The burden of stroke in Africa: A glance at the present and a glimpse into the future

Cardiovascular Journal of Africa

Volumn 26, Issue 2, 2015, Pages S27-S38

  Owolabi, Mayowa O ^a   Akarolo Anthony, Sally ^b   Akinyemi, Rufus ^c   Arnett, Donna ^d   Gebregziabher, Mulugeta ^e   Jenkins, Carolyn ^e   Tiwari, Hemant ^d   Arulogun, Oyedunni ^a   Akpalu, Albert ^f   Sarfo, Fred Stephen ^g   Obiako, Reginald ^h   Owolabi, Lukman ⁱ   Sagoe, Kwamena ^f   Melikam, Sylvia ^a   Adeoye, Abiodun M ^a   Lackland, Daniel ^e   Ovbiagele, Bruce ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN   (Nigeria)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c FEDERAL MEDICAL CENTER   (Nigeria)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA AT BIRMINGHAM   (United States)

^e MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF GHANA   (Ghana)

^g KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Ghana)

^h AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

ⁱ BAYERO UNIVERSITY   (Nigeria)

Author keywords

Africa; Epidemiology; Incidence; Mortality; Prevalence; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ABDOMINAL OBESITY; AFRICA; AFRICAN; ARTERIAL WALL THICKNESS; ARTICLE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CAUSE OF DEATH; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COMA; DEMOGRAPHY; DISABILITY; DYSLIPIDEMIA; FATALITY; GLOBAL BURDEN OF DISEASE MODEL; HEALTH CARE COST; HIGH INCOME COUNTRY; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; MEDICAL RECORD REVIEW; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; MODEL; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIETY; SURVIVOR; URBANIZATION; AGE; COST OF ILLNESS; ECONOMICS; HEALTH; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; STROKE;

AFRICA; AGE FACTORS; COST OF ILLNESS; GLOBAL HEALTH; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS; STROKE;

EID: 84930038869     PISSN: 19951892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5830/CVJA-2015-038     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Owolabi MO, Mensah GA, Kimmel PL, Adu D, Ramsay M, Waddy SP, et al. Understanding the rise in cardiovascular diseases in Africa: harmonising H3Africa genomic epidemiological teams and tools. Cardiovasc J Afr 2014; 25(3): 134-136.
2. Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, et al. Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2014; 383(9913): 245-254.
3. Moran A, Forouzanfar M, Sampson U, Chugh S, Feigin V, Mensah G. The epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors 2010 Study. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 56(3): 234-239.
4. Feigin VL. Stroke epidemiology in the developing world. Lancet 2005; 365(9478): 2160-2161.
5. Norrving B, Kissela B. The global burden of stroke and need for a continuum of care. Neurology 2013; 80(3 Suppl 2): S5-12.
6. Owolabi MO, Bower JH, Ogunniyi A. Mapping Africa's way into prominence in the field of neurology. Arch Neurol 2007; 64(12): 1696-1700.
7. Krishnamurthi RV, Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, et al. Global and regional burden of first-ever ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke during 1990-2010: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet Glob Health 2013; 1(5): e259-e281.
8. Adeloye D. An estimate of the incidence and prevalence of stroke in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9(6): e100724.
9. O'Neill D. Global burden of stroke: an underestimate. Lancet 2014; 383(9924): 1205.
10. Owolabi MO, Ovbiagele B. Global clinical neuroscience: Journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step. J Neurol Sci 2014; 344(1-2): 223.
11. Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 2015; 4(1): 1.
12. Owolabi MO. Taming the burgeoning stroke epidemic in Africa: stroke quadrangle to the rescue. West Indian Med J 2011; 60(4): 412-421.
13. Obiako OR, Oparah SK, Ogunniyi A. Prognosis and outcome of acute stroke in the University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2011; 14(3): 359-362.
14. Onwuchekwa AC, Chinenye S. Clinical profile of hypertension at a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2010; 6: 511-516.
15. Ekenze OS, Onwuekwe IO, Ezeala Adikaibe BA. Profile of neurological admissions at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu. Niger J Med 2010; 19(4): 419-422.
16. Connor MD, Thorogood M, Modi G, Warlow CP. The burden of stroke in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Prev Med 2007; 33(2): 172-173.
17. Adeloye D, Basquill C. Estimating the prevalence and awareness rates of hypertension in Africa: a systematic analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9(8): e104300.
18. Matenga J. Stroke incidence rates among black residents of Harare - a prospective community-based study. S Afr Med J 1997; 87(5): 606-609.
19. Damasceno A, Gomes J, Azevedo A, Carrilho C, Lobo V, Lopes H, et al. An epidemiological study of stroke hospitalizations in Maputo, Mozambique: a high burden of disease in a resource-poor country. Stroke 2010; 41(11): 2463-2469.
20. Osuntokun BO, Bademosi O, Akinkugbe OO, Oyediran AB, Carlisle R. Incidence of stroke in an African City: results from the Stroke Registry at Ibadan, Nigeria, 1973-1975. Stroke 1979; 10(2): 205-207.
21. El-Tallawy HN, Farghaly WM, Rageh TA, Shehata GA, Badry R. Door-to-door survey of major neurological disorders (project) in Al Quseir City, Red Sea Governorate, Egypt. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9: 767-771.
22. Farghaly WM, El-Tallawy HN, Shehata GA, Rageh TA, bdel-Hakeem NM, Elhamed MA, et al. Epidemiology of nonfatal stroke and transient ischemic attack in Al-Kharga District, New Valley, Egypt. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013; 9: 1785-1790.
23. Thrift AG, Cadilhac DA, Thayabaranathan T, Howard G, Howard VJ, Rothwell PM, et al. Global stroke statistics. Int J Stroke 2014; 9(1): 6-18.
24. Danesi MA, Okubadejo NU, Ojini FI, Ojo OO. Incidence and 30-day case fatality rate of first-ever stroke in urban Nigeria: the prospective community based Epidemiology of Stroke in Lagos (EPISIL) phase II results. J Neurol Sci 2013; 331(1-2): 43-47.
25. Pandian JD, Sudhan P. Stroke epidemiology and stroke care services in India. J Stroke 2013; 15(3): 128-134.
26. Prasad K, Vibha D, Meenakshi. Cerebrovascular disease in South Asia -Part I: A burning problem. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 1(7).
27. Wang J, An Z, Li B, Yang L, Tu J, Gu H, et al. Increasing stroke incidence and prevalence of risk factors in a low-income Chinese population. Neurology 2015; 84(4): 374-381.
28. Ashok PP, Radhakrishnan K, Sridharan R, el-Mangoush MA. Incidence and pattern of cerebrovascular diseases in Benghazi, Libya. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1986; 49(5): 519-523.
29. Rosman KD. The epidemiology of stroke in an urban black population. Stroke 1986; 17(4): 667-669.
30. El ZS, Ahmed M, Prakash PS, Hassan KM. Stroke: Incidence and pattern in Benghazi, Libya. Ann Saudi Med 1995; 15(4): 367-369.
31. Kandil MR, El-Tallawy HN, Farawez HM, Khalifa G, Ahmed MA. Epidemiology of Cerebrovascular Stroke and TIA in Upper Egypt (Sohag) -Relative Frequency of Stroke in Assiut University Hospital. Egypt J NeurolPsychiat Neurosurg 2006; 43: 593-602.
32. Walker R, Whiting D, Unwin N, Mugusi F, Swai M. Stroke incidence in rural and urban Tanzania: a prospective, community-based study. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 786-792.
33. Asefa G, Meseret S. CT and clinical correlation of stroke diagnosis, pattern and clinical outcome among stroke patients visting Tikur Anbessa Hospital. Ethiop Med J 2010; 48(2): 117-122.
34. Tekle-Haimanot R, Abebe M, Gebre-Mariam A, Forsgren L, Heijbel J, Holmgren G, et al. Community-based study of neurological disorders in rural central Ethiopia. Neuroepidemiology 1990; 9(5): 263-277.
35. Khedr EM, Elfetoh NA, Al AG, Ahmed MA, Ali AM, Hamdy A, et al. Epidemiological study and risk factors of stroke in Assiut Governorate, Egypt: community-based study. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 40(4): 288-294.
36. Bonita R, Truelsen T. Stroke in sub-Saharan Africa: a neglected chronic disease. Lancet Neurol 2003; 2(10): 592.
37. Osuntokun BO, Adeuja AO, Schoenberg BS, Bademosi O, Nottidge VA, Olumide AO, et al. Neurological disorders in Nigerian Africans: a community-based study. Acta Neurol Scand 1987; 75(1): 13-21.
38. Danesi M, Okubadejo N, Ojini F. Prevalence of stroke in an urban, mixed-income community in Lagos, Nigeria. Neuroepidemiology 2007; 28(4): 216-223.
39. Dewhurst F, Dewhurst MJ, Gray WK, Aris E, Orega G, Howlett W, et al. The prevalence of neurological disorders in older people in Tanzania. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 127(3): 198-207.
40. Khedr EM, Fawi G, Abdela M, Mohammed TA, Ahmed MA, El-Fetoh NA, et al. Prevalence of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes in Qena Governorate, Egypt: Community-based Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2014; 23(7): 1843-1848.
41. Attia Romdhane N, Hamida MB, Mrabet A, Lamaout A, Samoud S. Prevalence study of neurologic disorders in Kelibia (Tunisia). Neuroepidemiology 1993; 12(5): 285-299.
42. Walker R. Hypertension and stroke in sub-saharan Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88(6): 609-611.
43. Connor MD, Thorogood M, Casserly B, Dobson C, Warlow CP. Prevalence of stroke survivors in rural South Africa: results from the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI) Agincourt field site. Stroke 2004; 35(3):627-632.
44. Cossi MJ, Gobron C, Preux PM, Niama D, Chabriat H, Houinato D. Stroke: prevalence and disability in Cotonou, Benin. Cerebrovasc Dis 2012; 33(2): 166-172.
45. Olarinde OJ, Olatunji OY. Pattern of deaths in medical wards of a rurally situated tertiary health institution, Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria. Niger J Clin Pract 2014; 17(2): 237-240.
46. Sanya EO, Abiodun AA, Kolo P, Olanrewaju TO, Adekeye K. Profile and causes of mortality among elderly patients seen in a tertiary care hospital in Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 2011; 10(4): 278-283.
47. Peck RN, Green E, Mtabaji J, Majinge C, Smart LR, Downs JA, et al. Hypertension-related diseases as a common cause of hospital mortality in Tanzania: a 3-year prospective study. J Hypertens 2013; 31(9): 1806-1811.
48. Misganaw A, Mariam DH, Araya T. The double mortality burden among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2006-2009. Prev Chronic Dis 2012; 9: E84.
49. Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA. Global burden of stroke: an underestimate - Authors' reply. Lancet 2014; 383(9924): 1205-1206.
50. Krishnamurthi R, Moran A, Forouzanfar M. The global burden of hemorrhagic stroke: a summary of findings from the GBD 2010 study. Glob Heart 2014; 9: 101-106.
51. Kim AS, Johnston SC. Global variation in the relative burden of stroke and ischemic heart disease. Circulation 2011; 124(3): 314-323.
52. Yusuf S, Reddy S, Ounpuu S, Anand S. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: part I: general considerations, the epidemiologic transition, risk factors, and impact of urbanization. Circulation 2001; 104(22): 2746-2753.
53. Owolabi MO, Ugoya S, Platz T. Racial disparity in stroke risk factors: the Berlin-Ibadan experience; a retrospective study. Acta Neurol Scand 2009; 119(2): 81-87.
54. Owolabi MO, Agunloye AM. Which risk factors are more associated with ischemic rather than hemorrhagic stroke in black Africans? Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013; 115(10): 2069-2074.
55. Walker RW, Jusabani A, Aris E, Gray WK, Whiting D, Kabadi G, et al. Post-stroke case fatality within an incident population in rural Tanzania. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2011; 82(9): 1001-1005.
56. O'Donnell MJ, Xavier D, Liu L, Zhang H, Chin SL, Rao-Melacini P, et al. Risk factors for ischaemic and intracerebral haemorrhagic stroke in 22 countries (the INTERSTROKE study): a case-control study. Lancet 2010; 376(9735): 112-123.
57. Osuntokun BO. Stroke in the Africans. Afr J Med Med Sci 1977; 6(2): 39-53.
58. Mudzi W, Stewart A, Musenge E. Case fatality of patients with stroke over a 12-month period post stroke. S Afr Med J 2012; 102(9): 765-767.
59. Mills A. Health care systems in low- and middle-income countries. N Engl J Med 2014; 370(6): 552-557.
60. First Center for Neurorehabilitation in East, West, and Central Africa. Internet 2015;Available at: URL: http://www.blossom.org.ng/. AccessedFebruary 3, 2015.
61. WFNR. World Federation for Neurorehabilitation (WFNR). Internet 2015; Available at: URL: www.wfnr.co.uk. AccessedMarch 3, 2015.
62. Bertram MY, Katzenellenbogen J, Vos T, Bradshaw D, Hofman KJ. The disability adjusted life years due to stroke in South Africa in 2008. Int J Stroke 2013; 8(Suppl A100): 76-80.
63. Johnston SC, Mendis S, Mathers CD. Global variation in stroke burden and mortality: estimates from monitoring, surveillance, and modelling. Lancet Neurol 2009; 8(4): 345-354.
64. Norman R, Gaziano T, Laubscher R, Steyn K, Bradshaw D. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to high blood pressure in South Africa in 2000. S Afr Med J 2007; 97(8 Pt 2): 692-698.
65. Tran J, Mirzaei M. The population attributable fraction of stroke associated with high blood pressure in the Middle East and North Africa. J Neurol Sci 2011; 308(1-2): 135-138.
66. BeLue R, Okoror TA, Iwelunmor J, Taylor KD, Degboe AN, Agyemang C, et al. An overview of cardiovascular risk factor burden in sub-Saharan African countries: a socio-cultural perspective. Glob Health 2009; 5: 10.
67. Adedoyin RA, Mbada CE, Balogun MO, Martins T, Adebayo RA, Akintomide A, et al. Prevalence and pattern of hypertension in a semiurban community in Nigeria. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15(6): 683-687.
68. Lackland DT, Roccella EJ, Deutsch AF, Fornage M, George MG, Howard G, et al. Factors influencing the decline in stroke mortality: a statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2014; 45(1): 315-353.
69. Ogedegbe G. Barriers to optimal hypertension control. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2008; 10(8): 644-646.
70. Lemogoum D, Degaute JP, Bovet P. Stroke prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation in sub-saharan Africa. Am J Prev Med 2005; 29(5 Suppl 1): 95-101.
71. Agunloye AM, Owolabi MO. Exploring carotid sonographic parameters associated with stroke risk among hypertensive stroke patients compared to hypertensive controls. J Ultrasound Med 2014; 33(6): 975-983.
72. Owolabi MO, Agunloye AM. Risk factors for stroke among patients with hypertension: A case-control study. J Neurol Sci 2013; 325(1-2): 51-56.
73. Owolabi MO, Agunloye AM, Ogunniyi A. The relationship of flow velocities to vessel diameters differs between extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries of stroke patients. J Clin Ultrasound 2014; 42: 16-23.
74. Ogbole GI, Owolabi MO, Yusuf BP. White matter changes on magnetic resonance imaging: a risk factor for stroke in an African population? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 22(7): e227-e233.
75. Akpalu A, Nyame P. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for strokes in ghanaian adults. Ghana Med J 2009; 43(4): 157-163.
76. Ganguly P, Alam SF. Role of homocysteine in the development of cardiovascular disease. Nutr J 2015; 14: 6.
77. Akpalu J, Akpalu A, Ofei F. The metabolic syndrome among patients with cardiovascular disease in Accra, Ghana. Ghana Med J 2011; 45(4): 161-166.
78. Owolabi MO, Platz T. Proposing the Stroke Levity Scale: a valid, reliable, simple, and time-saving measure of stroke severity. Eur J Neurol 2008; 15(6): 627-633.
79. Owolabi MO. Impact of stroke on health-related quality of life in diverse cultures: the Berlin-Ibadan multicenter international study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2011; 9: 81.
80. Owolabi MO. Consistent determinants of post-stroke health-related quality of life across diverse cultures: Berlin-Ibadan study. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128(5): 311-320.
81. Abegunde DO, Shengelia B, Luyten A, Cameron A, Celletti F, Nishtar S, et al. Can non-physician health-care workers assess and manage cardiovascular risk in primary care? Bull World Health Organ 2007; 85(6): 432-440.
82. Owolabi LF, Akinyemi RO, Owolabi MO, Sani MU, Ogunniyi A. Profile of stroke-related late onset epilepsy among Nigerians. J Med Trop 2013; 15(1): 29-32.
83. Akinyemi RO, Ogah OS, Ogundipe RF, Oyesola OA, Oyadoke AA, Ogunlana MO, et al. Knowledge and perception of stroke amongst hospital workers in an African community. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16(9): 998-1003.
84. Ojagbemi A, Owolabi M, Atalabi M, Baiyewu O. Stroke lesions and post-stroke depression among survivors in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 2013; 42(3): 245-251.
85. Donkor ES, Owolabi MO, Bampoh P, Aspelund T, Gudnason V. Community awareness of stroke in Accra, Ghana. BMC Public Health 2014; 14: 196.
86. Feigin VL, McNaughton H, Dyall L. Burden of stroke in Maori and Pacific peoples of New Zealand. Int J Stroke 2007; 2(3): 208-210.
87. World Health Organization. WHO STEPS Stroke Manual: The WHO STEPwise approach to stroke surveillance. 2006.
88. Guinhouya KM, Tall A, Kombate D, Kumako V, Apetse K, Belo M, et al. [Cost of stroke in Lome (Togo)]. Sante 2010 August 4 [Epub ahead of print].
89. Ortegon M, Lim S, Chisholm D, Mendis S. Cost effectiveness of strategies to combat cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and tobacco use in sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: mathematical modelling study. Br Med J 2012; 344: e607.
90. Lackland DT. An international working party on assessing hypertension control in populations: a proposal. J Hum Hypertens 1996; 10(Suppl 1): S29-S31.
91. Mathers CD, Loncar D. Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 2006; 3(11): e442.
92. Owolabi MO, Akinyemi RO, Gebregziabher M, Olaniyan O, Salako BL, Arulogun O, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a multipronged intervention to improve blood pressure control among stroke survivors in Nigeria. Int J Stroke 2014; 9(8): 1109-1116.
93. Owolabi MO, Akinyemi RO, Hurst S, Arulogun O, Olaniyan O, Gebregziabher M, Salako BL, Ovbiagele B. Tailored Hospital-based Risk Reduction to Impede Vascular Events After Stroke (THRIVES) study: qualitative phase protocol. Crit Pathw Cardiol 2014; 13(1): 29-35.