A review on fouling of membrane distillation

Desalination and Water Treatment

Volumn 57, Issue 22, 2016, Pages 10052-10076

  Naidu, Gayathri ^a   Jeong, Sanghyun ^a,d   Vigneswaran, Saravanamuthu ^a   Hwang, Tae Mun ^b   Choi, Yong Jun ^c   Kim, Seung Hyun ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology   (South Korea)

^c Kyungnam University   (South Korea)

^d KING ABDULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

Fouling; Membrane distillation; Mitigation; Scaling

Indexed keywords

DISTILLATION; DRINKING WATER; FOULING; MEMBRANE; WETTING;

EID: 84929250127     PISSN: 19443994     EISSN: 19443986     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19443994.2015.1040271     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. UN-Water. The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk, UNESCO, Paris, 2012.
2. F.Macedonio, E.Curcio, E.Drioli, Integrated membrane systems for seawater desalination: Energetic and exergetic analysis, economic evaluation, experimental study, Desalination 203 (2007) 260–276.10.1016/j.desal.2006.02.021
3. L.F.Greenlee, D.F.Lawler, B.D.Freeman, B.Marrot, P.Moulin, Reverse osmosis desalination: Water sources, technology, and today’s challenges, Water Res. 43 (2009) 2317–2348.10.1016/j.watres.2009.03.010
4. M.Elimelech, W.A.Phillip, The future of seawater desalination: Energy, technology, and the environment, Science 333 (2011) 712–717.10.1126/science.1200488
5. C.R.Martinetti, A.E.Childress, T.Y.Cath, High recovery of concentrated RO brines using forward osmosis and membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 331 (2009) 31–39.10.1016/j.memsci.2009.01.003
6. A.Pérez-González, A.M.Urtiaga, R.Ibáñez, I.Ortiz, State of the art and review on the treatment technologies of water reverse osmosis concentrates, Water Res. 46 (2012) 267–283.10.1016/j.watres.2011.10.046
7. A.Alkhudhiri, N.Darwish, N.Hilal, Membrane distillation: A comprehensive review, Desalination 287 (2012) 2–18.10.1016/j.desal.2011.08.027
8. C.Charcosset, A review of membrane processes and renewable energies for desalination, Desalination 245 (2009) 214–231.10.1016/j.desal.2008.06.020
9. S.Al-Obaidani, E.Curcio, F.Macedonio, G.Di Profio, H.Alhinai, E.Drioli, Potential of membrane distillation in seawater desalination: Thermal efficiency, sensitivity study and cost estimation, J. Membr. Sci. 323 (2008) 85–98.10.1016/j.memsci.2008.06.006
10. M.Findley, Vaporization through porous membranes, Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 6 (1967) 226–230.
11. E.Drioli, Y.Wu, V.Calabro, Membrane distillataion in the treatment of aqueous solutions, J. Membr. Sci. 33 (1987) 277–284.10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80285-9
12. S.Andersson, N.Kjellander, B.Rodesjö, Design and field tests of a new membrane distillation desalination process, Desalination 56 (1985) 345–354.10.1016/0011-9164(85)85037-2
13. R.Schofield, A.Fane, C.Fell, Heat and mass transfer in membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 33 (1987) 299–313.10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80287-2
14. Y.Cath, V.D.Adams, A.E.Childress, Experimental study of desalination using direct contact membrane distillation: A new approach to flux enhancement, J. Membr. Sci. 228 (2004) 5–16.10.1016/j.memsci.2003.09.006
15. L.Martinez-Diez, F.Florido-Diaz, Desalination of brines by membrane distillation, Desalination 137 (2001) 267–273.10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00228-4
16. S.Gabsi, A.Chehbouni, Solar vacuum membrane distillation for seawater desalination, In Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC), IEEE Int. (2013) 182–185.
17. F.Banat, N.Jwaied, Autonomous membrane distillation pilot plant unit driven solar energy: Experiences and lessons learned, Int. J. Sustain. Water Environ. Syst. 1 (2010) 21–24.10.5383/swes
18. C.Cabassud, D.Wirth, Membrane distillation for water desalination: How to choose an appropriate membrane? Desalination 157 (2003) 307–314.10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00410-7
19. J.Koschikowski, M.Wieghaus, M.Rommel, Solar thermal-driven desalination plants based on membrane distillation, Desalination 156 (2003) 295–304.10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00360-6
20. E.Guillén-Burrieza, G.Zaragoza, S.Miralles-Cuevas, J.Blanco, Experimental evaluation of two pilot-scale membrane distillation modules used for solar desalination, J. Membr. Sci. (2012) 264–275.10.1016/j.memsci.2012.03.063
21. A.Alklaibi, N.Lior, Membrane-distillation desalination: Status and potential, Desalination 171 (2005) 111–131.10.1016/j.desal.2004.03.024
22. K.W.Lawson, D.R.Lloyd, Membrane distillation. I. Module design and performance evaluation using vacuum membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 120 (1996) 111–121.10.1016/0376-7388(96)00140-8
23. S.Bandini, C.Gostoli, G.Sarti, Separation efficiency in vacuum membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 73 (1992) 217–229.10.1016/0376-7388(92)80131-3
24. B.Li, K.K.Sirkar, Novel membrane and device for vacuum membrane distillation-based desalination process, J. Membr. Sci. 257 (2005) 60–75.10.1016/j.memsci.2004.08.040
25. M.Safavi, T.Mohammadi, High-salinity water desalination using VMD, Chem. Eng. J. 149 (2009) 191–195.10.1016/j.cej.2008.10.021
26. M.Khayet, Membranes and theoretical modeling of membrane distillation: A review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 164 (2011) 56–88.10.1016/j.cis.2010.09.005
27. S.Hsu, K.Cheng, J.Chiou, Seawater desalination by direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination 143 (2002) 279–287.10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00266-7
28. K.Zhao, W.Heinzl, M.Wenzel, S.Buttner, F.Bollen, G.Lange, S.Heinzl, N.Sarda, Experimental study of the memsys vacuum-multi-effect-membrane-distillation (V-MEMD) module, Desalination 323 (2013) 150–160.10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.003
29. G.Naidu, Y.Choi, S.Jeong, T.M.Hwang, S.Vigneswaran, Experiments and modeling of a vacuum membrane distillation for high saline water, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 20 (2014) 2174–2183.10.1016/j.jiec.2013.09.048
30. G.Naidu, S.Jeong, Y.Choi, E.Jang, T.Hwang, S.Vigneswaran, Application of vacuum membrane distillation for small scale drinking water production, Desalination 354 (2014) 53–61.10.1016/j.desal.2014.09.026
31. K.Karakulski, M.Gryta, A.Morawski, Membrane processes used for potable water quality improvement, Desalination 145 (2002) 315–319.10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00429-0
32. K.Karakulski, M.Gryta, Water demineralisation by NF/MD integrated processes, Desalination 177 (2005) 109–119.10.1016/j.desal.2004.11.018
33. K.He, H.J.Hwang, M.W.Woo, I.S.Moon, Production of drinking water from saline water by direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD), J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 17 (2011) 41–48.10.1016/j.jiec.2010.10.007
34. M.M.A.Shirazi, A.Kargari, M.J.A.Shirazi, Direct contact membrane distillation for seawater desalination, Desalin. Water Treat. 49 (2012) 368–375.10.1080/19443994.2012.719466
35. J.Vrouwenvelder, D.van der Kooij, Diagnosis, prediction and prevention of biofouling of NF and RO membranes, Desalination 139 (2001) 65–71.10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00295-8
36. J.Baker, L.Dudley, Biofouling in membrane systems—A review, Desalination 118 (1998) 81–89.10.1016/S0011-9164(98)00091-5
37. G.Amy, Fundamental understanding of organic matter fouling of membranes, Desalination 231 (2008) 44–51.10.1016/j.desal.2007.11.037
38. S.Shirazi, C.Lin, D.Chen, Inorganic fouling of pressure-driven membrane processes—A critical review, Desalination 250 (2010) 236–248.10.1016/j.desal.2009.02.056
39. N.N.Li, A.G.Fane, W.W.Ho, T.Matsuura, Advanced Membrane Technology and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hobeken, NJ, 2011.
40. S.Lee, C.Boo, M.Elimelech, S.Hong, Comparison of fouling behavior in forward osmosis (FO) and reverse osmosis (RO), J. Membr. Sci. 365 (2010) 34–39.10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.036
41. M.Goosen, S.Sablani, H.Al-Hinai, S.Al-Obeidani, R.Al-Belushi, D.Jackson, Fouling of reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration membranes: A critical review, Sep. Sci. Technol. 39 (2005) 2261–2297.10.1081/SS-120039343
42. W.Gao, H.Liang, J.Ma, M.Han, Z.-L.Chen, Z.-S.Han, G.-B.Li, Membrane fouling control in ultrafiltration technology for drinking water production: A review, Desalination 272 (2011) 1–8.10.1016/j.desal.2011.01.051
43. V.Calabro, B.L.Jiao, E.Drioli, Theoretical and experimental study on membrane distillation in the concentration of orange juice, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 33 (1994) 1803–1808.10.1021/ie00031a020
44. D.Z.Ortiz, C.Rincón, J.I.Mengual, Concentration of bovine serum albumin aqueous solutions by membrane distillation, Sep. Sci. Technol. 33 (1998) 283–296.10.1080/01496399808544769
45. K.W.Lawson, D.R.Lloyd, Membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 124 (1997) 1–25.10.1016/S0376-7388(96)00236-0
46. M.Gryta, The assessment of microorganism growth in the membrane distillation system, Desalination 142 (2002) 79–88.10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00427-1
47. M.Krivorot, A.Kushmaro, Y.Oren, J.Gilron, Factors affecting biofilm formation and biofouling in membrane distillation of seawater, J. Membr. Sci. 376 (2011) 15–24.10.1016/j.memsci.2011.01.061
48. A.Burgoyne, M.Vahdati, Direct contact membrane distillation, Sep. Sci. Technol. 35 (2000) 1257–1284.10.1081/SS-100100224
49. M.Gryta, M.Barancewicz, Influence of morphology of PVDF capillary membranes on the performance of direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 358 (2010) 158–167.10.1016/j.memsci.2010.04.044
50. M.Gryta, Concentration of NaCl solution by membrane distillation integrated with crystallization, Sep. Sci. Technol. 37 (2002) 3535–3558.10.1081/SS-120014442
51. M.Gryta, Long-term performance of membrane distillation process, J. Membr. Sci. 265 (2005) 153–159.10.1016/j.memsci.2005.04.049
52. M.Gryta, Effect of iron oxides scaling on the MD process performance, Desalination 216 (2007) 88–102.10.1016/j.desal.2007.01.002
53. M.Gryta, Fouling in direct contact membrane distillation process, J. Membr. Sci. 325 (2008) 383–394.10.1016/j.memsci.2008.08.001
54. M.Gryta, M.Tomaszewska, J.Grzechulska, A.Morawski, Membrane distillation of NaCl solution containing natural organic matter, J. Membr. Sci. 181 (2001) 279–287.10.1016/S0376-7388(00)00582-2
55. M.Gryta, Water purification by membrane distillation, Sep. Sci. Technol. 41 (2006) 1789–1798.10.1080/01496390600674950
56. A.C.M.Franken, J.A.M.Nolten, M.H.V.Mulder, D.Bargeman, C.A.Smolders, Wetting criteria for the applicability of membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 33 (1987) 315–328.10.1016/S0376-7388(00)80288-4
57. Y.Lv, X.Yu, S.Tu, J.Yan, E.Dahlquist, Wetting of polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactors, J. Membr. Sci. 362 (2010) 444–452.10.1016/j.memsci.2010.06.067
58. S.Srisurichan, R.Jiraratananon, A.G.Fane, Mass transfer mechanisms and transport resistances in direct contact membrane distillation process, J. Membr. Sci. 277 (2006) 186–194.10.1016/j.memsci.2005.10.028
59. S.Goh, J.Zhang, Y.Liu, A.G.Fane, Fouling and wetting in membrane distillation (MD) and MD-bioreactor (MDBR) for wastewater reclamation, Desalination 323 (2013) 39–47.10.1016/j.desal.2012.12.001
60. G.Naidu, S.Jeong, S.Kim, I.S.Kim, S.Vigneswaran, Organic fouling behavior in direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination 347 (2014) 230–239.10.1016/j.desal.2014.05.045
61. E.Guillen-Burrieza, A.Ruiz-Aguirre, G.Zaragoza, H.A.Arafat, Membrane fouling and cleaning in long term plant-scale membrane distillation operations, J. Membr. Sci. 468 (2014) 360–372.10.1016/j.memsci.2014.05.064
62. G.Bolton, D.LaCasse, R.Kuriyel, Combined models of membrane fouling: Development and application to microfiltration and ultrafiltration of biological fluids, J. Membr. Sci. 277 (2006) 75–84.10.1016/j.memsci.2004.12.053
63. H.Oh, Y.Choung, S.Lee, J.Choi, T.Hwang, J.H.Kim, Scale formation in reverse osmosis desalination: Model development, Desalination 238 (2009) 333–346.10.1016/j.desal.2008.10.005
64. M.S.El-Bourawi, Z.Ding, R.Ma, M.Khayet, A framework for better understanding membrane distillation separation process, J. Membr. Sci. 285 (2006) 4–29.10.1016/j.memsci.2006.08.002
65. Y.Yun, R.Ma, W.Zhang, A.G.Fane, J.Li, Direct contact membrane distillation mechanism for high concentration NaCl solutions, Desalination 188(1–3) (2006) 251–262.10.1016/j.desal.2005.04.123
66. F.Banat, S.Al-Asheh, M.Qtaishat, Treatment of waters colored with methylene blue dye by vacuum membrane distillation, Desalination 174(1) (2005) 87–96.10.1016/j.desal.2004.09.004
67. J.Gilron, Y.Ladizansky, E.Korin, Silica fouling in direct contact membrane distillation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 52 (2013) 10521–10529.10.1021/ie400265b
68. M.Ramezanianpour, M.Sivakumar, An analytical flux decline model for membrane distillation, Desalination 345 (2014) 1–12.10.1016/j.desal.2014.04.006
69. J.C.Chen, Q.Li, M.Elimelech, In situ monitoring techniques for concentration polarization and fouling phenomena in membrane filtration, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 107 (2004) 83–108.10.1016/j.cis.2003.10.018
70. X.Huang, G.R.Guillen, E.Hoek, A new high-pressure optical membrane module for direct observation of seawater RO membrane fouling and cleaning, J. Membr. Sci. 364 (2010) 149–156.10.1016/j.memsci.2010.08.009
71. H.Li, A.G.Fane, H.G.L.Coster, S.Vigneswaran, An assessment of depolarisation models of crossflow microfiltration by direct observation through the membrane, J. Membr. Sci. 172 (2000) 135–147.
72. A.P.Mairal, A.R.Greenberg, W.B.Krantz, L.J.Bond, Real-time measurement of inorganic fouling of RO desalination membranes using ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry, J. Membr. Sci. 159 (1999) 185–196.10.1016/S0376-7388(99)00058-7
73. A.P.Mairal, A.R.Greenberg, W.B.Krantz, Investigation of membrane fouling and cleaning using ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry, Desalination 130 (2000) 45–60.10.1016/S0011-9164(00)00073-4
74. K.Lutchmiah, A.Verliefde, K.Roest, L.Rietveld, E.Cornelissen, Forward osmosis for application in wastewater treatment: A review, Water Res. 58 (2014) 179–197.10.1016/j.watres.2014.03.045
75. K.L.Hickenbottom, T.Y.Cath, Sustainable operation of membrane distillation for enhancement of mineral recovery from hypersaline solutions, J. Membr. Sci. 454 (2014) 426–435.10.1016/j.memsci.2013.12.043
76. M.Gryta, Influence of polypropylene membrane surface porosity on the performance of membrane distillation process, J. Membr. Sci. 287 (2007) 67–78.10.1016/j.memsci.2006.10.011
77. 4 systems, Chem. Eng. Sci. 64 (2009) 1844–1859.10.1016/j.ces.2008.12.036
78. M.Gryta, Alkaline scaling in the membrane distillation process, Desalination 228 (2008) 128–134.10.1016/j.desal.2007.10.004
79. M.Gryta, Direct contact membrane distillation with crystallization applied to NaCl solutions, Chem. Pap. 56 (2002) 14–19.
80. E.Guillen-Burrieza, R.Thomas, B.Mansoor, D.Johnson, N.Hilal, H.Arafat, Effect of dry-out on the fouling of PVDF and PTFE membranes under conditions simulating intermittent seawater membrane distillation (SWMD), J. Membr. Sci. 438 (2013) 126–139.10.1016/j.memsci.2013.03.014
81. M.Gryta, Polyphosphates used for membrane scaling inhibition during water desalination by membrane distillation, Desalination 285 (2012) 170–176.10.1016/j.desal.2011.09.051
82. G.Naidu, S.Jeong, S.Vigneswaran, Influence of feed/permeate velocity on scaling development in a direct contact membrane distillation, Sep. Purif. Technol. 125 (2014) 291–300.10.1016/j.seppur.2014.01.049
83. M.Khayet, J.Mengual, T.Matsuura, Porous hydrophobic/hydrophilic composite membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 252 (2005) 101–113.10.1016/j.memsci.2004.11.022
84. M.Khayet, C.Cojocaru, M.C.García-Payo, Experimental design and optimization of asymmetric flat-sheet membranes prepared for direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 351 (2010) 234–245.10.1016/j.memsci.2010.01.057
85. M.M.A.Shirazi, D.Bastani, A.Kargari, M.Tabatabaei, Characterization of polymeric membranes for membrane distillation using atomic force microscopy, Desalin. Water Treat. 51 (2013) 6003–6008.10.1080/19443994.2013.765365
86. M.C.García-Payo, M.Essalhi, M.Khayet, Effects of PVDF-HFP concentration on membrane distillation performance and structural morphology of hollow fiber membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 347 (2010) 209–219.10.1016/j.memsci.2009.10.026
87. M.Khayet, A.Velázquez, J.I.Mengual, Direct contact membrane distillation of humic acid solutions, J. Membr. Sci. 240 (2004) 123–128.10.1016/j.memsci.2004.04.018
88. S.Srisurichan, R.Jiraratananon, A.Fane, Humic acid fouling in the membrane distillation process, Desalination 174 (2005) 63–72.10.1016/j.desal.2004.09.003
89. S.A.Huber, A.Balz, M.Abert, W.Pronk, Characterisation of aquatic humic and non-humic matter with size-exclusion chromatography—organic carbon detection—organic nitrogen detection (LC–OCD–OND), Water Res. 45 (2011) 879–885.10.1016/j.watres.2010.09.023
90. M.Gryta, J.Grzechulska-Damszel, A.Markowska, K.Karakulski, The influence of polypropylene degradation on the membrane wettability during membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 326 (2009) 493–502.10.1016/j.memsci.2008.10.022
91. G.Naidu, S.Jeong, S.Vigneswaran, Interaction of humic substances on fouling in membrane distillation for seawater desalination, Chem. Eng. J. 262 (2015) 946–957.10.1016/j.cej.2014.10.060
92. A.Al-Amoudi, R.W.Lovitt, Fouling strategies and the cleaning system of NF membranes and factors affecting cleaning efficiency, J. Membr. Sci. 303 (2007) 4–28.10.1016/j.memsci.2007.06.002
93. F.He, J.Gilron, H.Lee, L.Song, K.K.Sirkar, Potential for scaling by sparingly soluble salts in crossflow DCMD, J. Membr. Sci. 311 (2008) 68–80.10.1016/j.memsci.2007.11.056
94. M.Gryta, Calcium sulphate scaling in membrane distillation process, Chem. Pap. 63 (2009) 146–151.
95. L.D.Nghiem, F.Hildinger, F.I.Hai, T.Cath, Treatment of saline aqueous solutions using direct contact membrane distillation, Desalin. Water Treat. 32 (2011) 234–241.10.5004/dwt.2011.2705
96. 3 scaling in presence of humic acid, J. Membr. Sci. 346 (2010) 263–269.
97. L.D.Nghiem, T.Cath, A scaling mitigation approach during direct contact membrane distillation, Sep. Purif. Technol. 80 (2011) 315–322.10.1016/j.seppur.2011.05.013
98. W.Yuan, A.L.Zydney, Humic acid fouling during microfiltration, J. Membr. Sci. 157 (1999) 1–12.10.1016/S0376-7388(98)00329-9
99. D.Jermann, W.Pronk, S.Meylan, M.Boller, Interplay of different NOM fouling mechanisms during ultrafiltration for drinking water production, Water Res. 41 (2007) 1713–1722.10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.030
100. S.Jeong, S.-J.Kim, L.H.Kim, M.S.Shin, S.Vigneswaran, T.V.Nguyen, I.S.Kim, Foulant analysis of a reverse osmosis membrane used pretreated seawater, J. Membr. Sci. 428 (2013) 434–444.10.1016/j.memsci.2012.11.007
101. J.Phattaranawik, A.G.Fane, A.Pasquier, W.Bing, A novel membrane bioreactor based on membrane distillation, Desalination 223 (2008) 386–395.10.1016/j.desal.2007.02.075
102. C.Jucker, M.M.Clark, Adsorption of aquatic humic substances on hydrophobic ultrafiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 97 (1994) 37–52.10.1016/0376-7388(94)00146-P
103. S.Meng, Y.Ye, J.Mansouri, V.Chen, Fouling and crystallisation behaviour of superhydrophobic nano-composite PVDF membranes in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 463 (2014) 102–112.10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.027
104. D.Potts, R.Ahlert, S.Wang, A critical review of fouling of reverse osmosis membranes, Desalination 36 (1981) 235–264.10.1016/S0011-9164(00)88642-7
105. A.E.Childress, M.Elimelech, Effect of solution chemistry on the surface charge of polymeric reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes, J. Membr. Sci. 119 (1996) 253–268.10.1016/0376-7388(96)00127-5
106. M.Khayet, J.Mengual, Effect of salt concentration during the treatment of humic acid solutions by membrane distillation, Desalination 168 (2004) 373–381.10.1016/j.desal.2004.07.023
107. M.Baalousha, M.Motelica-Heino, P.Coustumer, Conformation and size of humic substances: Effects of major cation concentration and type, pH, salinity, and residence time, Colloid. Surf. A 272 (2006) 48–55.10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.07.010
108. A.Piccolo, The supramolecular structure of humic substances, Soil Sci. 166 (2001) 810–832.10.1097/00010694-200111000-00007
109. A.Criscuoli, M.C.Carnevale, E.Drioli, Evaluation of energy requirements in membrane distillation, Chem. Eng. Process.: Process Intensif. 47 (2008) 1098–1105.
110. A.G.Xyla, J.Mikroyannidis, P.G.Koutsoukos, The inhibition of calcium carbonate precipitation in aqueous media by organophosphorus compounds, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 153(2) (1992) 537–551.10.1016/0021-9797(92)90344-L
111. J.Marın-Cruz, E.Garcıa-Figueroa, M.Miranda-Hernández, I.González, Electrochemical treatments for selective growth of different calcium carbonate allotropic forms on carbon steel, Water Res. 38 (2004) 173–183.10.1016/j.watres.2003.08.023
112. T.Chong, R.Sheikholeslami, Thermodynamics and kinetics for mixed calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate precipitation, Chem. Eng. Sci. 56 (2001) 5391–5400.10.1016/S0009-2509(01)00237-8
113. P.Dydo, M.Turek, J.Ciba, Scaling analysis of nanofiltration systems fed with saturated calcium sulfate solutions in the presence of carbonate ions, Desalination 159 (2003) 245–251.10.1016/S0011-9164(03)90076-2
114. M.Gryta, Scaling diminution by heterogeneous crystallization in a filtration element integrated with membrane distillation module, Polish J. Chem. Technol. 11 (2009) 60–65.
115. F.He, K.K.Sirkar, J.Gilron, Effects of antiscalants to mitigate membrane scaling by direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci. 345(1–2) (2009) 53–58.
116. N.E.Palmer, R.von Wandruszka, Dynamic light scattering measurements of particle size development in aqueous humic materials, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 371 (2001) 951–954.10.1007/s002160101037
117. M.Drastík, F.Novák, J.Kučerík, Origin of heat-induced structural changes in dissolved organic matter, Chemosphere 90 (2013) 789–795.10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.09.076
118. J.Zhang, N.Dow, M.Duke, E.Ostarcevic, J.Li, S.Gray, Identification of material and physical features of membrane distillation membranes for high performance desalination, J. Membr. Sci. 349 (2010) 295–303.10.1016/j.memsci.2009.11.056
119. I.Sutzkover-Gutman, D.Hasson, Feed water pretreatment for desalination plants, Desalination 264 (2010) 289–296.10.1016/j.desal.2010.07.014
120. C.Vedavyasan, Pretreatment trends—An overview, Desalination 203 (2007) 296–299.10.1016/j.desal.2006.04.012
121. N.Prihasto, Q.Liu, S.Kim, Pre-treatment strategies for seawater desalination by reverse osmosis system, Desalination 249 (2009) 308–316.10.1016/j.desal.2008.09.010
122. C.Halle, P.M.Huck, S.Peldszus, J.Haberkamp, M.Jekel, Assessing the performance of biological filtration as pretreatment to low pressure membranes for drinking water, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 3878–3884.
123. C.Teng, M.Hawlader, A.Malek, An experiment with different pretreatment methods, Desalination 156 (2003) 51–58.10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00324-2
124. K.Chua, M.Hawlader, A.Malek, Pretreatment of seawater: Results of pilot trials in Singapore, Desalination 159 (2003) 225–243.10.1016/S0011-9164(03)90075-0
125. M.Wilf, M.K.Schierach, Improved performance and cost reduction of RO seawater systems using UF pretreatment, Desalination 135 (2001) 61–68.10.1016/S0011-9164(01)00139-4
126. A.Brehant, V.Bonnelye, M.Perez, Comparison of MF/UF pretreatment with conventional filtration prior to RO membranes for surface seawater desalination, Desalination 144 (2002) 353–360.10.1016/S0011-9164(02)00343-0
127. A.El-Abbassi, A.Hafidi, M.Khayet, M.García-Payo, Integrated direct contact membrane distillation for olivemill wastewater treatment, Desalination 323 (2013) 31–38.10.1016/j.desal.2012.06.014
128. B.Jiao, A.Cassano, E.Drioli, Recent advances on membrane processes for the concentration of fruit juices: A review, J. Food Eng. 63 (2004) 303–324.10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2003.08.003
129. U.K.Kesieme, N.Milne, H.Aral, C.Y.Cheng, M.Duke, Economic analysis of desalination technologies in the context of carbon pricing, and opportunities for membrane distillation, Desalination 323 (2013) 66–74.10.1016/j.desal.2013.03.033
130. J.Minier-Matar, A.Hussain, A.Janson, F.Benyahia, S.Adham, Field evaluation of membrane distillation technologies for desalination of highly saline brines, Desalination 351 (2014) 101–108.10.1016/j.desal.2014.07.027
131. M.Gryta, Chemical pretreatment of feed water for membrane distillation, Chem. Pap. 62 (2008) 100–105.
132. J.Wang, D.Qu, M.Tie, H.Ren, X.Peng, Z.Luan, Effect of coagulation pretreatment on membrane distillation process for desalination of recirculating cooling water, Sep. Purif. Technol. 64 (2008) 108–115.10.1016/j.seppur.2008.07.022
133. G.Rabin, Scale control in saline and wastewater desalination, Isr. J. Chem. 46 (2006) 97–104.
134. D.Hou, G.Dai, J.Wang, H.Fan, Z.Luan, C.Fu, Boron removal and desalination from seawater by PVDF flat-sheet membrane through direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination 326 (2013) 115–124.10.1016/j.desal.2013.07.023
135. H.Susanto, Towards practical implementations of membrane distillation, Chem. Eng. Process.: Process Intensif. 50 (2011) 139–150.10.1016/j.cep.2010.12.008
136. R.Ketrane, R.Saidant, O.Gil, L.Leleyter, F.Baraud, Efficiency of five scale inhibitors on calcium carbonate precipitation from hard water: Effect of temperature and concentration, Desalination 249 (2009) 1397–1404.10.1016/j.desal.2009.06.013