Palaeoloxodon and human interaction: Depositional setting, chronology and archaeology at the Middle Pleistocene Ficoncella site (Tarquinia, Italy)

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 4, 2015, Pages

  Aureli, Daniele ^a,g   Contardi, Antonio ^b   Giaccio, Biagio ^c   Jicha, Brian ^d   Lemorini, Cristina ^e   Madonna, Sergio ^f   Magri, Donatella ^e   Marano, Federica ^e   Milli, Salvatore ^e   Modesti, Valerio ^b   Palombo, Maria Rita ^e   Rocca, Roxane ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

^b Museo Civico A Klitsche De La Grange Palazzo Camerale   (Italy)

^c CNR   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^e SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TUSCIA   (Italy)

^g Inrap)   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARCHEOLOGY; ARTICLE; BONE AGE; BONE STRUCTURE; CARCASS; CHRONOLOGY; ELEPHANT; FAUNA; FLOODPLAIN; GEOCHRONOLOGY; ITALY; MIDDLE PLEISTOCENE; NONHUMAN; PALAEOLOXODON; PRESERVATION; SEDIMENT; SKELETON; SOCIAL INTERACTION; STRATIGRAPHY; TEPHROCHRONOLOGY; ANIMAL; BONE; FOSSIL; HUMAN; TOOL USE;

ELEPHAS ANTIQUUS; PALAEOLOXODON;

ANIMALS; ARCHAEOLOGY; BONE AND BONES; ELEPHANTS; FOSSILS; HUMANS; ITALY; TOOL USE BEHAVIOR;

EID: 84929486103     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124498     Document Type: Article

References (114)

1. Cannell A (2014) Proboscidean resources and the engineering of Acheulean lithic technology. Lithic Technology, 39(1): 39-45.
2. Leakey MD (1971) Olduvai Gorge-vol. 3: Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960-1963. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 328 p.
3. Berthelet A, Chavaillon J (2001) The Early Palaeolithic butchery site of Barogali (Republic of Gibuti). In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Mussi M, Palombo MR editors. The World of Elephants. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. pp.176-179.
4. Potts R, Behrensmeyer AK, Ditchfield P (1999) Paleolandscape variation and Early Pleistocene hominid activities: Members 1 and 7, Olorgesailie Formation, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution 37(5): 747-788. PMID: 10536090
5. Delagnes A, Lenoble A, Harmand S, Brugal JP, Prat S, et al. (2006) Interpreting pachyderm single carcass sites in the African Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene record: A multidisciplinary approach to the site of Nadung'a 4 (Kenya). Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25 (4): 448-465.
6. Clark JD, Haynes CV (1970) An elephant butchery site at Mwaganda's Village, Karonga, Malawi, and its relevance for Paleolithic archaeology. Quaternaria 13: 305-354.
7. Chavaillon J, Berthelet A (2001) The Elephas recki site of Haïdalo (Republic of Djibouti). In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Mussi M, Palombo MR, editors. The World of Elephants. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. pp. 191-193.
8. Chaix L, Faure M, Guerin C, Honegger M (2000) Kaddanarti, a Lower Pleistocene assemblage from Northern Sudan. In: Krzyżaniak L, Kroeper K, Kobusiewicz M, editors. Recent Research into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa. Poznan: Poznan Archaeological Museum. pp. 33-46.
9. Gautier A, Makowiecki D, Paner H, Van Neer W (2012) Palaeolithic big game hunting at HP766 in Wadi Umm Rahau, Northern Sudan. Journal of African Archaeology 10(2): 165-174.
10. Sahnouni M, Rosell J, van der Made J, Vergès JM, Ollé A, et al. (2013) The first evidence of cut marks and usewear traces from the Plio-Pleistocene locality of El-Kherba (Ain Hanech), Algeria: implications for early hominin subsistence activities circa 1.8 Ma. Journal of human evolution, 64 (2): 137-150. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.007 PMID: 23305779
11. Goren-Inbar N, Lister A, Werker E, Chech M (1994) A butchered elephant skull and associated artefacts from the Acheulian site of Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Paléorient 20: 99-112.
12. Rabinovich R, Ackermann O, Aladjem E, Barkai R, Biton R, et al. (2012) Elephants at the Middle Pleistocene Acheulian open-air site of Revadim Quarry, Israel. Quaternary International 276-277: 183-197.
13. Agam A, Marder O, Barkai R (2014) Small flake production and lithic recycling at Late Acheulian Revadim, Israel. Quaternary International. In press. PMID: 25642117
14. Espigares MP, Martínez-Navarro B, Palmqvist P, Ros-Montoya S, Toro I, et al. (2013) Homo vs. Pachycrocuta: Earliest evidence of competition for an elephant carcass between scavengers at Fuente Nueva-3 (Orce, Spain). Quaternary International 295: 113-125.
15. Vallverdu J, Saladi P, Rosas A, Huguet R, Càceres I, et al. (2014) Age and date for early arrival of the Acheulian in Europe (Barranc de la Boella, la Canonja, Spain). PLoS ONE 9(7).
16. Yravedra J, Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Santonja M, Pérez-González A, Panera J, et al. (2010) Cut marks on the Middle Pleistocene elephant carcass of Áridos 2 (Madrid, Spain). Journal of Archaeological Science 37: 2469-2476.
17. Villa P, Soto E, Santonja M, Perez-Gonzalez A, Mora R, et al. (2005) New data from Ambrona: closing the hunting versus scavenging debate. Quaternary International, 126-128: 223-250.
18. Piperno M, Tagliacozzo A (2001) The elephant butchery area at the middle Pleistocene site of Notarchirico (Venosa, Basilicata, Italy) In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Mussi M, Palombo MR editors. The World of Elephants. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. pp. 230-236.
19. Radmilli AM, Boschian G (1996) Gli scavi a Castel di Guido, il piú antico giacimento di cacciatori del Paleolitico inferiore nell'Agro Romano. Pisa: Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e Protoistoria di Firenze. 306 p.
20. Saccà D (2012) Taphonomy of Palaeloxodon antiquus at Castel di Guido (Rome, Italy): Proboscidean carcass exploitation in the Lower Palaeolithic. Quaternary International 276-277: 27-41.
21. Anzidei AP, Bulgarelli GM, Catalano P, Cerilli E, Gallotti R, et al. (2012) Ongoing research at the late Middle Pleistocene site of La Polledrara di Cecanibbio (central Italy), with emphasis on humane elephant relationships. Quaternary International 255: 171-187.
22. Valensi P, El Guennouni K (2004) Comportements de subsistance et structures d'habitat sur le site de plein air de Terra Amata (Paleolithique inferieur, France). In: Le secrétariat du Congrès, editor. Human origins and the Lower Palaeolithic. Oxford: Achaeopress, Bar International Series 1272. pp. 75-86.
23. Carbonell E, Bermudez de Castro J, Pares J, Perez-Gonzalez A, Cuenca-Bescos G, et al. 2008. The first hominin of Europe. Nature 452: 456-470. doi: 10.1038/nature06811 PMID: 18368114
24. Crochet JY, Welcomme JL, Ivorra J, Ruffet G, Boulbes N, et al. (2009) Une nouvelle faune de vertébrés continentaux, associée à des artefacts dans le Pléistocène inférieur de l'Hérault (Sud de la France), vers 1,57 Ma, Comptes Rendus Palevol 8: 725-736.
25. Arzarello M, Pavia G, Peretto C, Petronio C, Sardella R (2012) Evidence of an Early Pleistocene hominin presence at Pirro Nord (Apricena, Foggia, southern Italy): P13 site. Quaternary International 267: 56-61.
26. Arzarello M, Peretto, Moncel MH (2014) The Pirro Nord site (Apricena, Fg, Southern Italy) in the context of the first European peopling: Convergences and divergences Quaternary International. In press. PMID: 25642117
27. Bermúdez de Castro J, Martínon-Torres M (2013) A new model for the evolution of the human Pleistocene populations of Europe. Quaternary International 295: 102-112.
28. Palombo MR (2013) What about causal mechanisms promoting early hominin dispersal in Eurasia? A research agenda for answering a hotly debated question. Quaternary International 295: 13-27.
29. Rodríguez J, Martín-González JA, Goikoetxea I, Rodríguez-Gómez G, Mateos A (2013) Mammalian paleobiogeography and the distribution of Homo in early Pleistocene Europe Quaternary International 295: 48-58.
30. Toro-Moyano I, Martínez-Navarro B, Agustí J, Souday C, Bermúdez de Castro JM, et al. (2013) The oldest human fossil in Europe dated to ca. 1.4 Ma at Orce (Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 65: 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.012 PMID: 23481345
31. Barsky D, Lumley (de) H (2010) Early European Mode 2 and the stone industry from the Caune de l'Arago's archeostratigraphical levels "P". Quaternary International 223-224: 71-86.
32. Piperno M (1999) Notarchirico, un sito del Pleistocene medio antico nel bacino di Venosa. Venosa: Osanna edizione. 621 p.
33. Moncel MH, Desprié J, Voinchet P, Tissoux H, Moreno D, et al. (2013). Early Evidence of Acheulean Settlement in Northwestern Europe - La Noira Site, a 700 000 Year-Old Occupation in the Center of France. PLoS ONE 8(11).
34. Scott G, Gibert L (2009) The oldest hand-axes in Europe. Nature 461: 82-85. doi: 10.1038/nature08214 PMID: 19727198
35. Biddittu I, Celletti P (2001) Plio-Pleistocene proboscidea and Lower Palaeolithic bone industry of Southern Latium (Italy). In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Mussi M, Palombo MR editors. The World of Elephants. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. pp. 91-96.
36. Aureli D, Contardi A, Giaccio B, Modesti V, Palombo MR, et al. (2012) Straight-tusked elephants in the Middle Pleistocene of northern Latium: Preliminary report on the Ficoncella site (Tarquinia, central Italy). Quaternary International 255: 29-35.
37. Fazzini P, Gelmini M, Mantovani MP, Pellegrini M (1972) Geologia dei Monti della Tolfa (Lazio settentrionale, Province di Viterbo e di Roma). Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 21: 65-144.
38. Barberi F, Buanasorte G, Cioni R, Fiordelisi A, Foresi L, et al. (1994) Plio-Pleistocene geological evolution of the geothermal area of Tuscany and Lazio. Memorie descrittive della Carta Geologica d'Italia 49: 77-134.
39. Carboni MG, Palagi I, Palieri L, Raffi I, Sposato A (1994) Dati preliminari sull'evoluzione geologica della fascia costiera del Lazio settentrionale durante il Pliocene. Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d'Italia 49: 177-188.
40. De Rita D, Bertagnini A, Faccenna C, Landi P, Rosa C, et al. (1997) Evoluzione geopetrografica-strutturale dell'area tolfetana. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 116: 143-175.
41. Chiocchini U, Potetti M (1998) Caratteri sedimentologici e stratigrafici delle Calcareniti di Tarquinia (Provincia di Viterbo). Bollettino del Servizio Geologico d'Italia 117: 33-52.
42. Scandone P (1980) Origin of the Tyrrhenian Sea and Calabrian Arc. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 98: 27-34. PMID: 9681625
43. Malinverno A, Ryan WBF (1986) Extension in the Tyrrhenian Sea and shortening in the Apennines as a result of arc migration driven by sinking of the lithosphere. Tectonics 5: 227-245.
44. Savelli C (2002) Time-space distribution of magmatic activity in the western Mediterranean and peripheral orogens during the past 30 Ma (a stimulus to geodynamic considerations). Journal of Geodynamics 34: 99-126.
45. Doglioni C, Innocenti F, Morellato C, Procaccianti D, Scrocca D (2004) On the Tyrrhenian sea opening. Memorie Descrittive della Carta Geologica d'Italia 44: 147-164.
46. Funiciello R, Locardi E, Parotto M (1976) Lineamenti geologici dell'area sabatina orientale. Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 95: 831-849. PMID: 9681625
47. Mariani M, Prato R (1988) I bacini Neogenici costieri del margine tirrenico: approccio sismico-stratigrafico. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 41: 519-531.
48. Locardi E, Lombardi G, Funiciello R, Parotto M (1976) The main volcanic group of Lazio (Italy): relations between structural evolution and petrogenesis. Geologica Romana 15: 279-300.
49. Cioni R, Laurenzi MA, Sbrana A, Villa IM (1993) 40Ar/39Ar chronostratigraphy of the initial activity in the Sabatini Volcanic Complex (Italy). Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana 112: 251-263. PMID: 9681625
50. De Rita D, Funiciello R, Corda L, Sposato A, Rossi U (1993) Volcanic Unit. In: Di Filippo M, editor. Sabatini Volcanic Complex. Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche, Progetto Finalizzato "Geodinamica" Monografie Finali 11. pp. 33-79.
51. De Rita D, Faccenna C, Funiciello R, Rosa C (1995) Stratigraphy and volcano-tectonics. In: Trigila R, editor. The Volcano of the Alban Hills. Roma: Tipografia S.G.S. pp. 33-71.
52. Karner DB, Marra F, Renne PR (2001). The history of the Monti Sabatini and Alban Hills volcanoes: groundwork for assessing volcanic-tectonic hazards for Rome. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 107 (1-3): 185-215.
53. Marra F, Sottili G, Gaeta M, Giaccio B, Jicha B, et al. (2014) Major explosive activity in the Monti Sabatini Volcanic District (central Italy) over the 800-390 ka interval: Geochronological-geochemical overview and tephrostratigraphic implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 94: 74-101.
54. Milli S (1997) Depositional setting and high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of the Middel-Uper Pleistocene to Holocene deposits of the Roman Basin. Geologica Romana 33: 99-136.
55. De Rita D, Fabbri M, Mazzini I, Paccara P, Sposato A, (2002) Volcaniclastic sedimentation in coastal environments: the interplay between volcanism and Quaternary sea level changes (central Italy). Quaternary International 95-96: 141-154.
56. Cavinato GP, De Rita D, Milli S, Zarlenga F (1992) Correlazione tra i principali eventi tettonici, sedimentari, vulcanici ed eustatici che hanno interessato l'entroterra (conche intrappenniniche) ed il margine costiero laziale durante il Pliocene superiore ed il Pleistocene. Studi Geologici Camerti, volume speciale 1992(1): 109-114.
57. Cavinato GP, Cosentino D, De Rita D, Funiciello R, Parotto M (1994) Tectonic-sedimentary evolution of intrapenninic basins and correlation with the volcano-tectonic activity in Central Italy. Memorie Descrittiva della Carta Geologica d'Italia 49: 63-76.
58. Ambrosetti P, Carboni MG, Conti MA, Costantini A, Esu D, et al. (1978) Evoluzione paleogeografica e tettonica nei bacini Tosco-Umbro-Laziali nel Pliocene e nel Pleistocene inferiore. Memorie della Società Geologica Italiana 19: 573-580.
59. Ambrosetti P, Bartolini C, Bosi C (1981) L'evoluzione geologica e morfologica quaternaria dell'area adiacente la bassa Valle del Fiume Fiora (Viterbo). Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 4: 104-134.
60. Conato V, Dai Pra G (1980) Livelli marini pleistocenici e neotettonica fra Civitavecchia e Tarquinia (Italia Centrale). Geologica Romana 19: 181-194.
61. Bosi C, Palieri L, Sposato A (1990) Guida all'escursione sui terrazzi e line di costa del litorale del Lazio settentrionale. Roma: AIQUA CNR Centro di Studio per la Geologia Tecnica. 25p.
62. Kuiper KF, Deino A, Hilgen FJ, Krijgsman W, Renne PR, et al. (2008) Synchronizing Rock Clocks of Earth History. Science 320: 500-504. doi: 10.1126/science.1154339 PMID: 18436783
63. Meyers SR, Siewert SE, Singer BS, Sageman BB, Condon D, et al. (2012) Intercalibration of radioisotopic and astrochonologic time scales for the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary interval, Western Interior Basin, USA. Geology 40: 7-10.
64. Steiger RH, Jäger E (1977) Subcommission on geochronology: convention on the use of decay constants in geo-and cosmochronology. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 36: 359-362.
65. Inizan ML, Reduron M, Roche H, Tixier J (1995) Technologie de la pierre taillée, Meudon: Éditions du CREP.
66. Boëda É, Geneste JM, Meignen L (1990) Identification des chaînes opératoires du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Paléo 2: 43-80.
67. Boëda É (1997) Technogenèse de systèmes de production lithique au Paléolithique inférieur et moyen en Europe occidentale et au Proche-Orient, habilitation à diriger des recherches. Paris: Université de Paris X - Nanterre.
68. Boëda É (2001) Détermination des unités techno-fonctionnelles de pièces bifaciales provenant de la couche acheuléenne C'3 base du site de Barbas I. In: Cliquet D, editor. Les industries à outils bifaciaux du Paléolithique moyen d'Europe occidentale. Actes de la Table Ronde internationale, Caen, 14-15 octobre 1999. Liège: ERAUL 98. pp. 51-75.
69. Boëda É (2013) Techno-logique et technologie. Une paleo-histoire des objets lithiques tranchants. @rchéo-éditions. 259 p.
70. Roebroeks W (1988) From find scatters to early hominid behaviour: A study of Middle Paleolithic riverside settlements at Maastricht-Belvédère (The Netherlands). Leiden: Analecta Praehistorica Leidensia 21. 198 p.
71. Rots V (2010) Prehension and Hafting wear on Flint Tools. A Methodology. Leuven: Leuven University Press. 304 p.
72. Blott SJ, Pye K (2008) Particle shape: a review and new methods of characterization and classification. Sedimentology 55: 31-63.
73. Smith GHS, Best JL, Bristow CS, Petts GE (2006) Braided River: Process, Deposits, ecology and Management. International Association of Sedfimentologists, Special Publication 36. 396 p.
74. Collinson JD (1996) Alluvial sediments. In: Reading HG, editor. Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy. Blackwell Science. pp. 688.
75. Bridge JS, Demicco RV (2008) Earth Surface Processes, Landforms and Sediment Deposits. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 815 p.
76. Retallack GJ (1990) Soil of the past, An introduction to paleopedology. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 520 p.
77. Sehgal JL, Stoops G (1972) Pedogenic calcite accumulation in arid and semi-arid regions of the Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain of erstwhile Punjab (India) - Their morphology and origin. Geoderma 8: 59-72.
78. Gile LH, Hawley JW, Grossman RB (1981) Soils and geomorphology in the Basin and Range area of southern New Mexico-Guidebook to the Desert Project. Albuquerque: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 39. 222 p.
79. de Wit HA (1978) Soils and grassland types of the Serengeti Plain (Tanzania). Wageningen: Centre for Agricultural Publication and Documentation. pp. 300.
80. Retallack GJ (1991) Miocene paloesols and ape habitats in Pakistan and Kenya. New York: Oxford University Press, 246 p.
81. Retallack GJ (2005) Pedogenic carbonate proxies for amount and seasonality of precipitation in paleosols. Geology 33: 333-336.
82. Milli S, Moscatelli M, Palombo MR, Parlagreco L, Paciucci M (2008) Incised-valley, their filling and mammal fossil record: an example in the Middle-Upper Pleistocene deposits of the Roman Basin. Geoacta, Special Publication 1: 67-88.
83. Milli S, D'Ambrogi C, Bellotti P, Calderoni G, Carboni MG, et al. (2013) The transition from wave-dominated estuary to wave-dominated delta: The Late Quaternary stratigraphic architecture of Tiber deltaic succession (Italy). Sedimentary Geology, 284-285: 159-180.
84. Palladino DM, Gaeta M, Giaccio B, Sottili G (2014) On the anatomy of magma chamber and caldera collapse: the example of trachy-phonolitic explosive eruptions of the Roman Province (central Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 281: 12-26.
85. Sottili G, Palladino DM, Zanon V (2004) Plinian activity during the early eruptive history of the Sabatini Volcanic District, Central Italy. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 135: 361-379.
86. Giaccio B, Galli P, Peronace E, Arienzo I, Nomade S, et al. (2014) A 560-440 ka tephra record from the Mercure Basin, southern Italy: volcanological and tephrostratigraphic implications. Journal of Quaternary Science 29: 232-248.
87. Petrosino P, Jicha BR, Mazzeo FC, Russo Ermolli E (2014) A high resolution tephrochronological record of MIS 14-12 in the Southern Apennines (Acerno Basin, Italy). Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 274: 34-50.
88. Munno R, Petrosino P, Romano P, Russo Ermolli E, Juvigné E (2001) A late Middle Pleistocene climatic cycle in southern Italy inferred from pollen analysis and tefrostratigraphy of the Acerno lacustrine succession. Geographie physique et Quaternaire 55: 87-99.
89. Jouzel J, Masson-Delmotte V, Cattani O, Dreyfus G, Falourd S, et al. (2007) Orbital and Millennial Antarctic Climate Variability over the Past 800,000 Years. Science 317: 793-797. PMID: 17615306
90. Palombo MR, Villa P (2007) L'utilità dell'analisi delle lineee di Schreger nello studio dei Proboscidati. In: Fiore I, Malerba G, Chilardi S, editors. Atti del 3° Congresso Internazionale di Archeozoologia. Roma: Collana del Bollettino di Paletnologia Italiana. pp. 35-44. doi: 10.1007/s10856-015-5398-2 PMID: 25733381
91. Saegusa H, Gilbert WH (2008) Elephantidae. In: Henry W, Gilbert WH, Asfaw B. editors. Homo erectus in Africa: Pleistocene Evidence from the Middle Awash. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 193-226.
92. Palombo MR, Albayrak E, Marano F (2010) The straight-tusked Elephants from Neumark Nord, a glance to a lost world. In: Meller H editor. Elefantenreich- Eine Fossilwelt in Europa, Katalog zur Sonderausstellung im Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle. Halle (Saale). pp. 219-247.
93. Lemorini C (2001) Seeing use-wear on the "oldest tools": La Polledrara di Cecanibbio and Casal de' Pazzi (Rome). In: Cavarretta G, Gioia P, Mussi M, Palombo MR editors. The World of Elephants. Rome: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. pp. 57-58.
94. Peretto C, editor, (1994) Le industrie litiche del giacimento paleolitico di Isernia La Pineta, la tipologia, le tracce di utilizzazione, la sperimentazione. Istituto regionale per gli studi storici del Molise «V. Cuoco», Isernia: Cosmo Iannone edizione. 493 p.
95. Peretto C, La Rosa M, Liboni A, Milliken S, Sozzi M, Zarattini A (1997) Le gisement de Quarto delle Cinfonare dans le cadre du Paléolithique inférieur de l'Italie ouest-centrale. L' Anthropologie 10(4): 597-615.
96. Lumley de H, Barsky D (2004) Evolution des caractères technologiques et typologiques des industries lithiques dans la stratigraphie de la Caune de l'Arago. L'Anthropologie 108: 185-237
97. Kretzoi M, Dobosi VT editors, (1990) Vértesszölös, Site, Man and Culture. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiado. 554 p.
98. Rocca R (2013) Peut-on définir des aires culturelles au Paléolithique inférieur? Originalité des premières industries lithiques en Europe centrale dans le cadre du peuplement de l'Europe. PhD tesis, Université Paris Nanterre la Défense.
99. Mai DH, Mania D, Nötzold T, Toepfer V, Vlcek E, et al. (1983) Bilzingsleben II, Halle: Veröff. Landesmuseum Vorgeschichte 36. 258 p.
100. Barkai R, Lemorini C, Gopher A (2010) Palaeolithic cutlery 400.000-200.000 years ago: tiny meat-cutting tolls from Qesem Cave, Israël. Antiquity 84: 325.
101. Posamentier HW, Allen GP (1999) Siliciclastic Sequence Stratigraphy - Concepts and Applications. SEPM, Concepts in Sedimentology and Paleontology 7. 210 p.
102. Blum M, Martin J, Milliken K, Garvin M (2013) Paleovalley systems: Insights from Quaternary analogs and experiments. Earth-Science Reviews 116: 128-169. doi: 10.1007/s13280-012-0367-1 PMID: 23475650
103. Milli S, Palombo MR (2005) The high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and the mammal fossil record: a test in the Middle-Upper Pleistocene deposits of the Roman Basin (Latium, Italy). Quaternary International 126-128: 251-270.
104. Bertran P, Lenoble A, Todisco D, Desrosiers PM, Sørensen M (2012) Particle size distribution of lithic assemblages and taphonomy of Palaeolithic sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 39 (10): 3148-3166. PMID: 22923880
105. Bertran P, Texier JP (1995) Fabric Analysis: Application to Palaeolithic Sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 22: 521-535.
106. Villa P, Anzidei AP, Cerilli E (1999) Bones and bone modifications at La Polledrara, a Middle Pleistocene site in Italy. In: Gaudzinski S, Turner E, editors. The Role of Early Humans in the Accumulation of European Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Bone Assemblages. Mainz: Monographien des Romisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum vol. 42. pp. 197-206.
107. Smith GM (2012) Hominin-Carnivore Interaction at the Lower Palaeolithic site of Boxgrove, UK. Journal of Taphonomy 10(3-4): 373-394. doi: 10.1093/jscr/2012.10.3.Intramural PMID: 24960743
108. White PA, Diedrich CG (2012) Taphonomy story of a modern African elephant Loxodonta africana carcass on a lakeshore in Zambia (Africa). Quaternary International 276-277: 287-296.
109. Ben-Dor M, Gopher A, Hershkovitz I, Barkai R (2011). Man the Fat Hunter: The Demise of Homo erectus and the Emergence of a New Hominin Lineage in the Middle Pleistocene (ca. 400 kyr) Levant. PLoS ONE 6 (12): e28689. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028689 PMID: 22174868
110. Stiner MC, Gopher A, Barkai R (2011). Hearth-side socioeconomics, hunting and paleoecology during the late Lower Paleolithic at Qesem Cave, Israel. Journal of Human Evolution 60 (2): 213-233. doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.006 PMID: 21146194
111. Mazza PPA (1998) Taphonomic analysis of late Middle Pleistocene mammal remains from Bucine (Upper Valdarno, Tuscany, Central Italy). Boll. Soc. Paleont. Ital. 36 (3): 381-390.
112. Mazza PPA, Martini F, Sala B, Magi M, Colombini MP, Giachi G, et al. (2006) A new Palaeolithic discovery: tar-hafted stone tools in a EuropeanMid-Pleistocene bone-bearing bed. Journal of Archaeological Science 33: 1310-1318.
113. Boschian G, Saccà D (2014) In the elephant, everything is good: Carcass use and re-use at Castel di Guido (Italy). Quaternary International. In press. PMID: 25642117
114. Galli P, Giaccio B, Peronace E, Messina P (2014) Holocene Paleoearthquakes and Early-Late Pleistocene Slip-Rate on the Sulmona Fault (Central Apeninnes, Italy). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 105: doi: 10.1785/0120120029