Early intervention in psychosis: Obvious, effective, overdue

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 203, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 310-318

  McGorry, Patrick D ^a  

^a THE NATIONAL CENTRE OF EXCELLENCE IN YOUTH MENTAL HEALTH   (Australia)

Author keywords

Early intervention; prevention; psychosis; service reform

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT HEALTH; AUSTRALIA; AUSTRALIAN; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CASE MANAGEMENT; CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; EARLY INTERVENTION; GOVERNMENT; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; MENTAL HEALTH CARE; MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE; NEUROBIOLOGY; NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASE; PHYSICAL DISEASE; PSYCHOSIS; REVIEW; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGY; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EARLY MEDICAL INTERVENTION; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SCHIZOPHRENIC PSYCHOLOGY; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84929340737     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: 1539736X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000284     Document Type: Review

References (83)

1. Addington J, Burnett P, (2004) Working with Families in the Early Stages of Psychosis. In Gleeson JFM, McGorry PD, (Eds), Psychological Interventions in Early Psychosis: A Treatment Handbook (pp 99-117). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2. Anderson K, Fuhrer R, Malla A, (2010) The pathways to mental health care of first-episode psychosis patients: a systematic review. Psychol Med. 40: 1585-1597.
3. Anderson KK, Fuhrer R, Malla AK, (2013a) "There are too many steps before you get to where you need to be": help-seeking by patients with first-episode psychosis. J Ment Health. 22: 384-395.
4. Anderson KK, Fuhrer R, Schmitz N, Malla AK, (2013b) Determinants of negative pathways to care and their impact on service disengagement in first-episode psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 48: 125-136.
5. Andreasen N, (1983) Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS). Iowa City: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine.
6. Andreasen NC, (1984) Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS). Iowa City: Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine.
7. Andreasen NC, Carpenter WT, Kane JM, Lasser RA, Marder SR, Weinberger DR, (2005) Remission in schizophrenia: proposed criteria and rationale for consensus. Am J Psychiat. 162: 441-449.
8. Bechard-Evans L, Schmitz N, Abadi S, Joober R, King S, Malla A, (2007) Determinants of help-seeking and system related components of delay in the treatment of first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 96: 206-214.
9. Benoit A, Bodnar M, Malla AK, Joober R, Bherer L, Lepage M, (2014) Changes in memory performance over a 12-month period in relation to achieving symptomatic remission after a first-episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 153: 103-108.
10. Bertelsen M, Jeppesen P, Petersen L, Thorup A, Øhlenschlæger J, le Quach P, Christensen TØ Krarup G, Jørgensen P, Nordentoft M, (2008) Five-year follow-up of a randomized multicenter trial of intensive early intervention vs standard treatment for patients with a first episode of psychotic illness: the OPUS trial. Arch Gen Psychiat. 65: 762-771.
11. Birchwood M, Connor C, Lester H, Patterson P, Freemantle N, Marshall M, Fowler D, Lewis S, Jones P, Amos T, Everard L, Singh SP, (2013) Reducing duration of untreated psychosis: care pathways to early intervention in psychosis services. Br J Psychiatry. 203: 58-64.
12. Birchwood M, Macmillan F, (1993) Early intervention in schizophrenia. Australas Psychiatry. 27: 374-378.
13. Birchwood M, McGorry P, Jackson H, (1997) Early intervention in schizophrenia. Brit J Psychiat. 170: 2-11.
14. Birchwood M, Todd P, Jackson C, (1998) Early intervention in psychosis. The critical period hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry Suppl. 172: 53-59.
15. Bodnar M, Malla A, Joober R, Lepage M, (2008) Cognitive markers of short-term clinical outcome in first-episode psychosis. Brit J Psychiat. 193: 297-304.
16. Bond G, Drake R, Luciano A, (2014) Employment and educational outcomes in early intervention programmes for early psychosis: a systematic review. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 1-12.
17. Bond GR, Becker DR, Drake RE, Rapp CA, Meisler N, Lehman AF, Bell MD, Blyler CR, (2001) Implementing Supported Employmentas an Evidence-Based Practice. Psychiatr Serv. 52: 313-322.
18. Breitborde N, Woods S, Srihari V, (2009) Multifamily psychoeducation for first-episode psychosis: A cost-effectiveness analysis. Psychiatr Serv. 60: 1477-1483.
19. Chen E, Tang J, Hui C, Chan S, Chang W, Lee E, Chiu C, Lam M, Law C, Yew C, (2012) Three-year outcome of phase-specific early intervention for first-episode psychosis: a cohort study in Hong Kong. Hong Kong medical journal= Xianggang yi xue za zhi/Hong Kong Academy of Medicine. 18: 7.
20. Compton MT, (2010) The Family's Role in Psychosis Care. Medscape Psychiatry & Mental Health. Available at: http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/718379. Accessed October 18, 2014.
21. Conus P, Lambert M, Cotton S, Bonsack C, McGorry PD, Schimmelmann BG, (2010) Rate and predictors of service disengagement in an epidemiological first-episode psychosis cohort. Schizophr Res. 118: 256-263.
22. Corrigan PW, Phelan SM, (2004) Social Support and Recovery in People with Serious Mental Illnesses. Community Ment Hlt J. 40: 513-523.
23. Craig TK, Garety P, Power P, Rahaman N, Colbert S, Fornells-Ambrojo M, Dunn G, (2004) The Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) Team: randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of specialised care for early psychosis. BMJ. 329: 1067.
24. Curtis J, Henry C, Watkins A, Newall H, Samaras K, Ward PB, (2011) Metabolic abnormalities in an early psychosis service: a retrospective, naturalistic cross-sectional study. Early Interv Psychiatry. 5: 108-114.
25. Dixon L, (2000) Assertive community treatment: twenty-five years of gold. Psychiatr Serv. 51: 759-765.
26. Doyle R, Turner N, Fanning F, Brennan D, Renwick L, Lawlor E, Clarke M, (2014) First-Episode Psychosis and Disengagement From Treatment: A Systematic Review. Psychiatr Serv. 65: 603-611.
27. Fjell A, Thorsen GRB, Friis S, Johannessen JO, Larsen T, Lie K, Lyse H-G, Melle I, Simonsen E, Smeby NA, (2007) Innovations: Psychoeducation: Multifamily group treatment in a program for patients with first-episode psychosis: experiences from the TIPS project. Psychiatr Serv. 58: 171-173.
28. Flückiger C, Del Re A, Wampold BE, Symonds D, Horvath AO, (2012) How central is the alliance in psychotherapy? A multilevel longitudinal meta-analysis. J Couns Psychol. 59: 10.
29. Garety PA, Craig TK, Dunn G, Fornells-Ambrojo M, Colbert S, Rahaman N, Read J, Power P, (2006) Specialised care for early psychosis: symptoms, social functioning and patient satisfaction Randomised controlled trial. Brit J Psychiat. 188: 37-45.
30. Goldman HH, Skodol AE, Lave TR, (1992) Revising axis V for DSM-IV: a review of measures of social functioning. Am J Psychiatry. 149: 1148-1156.
31. Gordon C, Green M, (2013) Shared decision making in the treatment of psychosis. Psychiatr Times. 30: 33-48.
32. Gulliford M, Naithani S, Morgan M, (2006) What is' continuity of care'? J Health Serv Res Policy. 11: 248-250.
33. Harrison G, Hopper K, Craig T, Laska E, Siegel C, Wanderling J, Dube K, Ganev K, Giel R, Der Heiden WA, (2001) Recovery from psychotic illness: a 15-and 25-year international follow-up study. Brit J Psychiat. 178: 506-517.
34. Harvey P, Lepage M, Malla A, (2007) Benefits of enriched intervention compared with standard care for patients with recent-onset psychosis: a metaanalytic approach. Can J Psychiat. 52: 464.
35. Hovington CL, Bodnar M, Joober R, Malla AK, Lepage M, (2013) Impairment in verbal memory observed in first episode psychosis patients with persistent negative symptoms. Schizophr Res. 147: 223-229.
36. International Early Psychosis Association Writing Group (2005) International clinical practice guidelines for early psychosis. Brit J Psychiat. 187: s120-s124.
37. Iyer SN, Boksa P, Lal S, Shah J, Marandola G, Jordan G, Doyle M, Joober R, Malla AK, (2015) Youth mental health transformation: A Canadian perspective. Irish J Psychol Med. 32: 51-60.
38. Iyer SN, Goldberg K, Malla AK, (2008) Sooner is better: The case for early intervention in psychosis. Schizophrenia Digest. 15-16.
39. Iyer SN, Loohuis H, Pawliuk N, Joober R, Malla AK, (2011b) Concerns reported by family members of individuals with first-episode psychosis. Early Interv Psychiatry. 5: 163-167.
40. Iyer SN, Malla A, (2014) Early Intervention in Psychosis: Concepts, Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Sante Ment Que. 39: 201-229.
41. Iyer SN, Mangala R, Anitha J, Thara R, Malla AK, (2011a) An examination of patient-identified goals for treatment in a first-episode programme in Chennai, India. Early Interv Psychiatry. 5: 360-365.
42. Iyer SN, Mangala R, Thara R, Malla AK, (2010) Preliminary findings from a study of first-episode psychosis in Montreal, Canada and Chennai, India: comparison of outcomes. Schizophr Res. 121: 227-233.
43. Iyer SN, Miklavcic A, Van der Ven E, Ramamurti M, Joober R, Rangaswamy T, Malla AK, (2014a) The role of the family in the treatment of first episode psychosis in Chennai, India and Montréal, Canada. Transcult Psychiatry. (Under review).
44. Iyer SN, Pope M, Loohuis H, Mangala R, Mohan G, Thara R, Malla A, (2014b) Family factors in first-episode psychosis in Chennai, India and Montreal, Canada: A mixed-method study. 9th International Early Psychosis Association (IEPA) conference, Tokyo, Japan. Abstract published in Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 8: 104.
45. Joseph R, Birchwood M, (2005) The national policy reforms for mental health services and the story of early intervention services in the United Kingdom. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 30: 362.
46. Jordan G, Lutgens D, Joober R, Lepage M, Iyer SN, Malla A, (2014) The relative contribution of cognition and symptomatic remission to functional outcome following treatment of a first episode of psychosis. J Clin Psychiatry. 75: e566-e572.
47. Lepage M, Bodnar M, Joober R, Malla A, (2010) Is there an association between neurocognitive performance and medication adherence in first episode psychosis? Early Interv Psychiatry. 4: 189-195.
48. Liberman RP, Kopelowicz A, (2002) Recovery from schizophrenia: a challenge for the 21st century. Int Rev Psychiatr. 14: 245-255.
49. Lloyd-Evans B, Crosby M, Stockton S, Pilling S, Hobbs L, Hinton M, Johnson S, (2011) Initiatives to shorten duration of untreated psychosis: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 198: 256-263.
50. Lutgens D, Iyer S, Joober R, Brown TG, Norman R, Latimer E, Schmitz N, Baki AA, Abadi S, Malla A, (2015) A five-year randomized parallel and blinded clinical trial of an extended specialized early intervention vs. regular care in the early phase of psychotic disorders: study protocol. BMC Psychiatry. 15: 22.
51. Malla A, Jordan G, Joober R, Schmitz N, Norman R, Brown T, Goldberg K, Loohuis H, Vracotas N, Rochford J, (2014) A Controlled Evaluation of a Targeted Early Case Detection Intervention for Reducing Delay in treatment of First Episode Psychosis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2014; 49: 1711-1718.
52. Malla A, McLean T, Norman R, (2004) A Group Psychotherapeutic Intervention during Recovery from First-Episode Psychosis. Psychological Interventions in Early Psychosis (pp 117-136). Chichester: Wiley.
53. Malla A, Norman R, (2001) Treating psychosis: is there more to early intervention than intervening early? Can J Psychiatry. 46: 645-648.
54. Malla A, Norman R, McLean T, Scholten D, Townsend L, (2003) A Canadian programme for early intervention in non-affective psychotic disorders. Aust Nz J Psychiat. 37: 407-413.
55. Malla A, Norman RM, Joober R, (2005) First-episode psychosis, early intervention, and outcome: what have we learned? Can J Psychiat. 50: 881-891.
56. Marshall M, Lewis S, Lockwood A, Drake R, Jones P, Croudace T, (2005) Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62: 975-983.
57. McFarlane WR, Lukens E, Link B, Dushay R, Deakins SA, Newmark M, Dunne EJ, Horen H, Toran J, (1995) Multiple-family groups and psychoeducation in the treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 52: 679-687
58. McGorry PD, Edwards J, Mihalopoulos C, Harrigan SM, Jackson HJ, (1996) EPPIC: an evolving system of early detection and optimal management. Schizophrenia Bull. 22: 305.
59. Montreuil T, Malla A, Joober J, Belanger C, Lepage M, (2012) Group cognitive-behavioural intervention for social anxiety in first-episode psychosis. In Early Interv Psychiatry (pp 30-30). NJ, USA: Wiley-Blackwell.
60. Naughton C, Feely J, Bennett K, (2007) A clustered randomized trial of the effects of feedback using academic detailing compared to postal bulletin on prescribing of preventative cardiovascular therapy. Fam Pract. 24: 475-480.
61. Nicole L, Abdel-Baki A, Lesage A, Granger B, Stip E, Lalonde P, (2007) L'Étude de suivi des psychoses émergentes de l'Université de Montréal (ÉSPÉUM): contexte, buts et méthodologie. Sante Ment Que. 32: 317-331.
62. Nolin M, Abdel-Baki A, Tibbo P, Malla A, (2014) Early intervention for psychosis in Canada: what is the state of affairs? 9th International Early Psychosis Association (IEPA) conference, Tokyo, Japan.
63. Nordentoft M, Thorup A, Petersen L, Øhlenschlæger J, Melau M, Christensen TØ Krarup G, Jørgensen P, Jeppesen P, (2006) Transition rates from schizotypal disorder to psychotic disorder for first-contact patients included in the OPUS trial. A randomized clinical trial of integrated treatment and standard treatment. Schizophr Res. 83: 29-40.
64. Norman RM, Malla AK, (2001) Duration of untreated psychosis: a critical examination of the concept and its importance. Psychol Med. 31: 381-400.
65. Norman RM, Malla AK, Verdi MB, Hassall LD, Fazekas C, (2004) Understanding delay in treatment for first-episode psychosis. Psychol Med. 34: 255-266.
66. Norman RMG, Malla AK, Manchanda R, Harricharan R, Takhar J, Northcott S, (2005) Social support and three-year symptom and admission outcomes for first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res. 80: 227-234.
67. O'Brien A, Fahmy R, Singh SP, (2009) Disengagement from mental health services. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 44: 558-568.
68. Pope MA, Joober R, Malla AK, (2013) Diagnostic stability of first-episode psychotic disorders and persistence of comorbid psychiatric disorders over 1 year. Can J Psychiatry. 58: 588-594.
69. Rabinovitch M, Béchard-Evans L, Schmitz N, Joober R, Malla A, (2009) Early Predictors of Nonadherence to Antipsychotic Therapy in First-Episode Psychosis. Can J Psychiatry. 54: 28-35.
70. Romano DM, McCay E, Goering P, Boydell K, Zipursky R, (2010) Reshaping an enduring sense of self: The process of recovery from a first episode of schizophrenia. Early Interv Psychiatry. 4: 243-250.
71. Saha S, Chant D, McGrath J, (2007) A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: is the differential mortality gap worsening over time? Arch Gen Psychiat. 64: 1123-1131.
72. Sapyta J, Riemer M, Bickman L, (2005) Feedback to clinicians: Theory, research, and practice. J Clin Psychol. 61: 145-153.
73. Schimmelmann BG, Conus P, Schacht M, McGorry P, Lambert M, (2006) Predictors of Service Disengagement in First-Admitted Adolescents With Psychosis. J Am Acad Child Psy. 45: 990-999.
74. Seidman E, Chorpita BF, Reay WE, Stelk W, Garland AF, Kutash K, Mullican C, Ringeisen H, (2010) A framework for measurement feedback to improve decision-making in mental health. Adm Policy Ment Health. 37: 128-131.
75. Simon SR, Rodriguez HP, Majumdar SR, Kleinman K, Warner C, Salem-Schatz S, Miroshnik I, Soumerai SB, Prosser LA, (2007) Economic analysis of a randomized trial of academic detailing interventions to improve use of antihypertensive medications. J Clin Hypertens. 9: 15-20.
76. Strauss JS, Carpenter WT, (1974) Prediction of outcome in schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 31: 37-42.
77. Tang JY, Wong GH, Hui CL, Lam MM, Chiu CP, Chan SK, Chung DWS, Tso S, Chan KPM, Yip KC, Hung SF, Chen EY, (2010) Early intervention for psychosis in Hong Kong-the EASY programme. Early Interv Psychiatry. 4: 214-219.
78. Tanskanen S, Morant N, Hinton M, Lloyd-Evans B, Crosby M, Killaspy H, Raine R, Tang JY, Wong GH, Hui CL, Lam MM, Chiu CP, Chan SK, Chung DW, Tso S, Chan KP, Yip KC, Hung SF, Chen EY, (2010) Early intervention for psychosis in Hong Kong-the EASY programme. Early Interv Psychiatry. 4: 214-219.
79. Turner M, Smith Hamel C, Mulder R, (2007) Prediction of twelve month service disengagement from an early intervention in psychosis service. Early Interv Psychiatry. 1: 276-281.
80. Tyrer PJ, (2000) Are small case-loads beautiful in severe mental illness? Br J Psychiatry. 177: 386-387.
81. Vracotas N, Iyer SN, Joober R, Malla A, (2010) The role of self-esteem for outcome in first-episode psychosis. Int J Soc Psychiatr. 58: 41-46.
82. Windell D, Norman R, Malla A, (2006) Treatment and recovery in first episode psychosis: a qualitative analysis of client experiences. Schizophr Res. 86: S141.
83. Yung AR, Yuen HP, McGorry PD, Phillips LJ, Kelly D, Dell'Olio M, Francey SM, Cosgrave EM, Killackey E, Stanford C, (2005) Mapping the onset of psychosis: the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States. Aust Nz J Psychiat. 39: 964-971.