The Impact of the Human Rights Accountability Movement on the International Law of Immunities

Canadian Yearbook of International Law

Volumn 40, Issue , 2002, Pages 151-193

  Robinson, Darryl ^a  

^a Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade ^*  (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84929888906     PISSN: 00690058     EISSN: 19250169     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S006900580000802X     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Amnesty International, Universal Jurisdiction: The Duty of States to Enact and Implement Legislation, September 2001, AI Index IOR 53/2001, at chapter 14, accessible at .
2. The Belgian warrant is discussed in Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), Judgment, ICJ General List no. 121, February 14, 2002, accessible at [hereinafter Yerodia decision].
3. Diane F. Orentlicher, Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime, 100 Yale L.J. 2537 (1991).
4. Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, January 19, 1946 (General Orders No. 1), as amended, General Orders no. 20, April 26, 1946, T.I.A.S. No. 1589 [hereinafter Tokyo Charter], accessible at .
5. Antonio Cassese, "When May Senior OfWcials Be Tried for International Crimes? Some Comments on the Congo v. Belgium Case" (2002) 13 Eur. J. Int'l L. 853;
6. Steffen Wirth, "Immunity for Core Crimes? The ICJ's Judgment in the Congo v. Belgium Case" (2002) 13 Eur. J. Int'l L. 877;
7. Bruce Broomhall, International Justice and the International Criminal Court: Between Sovereignty and the Rule of Law, Monographs in International Law, edited by I. Brownlie (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002);
8. Paola Gaeta, "OfWcial Capacity and Immunities" in Antonio Cassese et al, eds, The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002);
9. Claus Kress, "War Crimes Committed in Non-International Armed ConXict and the Emerging System of International Criminal Justice" (2000) 30 Israel Y.B.H.R. 103.
10. Montel Ogdon, Juridical Bases of Jurisdictional Immunity (Washington DC: John Byrne and Company, 1936) at 63-104
11. Clifton Wilson, Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1967) at 1-5.
12. H. Lauterpacht, "The Problem of Jurisdictional Immunities of Foreign States" (1951) 28 B.Y.I.L. 220.
13. Linda S. Frey and Marsha L. Frey, The History of Diplomatic Immunity (Columbus: Ohio State Press, 1999);
14. J. Craig Barker, The Abuse of Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: A Necessary Evil? (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1996) at 14-31
15. Grant V. McLanahan, Diplomatic Immunity (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989) at 18-25.
16. Jerrold Mallory, "Resolving the Confusion over Head of State Immunity: The Defined Right of Kings" (1986) 86 Colum. L. Rev. 169;
17. Jürgen Bröhmer, State Immunity and the Violation of Human Rights (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1997) at 29-32.
18. Lewis, State and Diplomatic Immunity, 3rd edition (London: Lloyd's of London Press, 1999) at 125
19. Peter Bekker, "Difference Relating to Immunity from Legal Process of a Special Rapporteur of the Commission on Human Rights. Advisory Opinion" (1999) 93 Am.J. Int'l L. 913.
20. Lindsay Zelnicker, "Toward a Functional International Criminal Court: An Argument in Favor of a Strong Privileges and Immunities Agreement" (2001) 24 Fordham Int'l L. J. 988.
21. A. van Wicquefort, The Embassador and His Functions, 2nd edition (London, 1740) (translated into English by John Digby) at 251
22. Eileen Denza, Diplomatic Law: A Commentary on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (New York: Oceana Publications, 1976) at 149 and 174-75.
23. Instrument of Surrender, May 8, 1945, 59 Stat. 1957, Executive Agreement Series 502, accessible at .
24. Declaration Regarding the Defeat of Germany and the Assumption of Supreme Authority by Allied Powers, June 5, 1945, esp. Articles 11 and 13, accessible at .
25. Instrument of Surrender, September 2, 1945, accessible at .
26. Mary Margaret Penrose, "It's Good to Be the King!: Prosecuting Heads of State and Former Heads of State under International Law" (2000) 39 Colum. J. Transnat'l L. 193 at 194-95.
27. Andrea Bianchi, "Immunity versus Human Rights: The Pinochet Case" (1999) 10 Eur. J. Int'l L. 237;
28. This is sensitively addressed in The Princeton Principles on Universal Jurisdiction, Program in Law and Public Affairs, 2001, accessible at
29. Dayton Peace Accords, November 21, 1995, reprinted 35 I.L.M. 75 (1996), Article IX, accessible at
30. Prosecutor v. Kambanda, Judgement and Sentence, Case no. ICTR 97-23-S, September 4, 1998, accessible at .
31. Prosecutor v. Milosevic, Indictment, Case no. IT-02-54, May 24, 1999, accessible at .
32. See for updates on the number of ratifications.
33. Claus Kress and Flavia Lattanzi, eds., The Rome Statute and Domestic Legal Orders, volume 1 (Baden Baden: Il Sirente, 2000).
34. Darryl Robinson, "The Rome Statute and Its Impact on National Laws" in Antonio Cassese et al., eds., The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court-A Commentary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002);
35. French Senate, La Responsabilité Pénale des Chefs d'État et de Gouvernement, September 2001, accessible at .
36. Steffen Wirth, "Immunities, Related Problems and Article 98 of the Rome Statute" (2001) 12 Crim. L. Forum 429.
37. Reed Brody and Michael Ratner, eds., The Pinochet Papers: the Case of Augusto Pinochet in Spain and Britain (The Hague: Kluwer, 2000), which also reproduces the decision.
38. Michael Byers, "The Law and Politics of the Pinochet Case" (2000) 10 Duke J. Comp & Int'l L. 415.
39. Cour de cassation-Chambre criminelle, Arrêt no. 1414 du 13 mars 2001, accessible at
40. Amnesty International press release, "Amnesty International Calls on Denmark to Fulfill Its Obligations under the UN Convention against Torture," August 14, 2001, accessible at
41. Howard Knowles, "Amnesty Demands Gillon Investigation," Copenhagen Post, August 8, 2001, accessible at .
42. Canada's Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes Act, R.S.C. 2000, c. 24, s. 48, accessible at ;
43. United Kingdom's International Criminal Court Act (U.K.) 2001, c. 17, s. 23, accessible at .
44. Canadian government's testimony before the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, June 1, 2000, accessible at at 1140 to 1205.
45. The Democratic Republic of the Congo Institutes Proceedings against Belgium Concerning an International Arrest Warrant Issued by a Belgian Examining Judge against the DRC's Acting Minister for Foreign Affairs, ICJ Press Release, October 17, 2000, accessible at .
46. ( Joint Separate Opinion of Judges Higgins, Kooijmans, and Buergenthal), accessible at .
47. Marina Spinedi, "State Responsibility versus Individual Responsibility for International Crimes: Tertium Non Datur?" (2002) 13 Eur. J. Int'l L. 895.
48. Carla Edelenbos, "Human Rights Violations: A Duty to Prosecute?" (1994) 7 Leiden J. Int'l L. 5;
49. Naomi Roht-Arianna, "Non-Treaty Sources of the Obligation to Investigate and Prosecute" in Naomi Roht-Arianna, ed., Impunity and Human Rights in International Law and Practice (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995);
50. Michael Scharf, "The Letter of the Law: The Scope of the International Legal Obligation to Prosecute Human Rights Crimes" (1996) 59 Law & Contemporary Problems 41.
51. Sir Arthur Watts, "The Legal Position in International Law of Heads of States, Heads of Governments and Foreign Ministers" (1994) 3 Rec.des Cours 1 at 109
52. (Dissenting Opinion of Judge Oda), which are all available at .
53. Andreas Zimmerman, "Sovereign Immunity and Violations of Jus Cogens-Some Critical Remarks" (1995) 16 Mich. J. Int'1 L. 433
54. ICC Elements of Crimes, UN Doc. ICC-ASP/1/3, accessible at .
55. Roy S. Lee et al., eds, The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence (Ardsley: Transnational, 2001).