Hepatitis E in Karamoja, Uganda, 2009-2012: Epidemiology and challenges to control in a setting of semi-nomadic pastoralism

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

Volumn 108, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 648-655

  Cummings, Matthew J ^a,f   Wamala, Joseph F ^b   Komakech, Innocent ^c   Lukwago, Luswa ^b,d   Malimbo, Mugagga ^b   Omeke, Michael E ^b   Mayer, Dan ^a   Bakamutumaho, Barnabas ^e  

^a ALBANY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

^b MINISTRY OF HEALTH   (Uganda)

^c WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION   (Switzerland)

^d MAKERERE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (Uganda)

^e UGANDA VIRUS RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Uganda)

^f Department of Orthopaedic Surgery   (United States)

Author keywords

Hepatitis E; Nomadic pastoralism; Uganda

Indexed keywords

CHLORPHENIRAMINE; METRONIDAZOLE; PHENOBARBITAL; PHYTOMENADIONE; RIVER WATER; VIRUS RNA;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ARTICLE; BLEEDING; BRAIN DISEASE; CASE FATALITY RATE; CASE MANAGEMENT; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHILD; CHLORINATION; DISEASE SURVEILLANCE; EMERGENCY HEALTH SERVICE; ENDEMIC DISEASE; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; FEMALE; FOOD INSECURITY; GEOGRAPHY; HEALTH EDUCATION; HEPATITIS E; HEPATITIS E VIRUS; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; JAUNDICE; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; OUTPATIENT; PREGNANCY COMPLICATION; PREGNANT WOMAN; PREMATURITY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SCHOOL CHILD; SEX DIFFERENCE; SOCIAL SECURITY; SOIL TEXTURE; SPONTANEOUS ABORTION; TIME TO TREATMENT; TRAVEL; UGANDA; VIOLENCE; VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTATION; VOMITING; WATER QUALITY; WATER TREATMENT; WEAKNESS; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HEALTH SURVEY; HYGIENE; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MIDDLE AGED; MIGRATION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SANITATION; SEX RATIO; STANDARDS; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DISEASE MANAGEMENT; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; FEMALE; FOCUS GROUPS; HEPATITIS E; HUMANS; HYGIENE; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; POPULATION SURVEILLANCE; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SANITATION; SEX DISTRIBUTION; TRANSIENTS AND MIGRANTS; UGANDA; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84929519515     PISSN: 00359203     EISSN: 18783503     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru123     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. WHO. Hepatitis E. Document WHO/CDSCSR/EDC/2002.12. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hepatitis/HepatitisE_whocdscsredc2001_12.pdf[accessed 10 April 2014].
2. Teshale EH, Hu DJ. Hepatitis E: Epidemiology and prevention. World J Hepatol 2011;3:285-91.
3. Khuroo MS, Dar MY. Hepatitis E: evidence for person-to-person transmission and inability of low dose immune serum globulin from an Indian source to prevent it. Indian J Gastroenterol 1992;11:113-6.
4. Teshale EH, Grytdal SP, Howard C et al. Evidence of person-to-person transmission of hepatitis E virus during a large outbreak in Northern Uganda. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:1006-10.
5. Aggarwal R. Hepatitis E virus and person-to-person transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:477-8.
6. Pavio N, Meng XJ, Renou C. Zoonotic hepatitis E: animal reservoirs and emerging risks. Vet Res 2010;41:46.
7. Meng XJ. Recent advances in hepatitis E virus. J Viral Hepat 2010;17:153-61.
8. Rein DB, Stevens GA, Theaker J et al. The global burden of hepatitis E virus genotypes 1 and 2 in 2005. Hepatology 2012;55:988-97.
9. Teshale EH, Howard CM, Grytdal SP et al. Hepatitis E epidemic, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2010;16:126-9.
10. Stites E, Akabwai D, Mazurana D et al. Angering Akuju: survival and suffering in Karamoja. Boston: Tufts University Feinstein International Center; 2007. http://fic.tufts.edu/publication-item/angering-akuju/[accessed2 April 2014].
11. Carlson K, Proctor K, Stites E et al. Tradition in transition: customary authority in Karamoja, Uganda. Boston: Tufts University Feinstein International Center; 2012. http://fic.tufts.edu/publication-item/tradition-in-transition-customary-authority-in-karamoja-uganda/[accessed8 April 2014].
12. Stites E, Akabwai D. Changing roles, shifting risks: livelihood impacts of disarmament in Karamoja, Uganda. Boston: Tufts University Feinstein International Center; 2009. http://fic.tufts.edu/publication-item/changing-roles-shifting-risks/[accessed8 April 2014].
13. Cummings MJ, Wamala JF, Eyura M et al. A cholera outbreak among semi-nomadic pastoralists in northeastern Uganda: epidemiology and interventions. Epidemiol Infect 2012;140:1376-85.
14. United Nations Development Programme. Uganda human development report 2007: rediscovering agriculture for human development. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/africa/uganda/Uganda%20National%20Human%20Development%20Report%202007.pdf [accessed 1 April 2014].
15. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory procedure manual: IgG hepatitis E antibody. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_09_10/HEPE_F_met_IgG_antibody.pdf[accessed 9 June 2014].
16. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Laboratory procedure manual: IgM hepatitis E antibody. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/nhanes_09_10/HEPE_F_met_IgM_antibody.pdf[accessed 9 June 2014].
17. Jothikumar N, Cromeans TL, Robertson BH et al. A broadly reactive one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and sensitive detection of hepatitis E virus. J Virol Methods 2006;131:65-71.
18. Orrù G, Masia G, Orrù G et al. Detection and quantitation of hepatitis E virus in human faeces by real-time quantitative PCR. J Virol Methods 2004;118:77-82.
19. WHO. Kitgum District Surveillance Report on Hepatitis E: Update of hepatitis E epidemic in Kitgum District, 18 August 2008. http://www.who.int/hac/crises/uga/sitreps/uganda_kitgum_hepatitis_e_18aug2008.pdf[accessed April 12 2014].
20. Howard CM, Handzel T, Hill VR et al. Novel risk factors associated with hepatitis E virus infection in a large outbreak in northern Uganda: results from a case-control study and environmental analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2010;83:1170-3.
21. Bile K, Isse A, Mohamud O et al. Contrasting roles of rivers and wells as sources of drinking water on attack and fatality rates in a hepatitis E outbreak in Somalia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1994;51:466-74.
22. Escriba JM, Nakoune E, Recio C et al. Hepatitis E, Central African Republic. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:681-3.
23. Tsega E, Hansson BG, Krawczynski K, Nordenfelt E. Acute sporadic viral hepatitis in Ethiopia: causes, risk factors, and effects on pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:961-5.
24. Boccia D, Guthmann J, Klovstad H et al. High mortality associated with an outbreak of hepatitis E among displaced persons in Darfur, Sudan. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1679-84.
25. Hussen A, Biadgilign S, Tessema F et al. Treatment delay among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in pastoralist communities in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes 2012;5:320.
26. Wamala JF, Malimbo M, Okot CL et al. Epidemiological and laboratory characterization of a yellow fever outbreak in northern Uganda, October 2010-January 2011. Int J Infect Dis 2012;16:e536-42.
27. Kumar S, Subhadra S, Singh B, Panda BK. Hepatitis E virus: the current scenario. Int J Infect Dis 2013;17:228-33.
28. Hyams KC. New perspectives on hepatitis E. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2002;4:302-7.
29. Wang YC, Zhang HY, Xia NS et al. Prevalence, isolation, and partial sequence analysis of hepatitis E virus from domestic animals in China. J Med Virol 2002;67:516-21.
30. Meng XJ. Zoonotic and foodborne transmission of hepatitis E virus. Semin Liver Dis 2013;33:41-9.