Cardiac Arrest: the Changing Incidence of Ventricular Fibrillation

Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 7, 2015, Pages

  Keller, Steven P ^a,b   Halperin, Henry R ^b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Chest compressions; Defibrillation; Pulseless electrical activity; Sudden cardiac arrest; Ventricular fibrillation

Indexed keywords

AMBULANCE RESPONSE TIME; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CAUSE OF DEATH; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); CORONARY ARTERY PRESSURE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ELECTRIC ACTIVITY; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART MUSCLE CONTRACTILITY; HEART MUSCLE POTENTIAL; HEART RHYTHM; HEART VENTRICLE CONTRACTION; HEART VENTRICLE FIBRILLATION; HEART VENTRICLE TACHYCARDIA; HUMAN; IMPLANTABLE CARDIOVERTER DEFIBRILLATOR; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; OUT OF HOSPITAL CARDIAC ARREST; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PULSELESS ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY ARREST; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RESUSCITATION; REVIEW; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; TACHYCARDIA;

EID: 84929411583     PISSN: 10928464     EISSN: 15343189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11936-015-0392-z     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2013 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2013;127(1):e6–245.
2. Engdahl J, Holmberg M, Karlson BW, Luepker R, Herlitz J. The epidemiology of out-of-hospital “sudden” cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2002;52:235–45.
3. Myerburg R. Sudden cardiac death: exploring the limits of our knowledge. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001;12:369–81.
4. Heron M. Deaths: leading causes for 2010. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2013;62:1–97.
5. Myerburg RJ, Halperin H, Egan DA, Boineau R, Chugh SS, Gillis AM, et al. Pulseless electric activity: definition, causes, mechanisms, management, and research priorities for the next decade: report from a national heart, lung, and blood institute workshop. Circulation. 2013;128:2532–41. Report from an NIH working group that summarizes the current understanding of pulseless electrical activity and details potential directions for future research.
6. Chan PS, Krumholz HM, Nichol G, Nallamothu BK. Delayed time to defibrillation after in-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:9–17.
7. Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J. Incidence, duration and survival of ventricular fibrillation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Sweden. Resuscitation. 2000;44:7–17.
8. Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, Carey SM, Kaye W, Mancini ME, et al. First documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA. 2006;295:50–7.
9. Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB, Indik JH, Halperin HR, Berg RA. Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med. 2010;38:101–8.
10. Bunch TJ, White RD, Friedman PA, Kottke TE, Wu LA, Packer DL. Trends in treated ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a 17-year population-based study. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1:255–9.
11. Kuisma M, Repo J, Alaspää A. The incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation in Helsinki, Finland, from 1994 to 1999. Lancet. 2001;358:473–4.
12. Herlitz J, Andersson E, Bång A, Engdahl J, Holmberg M, Lindqvist J, et al. Experiences from treatment of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest during 17 years in Göteborg. Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1251–8. Study from Goteberg, Sweden that demonstrated decreasing incidence of out-of-hospital VF from 1981 to 1997 despite increased rate of bystander-provided CPR and shortened interval from time of collapse to defibrillation.
13. Cobb LA, Fahrenbruch CE, Olsufka M, Copass MK. Changing incidence of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation, 1980–2000. JAMA. 2015;288:3008–13. Population study from Seattle detailing a decline of 56 % in the incidence of out-of-hospital VF from 1980 to 2000.
14. Polentini MS, Pirrallo RG, McGill W. The changing incidence of ventricular fibrillation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1992–2002). Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;10:52–60.
15. Redding JS, Pearson JW. Resuscitation from asphyxia. JAMA. 1962;182:283–6.
16. Wallmuller C, Meron G, Kurkciyan I, Schober A, Stratil P, Sterz F. Causes of in-hospital cardiac arrest and influence on outcome. Resuscitation. 2012;83:1206–11.
17. Bocka JJ, Overton DT, Hauser A. Electromechanical dissociation in human beings: an echocardiographic evaluation. Ann Emerg Med. 1988;17:450–2.
18. Salen P, Melniker L, Chooljian C, Rose JS, Alteveer J, Reed J, et al. Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients? Am J Emerg Med. 2005;23:459–62.
19. Larabee TM, Paradis NA, Bartsch J, Cheng L, Little C. A swine model of pseudo-pulseless electrical activity induced by partial asphyxiation. Resuscitation. 2008;78:196–9.
20. Lee JA, Allen DG. Mechanisms of acute ischemic contractile failure of the heart—role of intracellular calcium. J Clin Invest. 1991;88:361–7.
21. Raizes G, Wagner GS, Hackel DB. Instantaneous nonarrhythmic cardiac death in acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 1977;39:1–6.
22. Kitakaze M, Marban E. Cellular mechanism of the modulation of contractile function by coronary perfusion pressure in ferret hearts. J Physiol. 1989;414:455–72.
23. Ponce-Hornos JE, Langer GA. Effects of inorganic phosphate on ion exchange, energy state, and contraction in mammalian heart. Am J Physiol. 1982;242:H79–88.
24. Schmidt-Ott SC, Bletz C, Vahl C, Saggau W, Hagl S, Rüegg JC. Inorganic phosphate inhibits contractility and ATPase activity in skinned fibers from human myocardium. Basic Res Cardiol. 1990;85:358–66.
25. Ebus JP, Stienen GJ, Elzinga G. Influence of phosphate and pH on myofibrillar ATPase activity and force in skinned cardiac trabeculae from rat. J Physiol. 1994;476:501–16.
26. Davis AM, Natelson BH. Brain-heart interactions. The neurocardiology of arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Tex Heart Inst J. 1993;20:158–69.
27. Dhalla NS, Adameova A, Kaur M. Role of catecholamine oxidation in sudden cardiac death. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2010;24:539–46.
28. Xia Z-F, Zhao P, Horton JW. Changes in cardiac contractile function and myocardial [Ca2+]i after burn trauma: NMR study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2001;280:H916–22.
29. Hasking GJ, Esler MD, Jennings GL, Burton D, Johns JA, Korner PI. Norepinephrine spillover to plasma in patients with congestive heart failure: evidence of increased overall and cardiorenal sympathetic nervous activity. Circulation. 1986;73:615–21.
30. Hoyert DL. 75 years of mortality in the United States, 1935–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012;1–8.
31. Chartbook for the Conference on the Decline in Coronary Heart Disease Mortality; comparability of cause-of-death statistics, figures and tables, and technical notes describing trends in ischemic heart disease mortality. Hyattsville, MD; 1978.
32. Fox CS, Evans JC, Larson MG, Kannel WB, Levy D. Temporal trends in coronary heart disease mortality and sudden cardiac death from 1950 to 1999: The Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004;110:522–7.
33. Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, Critchley JA, Labarthe DR, Kottke TE, et al. Explaining the decrease in U.S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980–2000. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:2388–98.
34. Yongquist S, Kaji AH, Niemann JT. Beta-blocker use and the changing epidemiology of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest rhythms. Resuscitation. 2008;76:376–80.
35. Smith NL, Chan JD, Rea TD, Wiggins KL, Gottdiener JS, Lumley T, et al. Time trends in the use of β-blockers and other pharmacotherapies in older adults with congestive heart failure. Am Heart J. 2004;148:710–7.
36. Shah SM, Carey IM, DeWilde S, Richards N, Cook DG. Trends and inequities in beta-blocker prescribing for heart failure. Br J Gen Pract. 2008;58:862–9.
37. Andersson C, Shilane D, Go AS, Chang TI, Kazi D, Solomon MD, et al. Beta-blocker therapy and cardiac events among patients with newly diagnosed coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64:247–52.
38. Chadda K, Goldstein S, Byington R, Curb JD. Effect of propranolol after acute myocardial infarction in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation. 1986;73:503–10.
39. Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, Watkins L, Gott VL, Schauble JF, et al. Termination of malignant ventricular arrhythmias with an implanted automatic defibrillator in human beings. N Engl J Med. 1980;303:322–4.
40. Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, Daubert JP, Higgins SL, Klein H, et al. Improved survival with an implanted defibrillator in patients with coronary disease at high risk for ventricular arrhythmia. Multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:1933–40.
41. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, Klein H, Wilber DJ, Cannom DS, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:877–83.
42. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, Josephson ME, Prystowsky EN, Hafley G. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter Unsustained Tachycardia Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1882–90.
43. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, Poole JE, Packer DL, Boineau R, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:225–37.
44. Desai AS, Fang JC, Maisel WH, Baughman KL. Implantable defibrillators for the prevention of mortality in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA. 2004;292:2874–9.
45. Mond HG, Proclemer A. The 11th world survey of cardiac pacing and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators: calendar year 2009—a World Society of Arrhythmia’s project. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34:1013–27.
46. Hulleman M, Berdowski J, De Groot JR, Van Dessel PFHM, Jan Willem Borleffs C, Blom MT, et al. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators have reduced the incidence of resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest caused by lethal arrhythmias. Circulation. 2012;126:815–21. Study from Holland that attributes 1/3 of the decrease in the incidence of out-of-hospital VF from 1985 to 1997 to the increased use of ICDs.
47. Mitchell LB, Pineda EA, Titus JL, Bartosch PM, Benditt DG. Sudden death in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillators. The importance of post-shock electromechanical dissociation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:1323–8.
48. Mannino DM, Homa DM, Akinbami LJ, Ford ES, Redd SC. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease surveillance—United States, 1971–2000. Respir Care. 2002;47:1184–99.
49. Akinbami LJ, Liu X. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults aged 18 and over in the United States, 1998–2009. NCHS Data Brief. 2011;1–8.
50. Hall MJ, Levant S, DeFrances CJ. Trends in inpatient hospital deaths: National Hospital Discharge Survey, 2000–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2013;1–8.
51. Coba V, Jaehne AK, Suarez A, Dagher GA, Brown SC, Yang JJ, et al. The incidence and significance of bacteremia in out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation. 2014;85:196–202.
52. Neumar RW, Otto CW, Link MS, Kronick SL, Shuster M, Callaway CW, et al. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122:S729–67.
53. Weisfeldt ML, Chandra N. Physiology of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Annu Rev Med. 1981;32:435–42.
54. Chandra N, Guerci A, Weisfeldt ML, Tsitlik J, Lepor N. Contrasts between intrathoracic pressures during external chest compression and cardiac massage. Crit Care Med. 1981;9:789–92.
55. Maier GW, Tyson GS, Olsen CO, Kernstein KH, Davis JW, Conn EH, et al. The physiology of external cardiac massage: high-impulse cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation. 1984;70:86–101.
56. Hausknecht MJ, Wise RA, Brower RG, Hassapoyannes C, Weisfeldt ML, Suzuki J, et al. Effects of lung inflation on blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the canine isolated heart-lung preparation. Circ Res. 1986;59:676–83.
57. Cohen TJ, Tucker KJ, Lurie KG, Redberg RF, Dutton JP, Dwyer KA, et al. Active compression-decompression. A new method of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation working group. JAMA. 1992;267:2916–23.
58. Lurie KG, Shultz JJ, Callaham ML, Schwab TM, Gisch T, Rector T, et al. Evaluation of active compression-decompression CPR in victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 1994;271:1405–11.
59. Lurie K. Mechanical devices for cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an update. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2002;20:771–84.
60. Langhelle A, Strømme T, Sunde K, Wik L, Nicolaysen G, Steen PA. Inspiratory impedance threshold valve during CPR. Resuscitation. 2002;52:39–48.
61. Lurie KG, Coffeen P, Shultz J, McKnite S, Detloff B, Mulligan K. Improving active compression-decompression cardiopulmonary resuscitation with an inspiratory impedance valve. Circulation. 1995;91:1629–32.
62. Cabrini L, Beccaria P, Landoni G, Biondi-Zoccai GGL, Sheiban I, Cristofolini M, et al. Impact of impedance threshold devices on cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:1625–32.
63. Halperin HR, Paradis N, Ornato JP, Zviman M, Lacorte J, Lardo A, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with a novel chest compression device in a porcine model of cardiac arrest: improved hemodynamics and mechanisms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;44:2214–20.
64. Casner M, Andersen D, Isaacs SM. The impact of a new CPR assist device on rate of return of spontaneous circulation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:61–7.
65. Hallstrom A, Rea TD, Sayre MR, Christenson J, Anton AR, Mosesso VN, et al. Manual chest compression vs use of an automated chest compression device during resuscitation following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2006;295:2620–8.
66. Ewy GA. The cardiocerebral resuscitation protocol for treatment of out-of-hospital primary cardiac arrest. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2012;20:65.
67. Ewy GA, Bobrow BJ. Cardiocerebral resuscitation: an approach to improving survival of patients with primary cardiac arrest. J Intensive Care Med. 2014.
68. Cunningham LM, Mattu A, O’Connor RE, Brady WJ. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest: the importance of uninterrupted chest compressions in cardiac arrest resuscitation. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30:1630–8.
69. Hallstrom A, Cobb L, Johnson E, Copass M. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation by chest compression alone or with mouth-to-mouth ventilation. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1546–53.
70. Halperin HR, Brower R, Weisfeldt ML, Tsitlik JE, Chandra N, Cristiano LM, et al. Air trapping in the lungs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs. A mechanism for generating changes in intrathoracic pressure. Circ Res. 1989;65:946–54.
71. Pargett M, Geddes LA, Otlewski MP, Rundell AE. Rhythmic abdominal compression CPR ventilates without supplemental breaths and provides effective blood circulation. Resuscitation. 2008;79:460–7.
72. Deakin CD, O’Neill JF, Tabor T. Does compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate adequate passive ventilation during cardiac arrest? Resuscitation. 2007;75:53–9.
73. Botran M, Lopez-Herce J, Urbano J, Solana MJ, Garcia A, Carrillo A. Chest compressions versus ventilation plus chest compressions: a randomized trial in a pediatric asphyxial cardiac arrest animal model. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:1873–80.
74. Hasegawa K, Hiraide A, Chang Y, Brown DFM. Association of prehospital advanced airway management with neurologic outcome and survival in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA. 2013;309:257–66.
75. Bernard SA, Gray TW, Buist MD, Jones BM, Silvester W, Gutteridge G, et al. Treatment of comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with induced hypothermia. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:557–63.
76. Mild therapeutic hypothermia to improve the neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:549–56.
77. Nielsen N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, Erlinge D, Gasche Y, Hassager C, et al. Targeted temperature management at 33 °C versus 36 °C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:2197–206.
78. Yannopoulos D, Zviman M, Castro V, Kolandaivelu A, Ranjan R, Wilson RF, et al. Intra-cardiopulmonary resuscitation hypothermia with and without volume loading in an ischemic model of cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2009;120:1426–35.
79. Chen Y-S, Lin J-W, Yu H-Y, Ko W-J, Jerng J-S, Chang W-T, et al. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation with assisted extracorporeal life-support versus conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults with in-hospital cardiac arrest: an observational study and propensity analysis. Lancet. 2008;372:554–61.
80. Cave DM, Gazmuri RJ, Otto CW, Nadkarni VM, Cheng A, Brooks SC, et al. Part 7: CPR techniques and devices: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122:S720–8.