Beyond malnutrition: The role of sanitation in stunted growth

Environmental Health Perspectives

Volumn 122, Issue 11, 2014, Pages A298-A303

  Schmidt, Charles W ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; CHLORINE; DRINKING WATER; ENDOTOXIN ANTIBODY; FOLIC ACID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IRON; LACTULOSE; MANNITOL; TRACE ELEMENT; ZINC;

ARTICLE; BODY HEIGHT; CELIAC DISEASE; CHILD GROWTH; CHILDHOOD DISEASE; CHRONIC DIARRHEA; DEFECATION; ENVIRONMENTAL ENTEROPATHY; GOVERNMENT; HAND WASHING; HUMAN; HYGIENE; IMMUNITY; MALNUTRITION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MICROBIAL CONTAMINATION; NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; POVERTY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SANITATION; STUNTING; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD NUTRITION; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GROWTH DISORDERS; INFANT; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD NUTRITIONAL PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; GROWTH DISORDERS; HUMANS; HYGIENE; INFANT; MALNUTRITION; SANITATION;

EID: 84930030363     PISSN: 00916765     EISSN: 15529924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1289/ehp.122-A298     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Hoddinott J, et al. Adult consequences of growth failure in early childhood. Am J Clin Nutr 98(5):1170–1178 (2013); doi: 10.3945/ ajcn.113.064584.
2. Grantham-McGregor S, et al. Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries. Lancet 369(9555):60–70 (2007); doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60032-4.
3. Carba DB, et al. Early childhood length-for-age is associated with the work status of Filipino young adults. Econ Hum Biol 7(1):7–17 (2009); doi: 10.1016/j.ehb.2009.01.010.
4. Hoddinott J, et al. The economic rationale for investing in stunting reduction. Mat Child Nutr 9(suppl 2):69–82 (2013); doi: 10.1111/mcn.12080.
5. Adair LS, et al. Associations of linear growth and relative weight gain during early life with adult health and human capital in countries of low and middle income: findings from five birth cohort studies. Lancet 382(9891):525–534 (2013); doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60103-8.
6. Maternal and Child Nutrition Study Group. Executive Summary of The Lancet Maternal and Child Nutrition Series. Oxford, United Kingdom:Elsevier Inc. (6 June 2013). Available: http://download.thelancet.com/flatcontentassets/pdfs/nutrition-eng.pdf [accessed 29 October 2014].
7. de Onis M, et al. The World Health Organization’s global target for reducing childhood stunting by 2025: rationale and proposed actions. Mat Child Nutr 9(suppl 2):6–26 (2013); doi: 10.1111/mcn.12075.
8. WHO. Water Sanitation Health: Fast Facts [website]. Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization (2014). Available: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/jmp2012/fast_facts/en/ [accessed 29 October 2014].
9. RICE. The Nutritional Value of Toilets: How Much International Variation in Child Height Can Sanitation Explain? Amston, CT:Research Institute for Compassionate Economics, Inc. (2013). Available: http://riceinstitute.org/wordpress/research/?did=13 [accessed 29 October 2014].
10. DHS Program. Where We Work: India [website]. Rockville, MD:The Demographic and Health Surveys Program, ICF International (2014). Available: http://dhsprogram.com/Where-We-Work/Country-Main.cfm?ctry_id=57&c=India [accessed 29 October 2014].
11. PM launches Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan. Narendramodi.in (2 October 2014). Available: http://www.narendramodi.in/pm-launches-swachh-bharat-abhiyaan/ [accessed 29 October 2014].
12. HP sets 2019 as deadline to make state open defecation free. Hindustan Times, online edition (26 October 2014). Available: http://goo.gl/r7je7P [accessed 29 October 2014].
13. Waterlow JC. Note on the assessment and classification of protein-energy and malnutrition in children. Lancet 302(7820):87–89 (1973); doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(73)93276-5.
14. WHO. The WHO Child Growth Standards [website]. Geneva, Switzerland:World Health Organization (2014). Available: http://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/ [accessed 29 October 2014].
15. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Pediatr Suppl 450:76–85 (2006); doi: 10.1080/08035320500495548.
16. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. Assessment of differences in linear growth among populations in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study. Acta Paediatr Suppl 450:56–65 (2006); doi: 10.1080/08035320500495514.
17. Helen Keller International. Bulletin No. 7: Bangladesh. The Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance Poject (FSNSP)–Round 1: January 2010–April 2010. Gulshan, Dhaka, Bangladesh:Helen Keller International, Bangladesh (2010). Available: http://goo.gl/PqTQuN [accessed 29 October 2014].
18. Lin A, et al. Household environmental conditions are associated with enteropathy and impaired growth in rural Bangladesh. Am J Trop Med Hyg 89(1):130–137 (2013); doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0629.
19. Merchant AT, et al. Water and sanitation associated with improved child growth. Eur J Clin Nutr 57(12):1562–1568 (2003); doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601725.
20. Allen LH, et al. 1987. The Collaborative Research and Support Program on Food Intake and Human Function: Mexico Project: Final Report. Storrs, CT:Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut (1987).
21. Checkley W, et al. Multi-country analysis of the effects of diarrhoea on childhood stunting. Int J Epidemiol 37(4):816–830 (2008); doi: 10.1093/ije/dyn099.
22. Ngure FM, et al. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), environmental enteropathy, nutrition, and early child development: making the links. Ann NY Acad Sci 1308:118–128 (2014); doi: 10.1111/nyas.12330.
23. Lindenbaum J, et al. Subclinical malabsorption in developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr 25(10):1056–1061 (1972); PMID: 4562265; http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/25/10/1056.long.
24. Lunn PG, et al. Intestinal permeability, mucosal injury, and growth faltering in Gambian infants. Lancet 338(8772):907–910 (1991); doi: 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91772-M.
25. Campbell DI, et al. Growth faltering in rural Gambian infants is associated with impaired small intestinal barrier function, leading to endotoxemia and systemic inflammation. J Nutr 133(5):1332–1338 (2003); http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12730419.
26. NIH. SHINE Sanitation, Hygiene, Infant Nutrition Efficacy Project [clinical trial]. Bethesda, MD:National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health (updated 19 June 2013). Available: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01824940 [accessed 29 October 2014].
27. Arnold BF, et al. Cluster-randomised controlled trials of individual and combined water, sanitation, hygiene and nutritional interventions in rural Bangladesh and Kenya: the WASH Benefits study design and rationale. BMJ Open 3:e003476 (2013); doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003476.
28. UNICEF. WASH and Women [website]. New York, NY:United Nations Children’s Fund (updated 30 April 2003). Available: http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_womenandgirls.html [accessed 29 October 2014].
29. UNICEF and EU. Multi-sectoral Approaches to Nutrition: The Case for Investment by Public Health, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene. New York, NY and Brussels, Belgium:United Nations Children’s Fund and the European Union (undated). Available: http://www.unicef.org/eapro/Brief_HealthNutrition.pdf [accessed 29 October 2014].
30. Korpe PS, Petrie WA Jr. Environmental enteropathy: critical implications of a poorly understood condition. Trends Mol Med 18(6):328–336 (2012); doi: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.04.007.