Incidence and risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-Infected and Non-HIV-Infected individuals before and after the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy: Persistent high risk among HIVInfected injecting drug users

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 59, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1168-1176

  Harboe, Zitta Barrella ^a,b   Larsen, Mette Vang ^c   Ladelund, Steen ^c   Kronborg, Gitte ^c,d   Konradsen, Helle Bossen ^b   Gerstoft, Jan ^a   Larsen, Carsten Schade ^e   Pedersen, Court ^f   Pedersen, Gitte ^g   Obel, Niels ^a,d   Benfield, Thomas ^c,d  

^a University of Copenhagen   (Denmark)

^b STATENS SERUM INSTITUT   (Denmark)

^c Mental Health Center Glostrup   (Denmark)

^d UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

^e AARHUS UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^f ODENSE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

^g AALBORG UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Denmark)

Author keywords

HIV; Incidence; Injecting drug users; Invasive pneumococcal disease; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; BACTEREMIA; CASE FATALITY RATE; CAUCASIAN; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DENMARK; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; GENDER; HETEROSEXUALITY; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; INFECTION RISK; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN; MENINGITIS; MORTALITY; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEROTYPE; SMOKING; VIRUS LOAD; ADOLESCENT; AGED; COMPLICATION; HIV INFECTIONS; INCIDENCE; MENINGITIS, BACTERIAL; MIDDLE AGED; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; RISK FACTOR; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; BACTEREMIA; COHORT STUDIES; DENMARK; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MENINGITIS, BACTERIAL; MIDDLE AGED; PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; RISK FACTORS; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84930155240     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu558     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Barry PM, Zetola N, Keruly JC, Moore RD, Gebo KA, Lucas GM. Invasive pneumococcal disease in a cohort of HIV-infected adults: incidence and risk factors, 1990-2003. AIDS 2006; 20:437-44.
2. Dworkin MS, Ward JW, Hanson DL, Jones JL, Kaplan JE. Pneumococcal disease among human immunodeficiency virus-infected persons: incidence, risk factors, and impact of vaccination. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:794-800.
3. Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Feldman C. HIV and pneumococcal disease. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2007; 20:11-5.
4. Feldman C, Klugman KP, Yu VL, et al. Bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: impact of HIV on clinical presentation and outcome. J Infect 2007; 55:125-35.
5. Redd SC, Rutherford GW III, Sande MA, et al. The role of human immunodeficiency virus infection in pneumococcal bacteremia in San Francisco residents. J Infect Dis 1990; 162:1012-7.
6. Schuchat A, Broome CV, Hightower A, Costa SJ, Parkin W. Use of surveillance for invasive pneumococcal disease to estimate the size of the immunosuppressed HIV-infected population. JAMA 1991; 265:3275-9.
7. Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Gelling L, Kool JL, Reingold AL, Vugia DJ. Epidemiologic relation between HIV and invasive pneumococcal disease in San Francisco County, California. Ann Intern Med 2000; 132:182-90.
8. Ortqvist A, Hedlund J, Kalin M. Streptococcus pneumoniae: epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical features. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 26:563-74.
9. Sullivan JH, Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE. Effect of antiretroviral therapy on the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in patients with advanced HIV infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:64-7.
10. Grau I, Pallares R, Tubau F, et al. Epidemiologic changes in bacteremic pneumococcal disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165:1533-40.
11. Heffernan RT, Barrett NL, Gallagher KM, et al. Declining incidence of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae infections among persons with AIDS in an era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1995-2000. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:2038-45.
12. Søgaard OS, Lohse N, Gerstoft J, et al. Hospitalization for pneumonia among individuals with and without HIV infection, 1995-2007: a Danish population-based, nationwide cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1345-53.
13. Jordano Q, Falco V, Almirante B, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease in patients infected with HIV: still a threat in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1623-8.
14. Grau I, Ardanuy C, Linares J, Podzamczer D, Schulze MH, Pallares R. Trends in mortality and antibiotic resistance among HIV-infected patients with invasive pneumococcal disease. HIV Med 2009; 10:488-95.
15. Gebo KA, Moore RD, Keruly JC, Chaisson RE. Risk factors for pneumococcal disease in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:857-62.
16. French N, Gordon SB, Mwalukomo T, et al. A trial of a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected adults. N Engl J Med 2010; 362:812-22.
17. Serraino D, Puro V, Boumis E, et al. Epidemiological aspects of major opportunistic infections of the respiratory tract in persons with AIDS: Europe, 1993-2000. AIDS 2003; 17:2109-16.
18. Larsen MV, Harboe ZB, Ladelund S, et al. Major but differential decline in the incidence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in HIV-infected individuals from 1995 to 2007: a nationwide cohort study. HIV Med 2012; 13:45-53.
19. Harboe ZB, Thomsen RW, Riis A, et al. Pneumococcal serotypes and mortality following invasive pneumococcal disease: a populationbased cohort study. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e1000081.
20. Campo RE, Campo CE, Peter G, et al. Differences in presentation and outcome of invasive pneumococcal disease among patients with and without HIV infection in the pre-HAART era. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:141-9.
21. Harboe ZB, Benfield TL, Valentiner-Branth P, et al. Temporal trends in invasive pneumococcal disease and pneumococcal serotypes over 7 decades. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:329-37.
22. Harboe ZB, Valentiner-Branth P, Benfield TL, et al. Early effectiveness of heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease after the introduction in the Danish Childhood Immunization Programme. Vaccine 2010; 28:2642-7.
23. Statens Serum Institut . Invasive pneumococcal disease and PCV coverage, 2012 [in Danish]. Available at: http://www.ssi.dk/English/News/EPI-NEWS/2013/No%2019%20-%202013.aspx. Accessed 8 April 2014.
24. Lohse N, Hansen AB, Jensen-Fangel S, et al. Demographics of HIV-1 infection in Denmark: results from the Danish HIV Cohort Study. Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37:338-43.
25. Obel N, Reinholdt H, Omland LH, Engsig F, Sorensen HT, Hansen AB. Retrievability in the Danish National Hospital Registry of HIV and hepatitis B and C coinfection diagnoses of patients managed in HIV centers 1995-2004. BMC Med Res Methodol 2008; 8:25.
26. Pebody RG, Hellenbrand W, D'Ancona F, Ruutu P. Pneumococcal disease surveillance in Europe. Euro Surveill 2006; 11:171-8.
27. Harboe ZB, Valentiner-Branth P, Benfield TL, et al. Estimated effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease and associated mortality, Denmark 2000-2005. Vaccine 2008; 26: 3765-71.
28. Henrichsen J. Six newly recognized types of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33:2759-62.
29. Sorensen UB. Typing of pneumococci by using 12 pooled antisera. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31:2097-100.
30. Statens Serum Institut . Changed pneumococcal vaccine for children [in Danish], 2010. EPI-NEWS, No. 15, 2010. Available at: http://www.ssi.dk/English/News/EPI-NEWS/2010/No%2015%20-%202010.aspx. Accessed 9 May 2014.
31. Statens Serum Institut . PCV7 coverage and invasive pneumococcal disease [in Danish], 2011. EPI-NEWS week 21, 2012. Available at: http://www.ssi.dk/English/News/EPI-NEWS/2012/No%2021%20-%202012.aspx. Accessed 9 May 2014.
32. Obel N, Engsig FN, Rasmussen LD, Larsen MV, Omland LH, Sorensen HT. Cohort profile: the Danish HIV Cohort Study. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:1202-6.
33. Pedersen CB, Gotzsche H, Moller JO, Mortensen PB. The Danish Civil Registration System. A cohort of eight million persons. Dan Med Bull 2006; 53:441-9.
34. Rostgaard K. Methods for stratification of person-time and events-A prerequisite for Poisson regression and SIR estimation. Epidemiol Perspect Innov 2008; 5:7.
35. Hart M, Steel A, Clark SA, et al. Loss of discrete memory B cell subsets is associated with impaired immunization responses in HIV-1 infection and may be a risk factor for invasive pneumococcal disease. J Immunol 2007; 178:8212-20.
36. Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Alexandraki I, Nazir T, et al. Response of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy to vaccination with 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:438-47.
37. Janoff EN, Breiman RF, Daley CL, Hopewell PC. Pneumococcal disease during HIV infection. Epidemiologic, clinical, and immunologic perspectives. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117:314-24.
38. Alanee SR, McGee L, Jackson D, et al. Association of serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae with disease severity and outcome in adults: an international study. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 45:46-51.
39. Nuorti JP, Butler JC, Farley MM, et al. Cigarette smoking and invasive pneumococcal disease. Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Team. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:681-9.
40. Nielsen H, Kvinesdal B, Benfield TL, Lundgren JD, Konradsen HB. Rapid loss of specific antibodies after pneumococcal vaccination in patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. Scand J Infect Dis 1998; 30:597-601.
41. Flannery B, Heffernan RT, Harrison LH, et al. Changes in invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults living in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunization. Ann Intern Med 2006; 144:1-9.
42. Hibbs JR, Douglas JM Jr., Judson FN, McGill WL, Rietmeijer CA, Janoff EN. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection, mortality rate, and serogroup distribution among patients with pneumococcal bacteremia at Denver General Hospital, 1984-1994. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25:195-9.
43. Feldman C, Glatthaar M, Morar R, et al. Bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative adults. Chest 1999; 116:107-14.
44. Feldman C, Anderson R. New insights into pneumococcal disease. Respirology 2009; 14:167-79.