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01301.x.
42. James, D. M. D., (1984), The Geology and Hydrocarbon Resources of Negara Brunei Darussalam, Muzium Brunei and Brunei Shell Petroleum Company Berhad, Bandar Seri Begawan.
43. Kho, L. K., Y. Malhi, and, S. K. S. Tan, (2013), Annual budget and seasonal variation of aboveground and belowground net primary productivity in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Borneo, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 118, 1282-1296, doi: 10.1002/jgrg.20109.
44. Kilian, M. R., B. Van Geel, and, J. Van der Plicht, (2000), 14C AMS wiggle matching of raised bog deposits and models of peat accumulation, Quat. Sci. Rev., 19, 1011-1033, doi: 10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00049-9.
45. Knorr, W., I. C. Prentice, J. I. House, and, E. A. Holland, (2005), Long-term sensitivity of soil carbon turnover to warming, Nature, 433, 298-301, doi: 10.1038/nature03226.
46. Lottes, A. L., and, A. M. Ziegler, (1994), World peat occurrence and the seasonality of climate and vegetation, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 106, 23-37, doi: 10.1016/00310182(94)90003-5.
47. Mao, L., D. J. Batten, T. Fujiki, Z. Li, L. Dai, and, C. Weng, (2012), Key to mangrove pollen and spores of southern China: An aid to palynological interpretation of Quaternary deposits in the South China Sea, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 176, 41-67.
48. Mauquoy, D., T. Engelkes, M. H. M. Groot, F. Markesteijn, M. G. Oudejans, J. van der Plicht, and, B. van Geel, (2002), High-resolution records of Late-Holocene climate change and carbon accumulation in two north-west European ombrotrophic peat bogs, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 186, 275-310, doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00513-8.
49. Maury, G., J. Muller, and, B. Lugardon, (1975), Notes on the morphology and fine structure of the exine of some pollen types in Dipterocarpaceae, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 19, 241-289, doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(75)90048-2.
50. Miettinen, J., C. Shi, and, S. C. Liew, (2012), Two decades of destruction in Southeast Asia's peat swamp forests, Front. Ecol. Environ., 10, 124-128, doi: 10.1890/100236.
51. Morley, R. J., (1981), Development and vegetation dynamics of a lowland ombrogenous peat swamp in Kalimantan Tengah, Indonesia, J. Biogeogr., 8, 383-404.
52. Neuzil, S. G., (1997), Onset and rate of peat and carbon accumulation in four domed ombrogenous peat deposits, Indonesia, in Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands, edited by, J. O. Rieley, and, S. E. Page, pp. 55-72, Samara, Cardigan, U. K.
53. Page, S. E., R. A. J. Wüst, D. Weiss, J. O. Rieley, W. Shotyk, and, S. H. Limin, (2004), A record of Late Pleistocene and Holocene carbon accumulation and climate change from an equatorial peat bog (Kalimantan, Indonesia): Implications for past, present and future carbon dynamics, J. Quat. Sci., 19, 625-635, doi: 10.1002/jqs.884.
54. Pals, J. P., B. van Geel, and, A. Delfos, (1980), Paleoecological studies in the Klokkeweel bog near Hoogkarspel (prov. of Noord-Holland), Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 30, 371-418, doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(80)90020-2.
55. Pelletier, L., I. B. Strachan, M. Garneau, and, N. T. Roulet, (2014), Carbon release from boreal peatland open water pools: Implication for the contemporary C exchange, J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci., 119, 207-222, doi: 10.1002/2013JG002423.
56. Polak, E., (1933), Ueber Torf und Moor in Niederländisch Indien, vol. 3, pp. 1-85, Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Academie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam Afdeeling Natuurkunde (tweede sectie), Amsterdam.
57. Proctor, J., J. M. Anderson, S. C. L. Fogden, and, H. W. Vallack, (1983), Ecological studies in four contrasting lowland rain forests in Gunung Mulu National Park, Sarawak: II. Litterfall, litter standing crop and preliminary observations on herbivory, J. Ecol., 71, 261-283, doi: 10.2307/2259976.
58. Rasband, W. S., (1997), ImageJ, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
59. Reimer, P. J., et al. (2013), IntCal13 and Marine13 radiocarbon age calibration curves 0-50,000yrcal BP, Radiocarbon, 55, 1869-1887.
60. Rothwell, R. G., (2006), New Techniques in Sediment Core Analysis, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 267.
61. Saner, P., Y. Y. Loh, R. C. Ong, and, A. Hector, (2012), Carbon stocks and fluxes in tropical lowland dipterocarp rainforests in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, PLoS One, 7, e29642, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029642.
62. Shimada, S., H. Takahashi, A. Haraguchi, and, M. Kaneko, (2001), The carbon content characteristics of tropical peats in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia: Estimating their spatial variability in density, Biogeochemistry, 53, 249-267, doi: 10.1023/A:1010618807469.
63. Simmons, M. D., M. D. Bidgood, P. Brenac, P. D. Crevello, J. J. Lambiase, and, C. K. Morley, (1999), Microfossil assemblages as proxies for precise palaeoenvironmental determination-An example from Miocene sediments of northwest Borneo, in Biostratigraphy in Production and Development Geology, edited by, R. W. Jones, and, M. D. Simmons, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 152, 219-241.
64. Staub, J. R., and, J. S. Esterle, (1994), Peat-accumulating depositional systems of Sarawak, East Malaysia, Sediment. Geol., 89, 91-106, doi: 10.1016/0037-0738(94)90085-X.
65. Stoneman, R., (1997), Ecological studies in the Badas peat swamps, Brunei Darussalam, in Biodiversity and Sustainability of Tropical Peatlands, edited by, J. O. Rieley, and, S. E. Page, pp. 221-242, Samara, Cardigan.
66. 14C age calibration program, Radiocarbon, 35, 215-230.
67. Succow, M., and, H. Stegmann, (2001), Nährstoffökologisch-chemische Kennzeichnung, in Landschaftsökologische Moorkunde, edited by, M. Succow, and, H. Joosten, pp. 75-84, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, Germany.
68. Sulistiyanto, Y., S. H. Limin, and, J. O. Rieley, (2002), Litterfall of tropical peat swamp forest in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, in Peatlands for People: Natural Resource Functions and Sustainable Management. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, Jakarta 22-23 August 2001, edited by, J. O. Rieley, and, S. E. Page, pp. 29-34, BPPT and Indonesian Peat Association, Jakarta, Indonesia.
69. Sumawinata, B., B. Mulyanto, G. Djajakirana, and, H. B. Pulunggono, (2008), Some considerations of tropical peat for energy, in Carbon-Climate-Human Interaction on Tropical Peatland. Proceedings of the International Symposium and Workshop on Tropical Peatland, Yogyakarta, 27-29 August 2007, edited by, J. O. Rieley, C. J. Banks, and, B. Radjagukguk, pp. 243-247, Dep. of Geography, Univ. of Leicester, Leicester, U. K.
70. Supardi, A. D. Subekty, and, S. G. Neuzil, (1993), General geology and peat resources of the Siak Kanan and Bengkalis island peat deposits, Sumatra, Indonesia, in Modern and Ancient Coal-Forming Environments Geological Society of America Special Paper 286, edited by, J. C. Cobb, and, C. B. Cecil, pp. 45-62, GSA, Boulder, Colo.
71. Telford, R. J., E. Heegaard, and, H. J. B. Birks, (2004), The intercept is a poor estimate of a calibrated radiocarbon age, Holocene, 14, 296-298, doi: 10.1191/0959683604hl707fa.
72. Tie, Y. L., (1990), Studies of peat swamps in Sarawak with particular reference to soil-forest relationships and development of dome-shaped structures Doctoral dissertation, Polytechnic of North London, London, U. K.
73. Tie, Y. L., and, J. S. Esterle, (1992), Formation of lowland peat domes in Sarawak, Malaysia, in Proceedings of the International Symposium on Tropical Peatland, 6-10 May 1991, Kuching, Sarawak. Malaysia, edited by, B. Y. Aminuddin, et al., pp. 81-89, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Kuala Lumpur.
74. Trumbore, S. E., O. A. Chadwick, and, R. Amundson, (1996), Rapid exchange between soil carbon and atmospheric carbon dioxide driven by temperature change, Science, 272, 393-396, doi: 10.1126/science.272.5260.393.
75. Turetsky, M., K. Wieder, L. Halsey, and, D. Vitt, (2002), Current disturbance and the diminishing peatland carbon sink, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29 (11), 1526, doi: 10.1029/2001GL014000.
76. van Geel, B., (1976), Fossil spores of Zygnemataceae in ditches of a pre-historic settlement in Hoogkarspel (The Netherlands), Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 22, 337-344, doi: 10.1016/00346667(76)90029-4.
77. van Geel, B., S. J. P. Bohncke, and, H. Dee, (1981), A palaeoecological study of an upper Late Glacial and Holocene sequence from "De Borchert", The Netherlands, Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol., 31, 367-448, doi: 10.1016/0034-6667(80)90035-4.
78. Wahyunto, S. Ritung, and, H. Subagjo, (2004), Peta Sebaran Lahan Gambut, Luas dan Kandungan Karbon di Kalimantan/Map of Peatland Distribution Area and Carbon Content in Kalimantan, 2000-2002, Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme and Wildlife Habitat Canada, Bogor, Indonesia.
79. Walter, H., (1985), Vegetation of the Earth and Ecological Systems of the Geo-biosphere, Springer, Berlin.
80. Whitmore, T. C., (1975), Tropical Rain Forests of the Far East, Clarendon Press, Oxford, U. K.
81. Wieder, R. K., and, D. H. Vitt, (2006), Boreal Peatland Ecosystems, Ecological Studies, vol. 188, Springer, Berlin.
82. Wilford, G. E., (1966), A peat landslide in Sarawak, Malaysia, and its significance in relation to washouts in coal seams, J. Sediment. Res., 36, 244-247.
83. Woodroffe, C. D., (2000), Deltaic and estuarine environments and their Late Quaternary dynamics on the Sunda and Sahul shelves, J. Asian Earth Sci., 18, 393-413, doi: 10.1016/S1367-9120(99)00074-7.
84. Wright, H. E., (1993), Core compression, Limnol. Oceanogr., 38, 699-701, doi: 10.4319/lo.1993.38.3.0699.
85. Wright, H. E., Jr., D. H. Mann, and, P. H. Glaser, (1984), Piston corers for peat and lake sediment, Ecology, 65, 657-659, doi: 10.2307/1941430.
86. Wüst, R. J., G. E. Jacobsen, H. van der Gaast, and, A. M. Smith, (2008), Comparison of radiocarbon ages from different organic fractions in tropical peat cores: insights from Kalimantan, Indonesia, Radiocarbon, 50, 359-372.
87. Yamada, I., (1997), Tropical Rain Forests of Southeast Asia: A Forest Ecologist's View, Univ. of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu.
88. Yan, H., L. Sun, Y. Wang, W. Huang, S. Qiu, and, C. Yang, (2011), A record of the Southern Oscillation Index for the past 2,000years from precipitation proxies, Nat. Geosci., 4, 611-614, doi: 10.1038/ngeo1231.
89. Yu, Z., D. W. Beilman, and, M. C. Jones, (2009), Sensitivity of northern peatland carbon dynamics to Holocene climate change, in Carbon Cycling in Northern Peatlands, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 184, edited by, A. Baird, et al., pp. 55-69, AGU, Washington, D. C., doi: 10.1029/2008GM000822.
90. Yule, C. M., and, L. N. Gomez, (2009), Leaf litter decomposition in a tropical peat swamp forest in Peninsular Malaysia, Wetlands Ecol. Manage., 17, 231-241, doi: 10.1007/s11273-008-9103-9.
91. Zolitschka, B., J. Mingram, S. van der Gaast, J. H. F. Jansen, and, R. Naumann, (2001), Sediment logging techniques, in Tracking Environmental Change Using Lake Sediments: Volume 1: Basin Analysis, Coring, and Chronological Techniques, edited by, W. M. Last, and, J. P. Smol, pp. 137-153, Kluwer Acad., Dordrecht, Netherlands.