메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue , 2015, Pages 72-93

Intelligent facial emotion recognition using a layered encoding cascade optimization model

Author keywords

Cascade optimization; Ensemble classifier; Evolutionary algorithm; Facial expression recognition; Feature selection; Layered representation structure

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHMS; CLASSIFICATION (OF INFORMATION); CLASSIFIERS; DATABASE SYSTEMS; ENCODING (SYMBOLS); EVOLUTIONARY ALGORITHMS; FEATURE EXTRACTION; OPTIMIZATION; SPEECH RECOGNITION;

EID: 84929631105     PISSN: 15684946     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2015.05.006     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (55)

References (80)
  • 3
    • 80052781929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial expression recognition using radial encoding of local Gabor features and classifier synthesis
    • W. Gu, C. Xiang, Y.V. Venkatesh, D. Huang, and H. Lin Facial expression recognition using radial encoding of local Gabor features and classifier synthesis Pattern Recogn. 45 2012 80 91
    • (2012) Pattern Recogn. , vol.45 , pp. 80-91
    • Gu, W.1    Xiang, C.2    Venkatesh, Y.V.3    Huang, D.4    Lin, H.5
  • 4
    • 84878326261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligent facial emotion recognition and semantic-based topic detection for a humanoid robot
    • L. Zhang, M. Jiang, D. Farid, and M.A. Hossain Intelligent facial emotion recognition and semantic-based topic detection for a humanoid robot Expert Syst. Appl. 40 13 2013 5160 5168
    • (2013) Expert Syst. Appl. , vol.40 , Issue.13 , pp. 5160-5168
    • Zhang, L.1    Jiang, M.2    Farid, D.3    Hossain, M.A.4
  • 6
    • 84857445273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic facial expression recognition: Feature extraction and selection
    • S.M. Lajevardi, and Z.M. Hussain Automatic facial expression recognition: feature extraction and selection Signal Image Video Process. 6 2012 159 169
    • (2012) Signal Image Video Process. , vol.6 , pp. 159-169
    • Lajevardi, S.M.1    Hussain, Z.M.2
  • 10
    • 27644572985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiobjective structural optimization using a micro-genetic algorithm
    • C.A.C. Coello, and G.T. Pulido Multiobjective structural optimization using a micro-genetic algorithm Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. 30 5 2005 388 403
    • (2005) Struct. Multidiscip. Optim. , vol.30 , Issue.5 , pp. 388-403
    • Coello, C.A.C.1    Pulido, G.T.2
  • 14
    • 0034206636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary pursuit and its application to face recognition
    • C. Liu, and H.H. Wechsler Evolutionary pursuit and its application to face recognition IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 22 6 2000 570 582
    • (2000) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 570-582
    • Liu, C.1    Wechsler, H.H.2
  • 15
    • 84929625620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial expression recognition using principal component analysis
    • A.P. Gosavi, and S.R. Khot Facial expression recognition using principal component analysis Int. J. Soft Comput. Eng. 3 4 2013 258 262
    • (2013) Int. J. Soft Comput. Eng. , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 258-262
    • Gosavi, A.P.1    Khot, S.R.2
  • 16
    • 84865185852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recognition of facial expressions with principal component analysis and singular value decomposition
    • M. Kaur, R. Vashisht, and N. Neeru Recognition of facial expressions with principal component analysis and singular value decomposition Int. J. Soft Comput. Eng. 9 12 2010 36 40
    • (2010) Int. J. Soft Comput. Eng. , vol.9 , Issue.12 , pp. 36-40
    • Kaur, M.1    Vashisht, R.2    Neeru, N.3
  • 17
    • 0030214923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using discriminant eigenfeatures for image retrieval
    • D.L. Swets, and J. Weng Using discriminant eigenfeatures for image retrieval IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 18 8 1996 831 836
    • (1996) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.18 , Issue.8 , pp. 831-836
    • Swets, D.L.1    Weng, J.2
  • 18
    • 84929627122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A survey of facial expression recognition methods
    • S.K. Shah A survey of facial expression recognition methods IOSR J. Eng. 4 4 2014 1 5
    • (2014) IOSR J. Eng. , vol.4 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-5
    • Shah, S.K.1
  • 20
    • 84903988146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hybrid expert system for automatic detection of voice disorders
    • S.S. Ravindran, S.-C. Neoh, and H. Muthusamy A hybrid expert system for automatic detection of voice disorders Int. J. Med. Eng. Inform. 6 3 2014 218 237
    • (2014) Int. J. Med. Eng. Inform. , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 218-237
    • Ravindran, S.S.1    Neoh, S.-C.2    Muthusamy, H.3
  • 21
    • 84929622273 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A hybrid feature selection method based on rough conditional mutual information and Naive Bayesian classifier
    • Z. Zeng, H. Zhang, R. Zhang, and Y. Zhang A hybrid feature selection method based on rough conditional mutual information and Naive Bayesian classifier ISRN Appl. Math. 2014 1 11
    • (2014) ISRN Appl. Math. , pp. 1-11
    • Zeng, Z.1    Zhang, H.2    Zhang, R.3    Zhang, Y.4
  • 24
    • 84887799080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Particle swarm optimization for feature selection in classification: A multi-objective approach
    • B. Xue, M. Zhang, and W.N. Browne Particle swarm optimization for feature selection in classification: a multi-objective approach IEEE Trans. Cybern. 43 6 2013 1656 1671
    • (2013) IEEE Trans. Cybern. , vol.43 , Issue.6 , pp. 1656-1671
    • Xue, B.1    Zhang, M.2    Browne, W.N.3
  • 26
    • 84875693173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bi-objective feature selection for discriminant analysis in two-class classification
    • J. Pacheco, S. Casado, F. Angel-Bello, and A. Alvarez Bi-objective feature selection for discriminant analysis in two-class classification Knowl. Based Syst. 44 2013 64 67
    • (2013) Knowl. Based Syst. , vol.44 , pp. 64-67
    • Pacheco, J.1    Casado, S.2    Angel-Bello, F.3    Alvarez, A.4
  • 27
    • 84924871671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for feature selection based on mutual information with a new redundancy measure
    • Z. Wang, M. Li, and J. Li A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm for feature selection based on mutual information with a new redundancy measure Inf. Sci. 307 2015 73 88
    • (2015) Inf. Sci. , vol.307 , pp. 73-88
    • Wang, Z.1    Li, M.2    Li, J.3
  • 32
    • 79960565927 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Face recognition by generalized two-dimensional FLD method and multi-class support vector machines
    • S. Chowdhury, J.K. Sing, D.K. Basu, and M. Nasipuri Face recognition by generalized two-dimensional FLD method and multi-class support vector machines Appl. Soft Comput. 11 2011 4282 4292
    • (2011) Appl. Soft Comput. , vol.11 , pp. 4282-4292
    • Chowdhury, S.1    Sing, J.K.2    Basu, D.K.3    Nasipuri, M.4
  • 33
    • 78751607129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PCA based immune networks for human face recognition
    • G.-C. Luh, and C.-Y. Lin PCA based immune networks for human face recognition Appl. Soft Comput. 11 2011 1743 1752
    • (2011) Appl. Soft Comput. , vol.11 , pp. 1743-1752
    • Luh, G.-C.1    Lin, C.-Y.2
  • 34
    • 84891605856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A neural-AdaBoost based facial expression recognition system
    • E. Owusu, Y. Zhan, and Q.R. Mao A neural-AdaBoost based facial expression recognition system Expert Syst. Appl. 41 2014 3383 3390
    • (2014) Expert Syst. Appl. , vol.41 , pp. 3383-3390
    • Owusu, E.1    Zhan, Y.2    Mao, Q.R.3
  • 35
    • 63449136395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: A comprehensive study
    • C. Shan, S. Gong, and P.W. McOwan Facial expression recognition based on local binary patterns: a comprehensive study Image Vis. Comput. 27 2009 803 816
    • (2009) Image Vis. Comput. , vol.27 , pp. 803-816
    • Shan, C.1    Gong, S.2    McOwan, P.W.3
  • 36
    • 84879867719 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An improvement direction for filter selection techniques using information theory measures and quadratic optimization
    • W. Bouaguel, and G.B. Mufti An improvement direction for filter selection techniques using information theory measures and quadratic optimization Int. J. Adv. Res. Artif. Intell. 1 5 2012 7 11
    • (2012) Int. J. Adv. Res. Artif. Intell. , vol.1 , Issue.5 , pp. 7-11
    • Bouaguel, W.1    Mufti, G.B.2
  • 37
    • 77956493517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial expression recognition on multiple manifolds
    • R. Xiao, Q. Zhao, D. Zhang, and P. Shi Facial expression recognition on multiple manifolds Pattern Recogn. 44 2011 107 116
    • (2011) Pattern Recogn. , vol.44 , pp. 107-116
    • Xiao, R.1    Zhao, Q.2    Zhang, D.3    Shi, P.4
  • 38
    • 33646531392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary feature synthesis for facial expression recognition
    • J. Yu, and B. Bhanu Evolutionary feature synthesis for facial expression recognition Pattern Recogn. Lett. 27 2006 1289 1298
    • (2006) Pattern Recogn. Lett. , vol.27 , pp. 1289-1298
    • Yu, J.1    Bhanu, B.2
  • 39
    • 84914816279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Data feature selection based on artificial bee colony algorithm
    • M. Schiezaro, and H. Pedrini Data feature selection based on artificial bee colony algorithm EURASIP J. Image Video Process. 47 2013 1 8
    • (2013) EURASIP J. Image Video Process. , vol.47 , pp. 1-8
    • Schiezaro, M.1    Pedrini, H.2
  • 40
    • 84888074993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm-based ensemble optimizer for feature selection and classification with neural network models
    • C.J. Tan, C.P. Lim, and Y.-N. Cheah A multi-objective evolutionary algorithm-based ensemble optimizer for feature selection and classification with neural network models Neurocomputing 125 2014 217 228
    • (2014) Neurocomputing , vol.125 , pp. 217-228
    • Tan, C.J.1    Lim, C.P.2    Cheah, Y.-N.3
  • 41
    • 72449177821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rough set approach to feature selection based on ant colony optimization
    • Y. Chen, D. Miao, and R. Wang A rough set approach to feature selection based on ant colony optimization Pattern Recogn. Lett. 31 2010 226 233
    • (2010) Pattern Recogn. Lett. , vol.31 , pp. 226-233
    • Chen, Y.1    Miao, D.2    Wang, R.3
  • 42
    • 84886738635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary computation for feature selection in classification Problems
    • B. de la Iglesia Evolutionary computation for feature selection in classification Problems WIREs Data Min. Knowl. Discov. 3 2013 381 407
    • (2013) WIREs Data Min. Knowl. Discov. , vol.3 , pp. 381-407
    • De La Iglesia, B.1
  • 43
    • 69949179045 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local Gabor binary patterns based on mutual information for face recognition
    • W. Zhang, S. Shan, X. Chen, and W. Gao Local Gabor binary patterns based on mutual information for face recognition Int. J. Image Graph. 7 3 2007 1 17
    • (2007) Int. J. Image Graph. , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 1-17
    • Zhang, W.1    Shan, S.2    Chen, X.3    Gao, W.4
  • 46
    • 0029669420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distribution
    • T. Ojala, M. Pietikainen, and D. Harwood A comparative study of texture measures with classification based on featured distribution Pattern Recogn. 29 1 1996 51 59
    • (1996) Pattern Recogn. , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 51-59
    • Ojala, T.1    Pietikainen, M.2    Harwood, D.3
  • 47
    • 79955527978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cascade optimization algorithm: A new distributed approach for the stochastic optimization of engineering applications
    • A.C. Kokossis, P. Linke, and S. Yang The cascade optimization algorithm: a new distributed approach for the stochastic optimization of engineering applications Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 50 2011 5266 5278
    • (2011) Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. , vol.50 , pp. 5266-5278
    • Kokossis, A.C.1    Linke, P.2    Yang, S.3
  • 48
    • 84901240466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asynchronous optimisation with the use of a cascade search algorithm
    • F. Cecelja, A. Kokossis, D. Du, and S. Yang Asynchronous optimisation with the use of a cascade search algorithm Comput. Chem. Eng. 66 2014 276 289
    • (2014) Comput. Chem. Eng. , vol.66 , pp. 276-289
    • Cecelja, F.1    Kokossis, A.2    Du, D.3    Yang, S.4
  • 49
    • 0030151893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative evaluation of different optimization algorithms for structural design applications
    • S.N. Patnaik, R.M. Coroneos, J.D. Guptill, and D.A. Hopkins Comparative evaluation of different optimization algorithms for structural design applications Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 39 10 1996 1761 1774
    • (1996) Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. , vol.39 , Issue.10 , pp. 1761-1774
    • Patnaik, S.N.1    Coroneos, R.M.2    Guptill, J.D.3    Hopkins, D.A.4
  • 50
    • 73049093834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A layered encoding cascade optimization approach to product-mix planning in high-mix-low-volume manufacturing
    • S.C. Neoh, N. Morad, C.P. Lim, and Z. Abdul Aziz A layered encoding cascade optimization approach to product-mix planning in high-mix-low-volume manufacturing IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. - Part A 39 6 2010 133 146
    • (2010) IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. - Part A , vol.39 , Issue.6 , pp. 133-146
    • Neoh, S.C.1    Morad, N.2    Lim, C.P.3    Abdul Aziz, Z.4
  • 52
    • 0034199912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approximating the nondominated front using the Pareto archived evolution strategy
    • J.D. Knowles, and D.W. Corne Approximating the nondominated front using the Pareto archived evolution strategy Evol. Comput. 8 2 2000 149 172
    • (2000) Evol. Comput. , vol.8 , Issue.2 , pp. 149-172
    • Knowles, J.D.1    Corne, D.W.2
  • 53
    • 84876370342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A modified micro genetic algorithm for undertaking multi-objective optimization problems
    • C.J. Tan, C.P. Lim, and Y.-N. Cheah A modified micro genetic algorithm for undertaking multi-objective optimization problems J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. 24 2013 483 495
    • (2013) J. Intell. Fuzzy Syst. , vol.24 , pp. 483-495
    • Tan, C.J.1    Lim, C.P.2    Cheah, Y.-N.3
  • 54
    • 0033318858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: A comparative case study and the strength Pareto approach
    • E. Zitzler, and L. Thiele Multiobjective evolutionary algorithms: a comparative case study and the strength Pareto approach IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 3 4 1999 257 271
    • (1999) IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. , vol.3 , Issue.4 , pp. 257-271
    • Zitzler, E.1    Thiele, L.2
  • 58
    • 75149176174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ensemble-based classifiers
    • L. Rokach Ensemble-based classifiers Artif. Intell. Rev. 33 2010 1 39
    • (2010) Artif. Intell. Rev. , vol.33 , pp. 1-39
    • Rokach, L.1
  • 59
    • 33748611921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ensemble based systems in decision making
    • R. Polikar Ensemble based systems in decision making IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. 6 2006 21 45
    • (2006) IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag. , vol.6 , pp. 21-45
    • Polikar, R.1
  • 61
    • 38349031393 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Machine learning: A review of classification and combining techniques
    • S.B. Kotsiantis, I.D. Zaharakis, and P.E. Pintelas Machine learning: a review of classification and combining techniques Artif. Intell. Rev. 26 3 2006 159 190
    • (2006) Artif. Intell. Rev. , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 159-190
    • Kotsiantis, S.B.1    Zaharakis, I.D.2    Pintelas, P.E.3
  • 64
    • 79955500697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification and novel class detection in concept-drifting data streams under time constraints
    • M.M. Masud, J. Gao, L. Khan, J. Han, and B. Thuraisingham Classification and novel class detection in concept-drifting data streams under time constraints IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. 23 2011 859 874
    • (2011) IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng. , vol.23 , pp. 859-874
    • Masud, M.M.1    Gao, J.2    Khan, L.3    Han, J.4    Thuraisingham, B.5
  • 65
    • 84868221214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A subspace approach to error-correcting output coding
    • M.A. Bagheri, Gh. Montazer, and E. Kabir A subspace approach to error-correcting output coding Pattern Recogn. Lett. 34 2013 176 184
    • (2013) Pattern Recogn. Lett. , vol.34 , pp. 176-184
    • Bagheri, M.A.1    Montazer, Gh.2    Kabir, E.3
  • 66
    • 8444229122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How to make stacking better and faster while also taking care of an unknown weakness
    • San Fransisco, CA Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc
    • A.K. Seewald How to make stacking better and faster while also taking care of an unknown weakness Proceedings of International Conference of Machine Learning San Fransisco, CA 2002 Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc. 554 561
    • (2002) Proceedings of International Conference of Machine Learning , pp. 554-561
    • Seewald, A.K.1
  • 67
    • 84958554285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of grading classifiers
    • F.H. Hoffman, Springer, LNCS Berlin
    • A.K. Seewald, and J. Fürnkranz An evaluation of grading classifiers F.H. Hoffman, Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis 2189 2001 Springer, LNCS Berlin 115 124
    • (2001) Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis , vol.2189 , pp. 115-124
    • Seewald, A.K.1    Fürnkranz, J.2
  • 68
    • 28344443217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Dempster-shafer theoretic framework for boosting based ensemble design
    • H. AltInçay A Dempster-shafer theoretic framework for boosting based ensemble design Pattern Anal. Appl. 8 3 2005 287 302
    • (2005) Pattern Anal. Appl. , vol.8 , Issue.3 , pp. 287-302
    • Altinçay, H.1
  • 69
    • 84904269139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gaussian mixture model based estimation of the neutral face shape for emotion recognition
    • S. Ulukaya, and C.E. Erdem Gaussian mixture model based estimation of the neutral face shape for emotion recognition Digit. Signal Process. 32 2014 11 23
    • (2014) Digit. Signal Process. , vol.32 , pp. 11-23
    • Ulukaya, S.1    Erdem, C.E.2
  • 70
    • 84888315376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Emotion recognition from geometric facial features using self-organizing map
    • A. Majumder, L. Behera, and V.K. Subramanian Emotion recognition from geometric facial features using self-organizing map Pattern Recogn. 47 2014 1282 1293
    • (2014) Pattern Recogn. , vol.47 , pp. 1282-1293
    • Majumder, A.1    Behera, L.2    Subramanian, V.K.3
  • 72
    • 33645014570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Automatic facial expression recognition using facial animation parameters and multi-stream HMMS
    • P.S. Aleksic, and A.K. Katsaggelos Automatic facial expression recognition using facial animation parameters and multi-stream HMMS IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 1 2006 3 11
    • (2006) IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. , vol.1 , pp. 3-11
    • Aleksic, P.S.1    Katsaggelos, A.K.2
  • 73
    • 34247557079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic texture recognition using local binary patterns with an application to facial expressions
    • G.Y. Zhao, and M. Pietikainen Dynamic texture recognition using local binary patterns with an application to facial expressions IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. 29 6 2007 915 928
    • (2007) IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell. , vol.29 , Issue.6 , pp. 915-928
    • Zhao, G.Y.1    Pietikainen, M.2
  • 74
    • 80052692860 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial expression recognition using facial-component-based bag of words and PHOG descriptors
    • Z.S. Li, J. Imai, and M. Kaneko Facial expression recognition using facial-component-based bag of words and PHOG descriptors Inf. Media Technol. 5 3 2010 1003 1009
    • (2010) Inf. Media Technol. , vol.5 , Issue.3 , pp. 1003-1009
    • Li, Z.S.1    Imai, J.2    Kaneko, M.3
  • 75
    • 84863290657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Facial expression recognition using facial movement features
    • L. Zhang, and D.W. Tjondronegoro Facial expression recognition using facial movement features IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. 2 4 2011 219 229
    • (2011) IEEE Trans. Affect. Comput. , vol.2 , Issue.4 , pp. 219-229
    • Zhang, L.1    Tjondronegoro, D.W.2
  • 78
    • 77956773107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Robust symbolic dual-view facial expression recognition with skin wrinkles: Local versus global approach
    • Y. Huang, Y. Li, and N. Fan Robust symbolic dual-view facial expression recognition with skin wrinkles: local versus global approach IEEE Trans. Multimed. 12 6 2010 536 543
    • (2010) IEEE Trans. Multimed. , vol.12 , Issue.6 , pp. 536-543
    • Huang, Y.1    Li, Y.2    Fan, N.3
  • 79
    • 84867733072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-view facial expression recognition analysis with generic sparse coding feature
    • U. Tariq, J. Yang, and T.S. Huang Multi-view facial expression recognition analysis with generic sparse coding feature Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. 7585 2012 578 588
    • (2012) Lect. Notes Comput. Sci. , vol.7585 , pp. 578-588
    • Tariq, U.1    Yang, J.2    Huang, T.S.3
  • 80
    • 79851512378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local binary patterns for multi-view facial expression recognition
    • S. Moore, and R. Bowden Local binary patterns for multi-view facial expression recognition Comput. Vis. Image Underst. 115 2011 541 558
    • (2011) Comput. Vis. Image Underst. , vol.115 , pp. 541-558
    • Moore, S.1    Bowden, R.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.