Open ocean dead zones in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean

Biogeosciences

Volumn 12, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 2597-2605

  Karstensen, J ^a   Fiedler, B ^a   Schutte F ^a   Brandt, P ^a   Kortzinger A ^a   Fischer, G ^b   Zantopp, R ^a   Hahn, J ^a   Visbeck, M ^a   Wallace, D ^c  

^a GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BREMEN   (Germany)

^c Halifax Marine Research Institute (HMRI)   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EDDY COVARIANCE; EUPHOTIC ZONE; INSTRUMENTATION; MIXED LAYER; MOORING SYSTEM; OPEN OCEAN; OPEN WATER; OXYGEN MINIMUM LAYER; VERTICAL MIGRATION; ZOOPLANKTON;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTH); WEST AFRICA;

EID: 84929181353     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-12-2597-2015     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Alldredge, A. L. and Cohen, Y.: Can microscale chemical patches persist in the sea?, Microelectrode study of marine snow, fecal pellets, Science, 235, 689-691, 1987.
2. Altabet, M. A., Ryabenko, E., Stramma, L., Wallace, D. W. R., Frank, M., Grasse, P., and Lavik, G.: An eddy-stimulated hotspot for fixed nitrogen-loss from the Peru oxygen minimum zone, Biogeosciences, 9, 4897-4908, doi:10.5194/bg-9-4897-2012, 2012.
3. Armi, L. and Zenk, W.: Large Lenses of Highly Saline Mediterranean Water, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 14, 1560-1576, 1984.
4. Ayon, P., Criales-Hernandez, M. I., Schwamborn, R., and Hirche, H.-J.: Zooplankton research off Peru: a review, Prog. Oceanog., 79, 238-255, 2008.
5. Brandt, P., Bange, H. W., Banyte, D., Dengler, M., Didwischus, S.-H., Fischer, T., Greatbatch, R. J., Hahn, J., Kanzow, T., Karstensen, J., Körtzinger, A., Krahmann, G., Schmidtko, S., Stramma, L., Tanhua, T., and Visbeck, M.: On the role of circulation and mixing in the ventilation of oxygen minimum zones with a focus on the eastern tropical North Atlantic, Biogeosciences, 12, 489-512, doi:10.5194/bg-12-489-2015, 2015.
6. Chaigneau, A., Eldin, G., and Dewitte, B.: Eddy activity in the four major upwelling systems from satellite altimetry (1992-2007), Prog. Oceanogr., 83, 117-123, 2009.
7. Chaigneau, A., Le Texier, M., Eldin, G., Grados, C., and Pizarro, O.: Vertical structure of mesoscale eddies in the eastern South Pacific Ocean: a composite analysis from altimetry and Argo profiling floats, J. Geophys. Res., 116, C11025, doi:10.1029/2011JC007134, 2011.
8. Chelton, D., Schlax, M., Samelson, R., and de Szoeke, R. A.: Global observations of large oceanic eddies, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L15606, doi:10.1029/2007GL030812, 2007.
9. Chelton, D. B., Gaube, P., Schlax, M. G., Early, J. J., and Samelson, R. M.: The Influence of Nonlinear Mesoscale Eddies on Near-Surface Oceanic Chlorophyll, Science, 334, 328-332, 2011a.
10. Chelton, D. B., Schlax, M. G., and Samelson, R. M.: Global observations of nonlinear mesoscale eddies, Prog. Oceanogr., 91, 167-216, 2011b.
11. Diaz, R. J. and Rosenberg, R.: Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems, Science, 321, 926-929, 2008.
12. d'Ovidio, F., Monte, S. D., Penna, A. D., and Guinet, C. C. C.: Ecological implications of eddy retention in the open ocean: a Lagrangian approach, J. Phys. A, 46, 254023, doi:10.1088/1751-8113/46/25/254023, 2013.
13. Eden, C. and Dietze, H.: Effects of mesoscale eddy/wind interactions on biological new production and eddy kinetic energy, J. Geophys. Res., 114, C05023, doi:10.1029/2008JC005129,2009.
14. Garcia, H. and Gordon, L.: Oxygen solubility in seawater: Better fitting equations, Limnol. Oceanogr., 37, 1307-1312, 1992.
15. Gaube, P., McGillicuddy, D. J., Chelton, D. B., Behrenfeld, M. J., and Strutton, P. G.: Regional variations in the influence of mesoscale eddies on near-surface chlorophyll, Geophys. Res., 119, 8195-8220, 2014.
16. Hahn, J., Brandt, P., Greatbatch, R., Krahmann, G., and Körtzinger, A.: Oxygen variance and meridional oxygen supply in the Tropical North East Atlantic oxygen minimum zone, Clim. Dynam., 43, 2999-3024, 2014.
17. Jenkins, W. J.: Oxygen utilization rates in North Atlantic subtropical gyre and primary production in oligotrophic systems, Nature, 300, 246-248, 1982.
18. Kalvelage, T., Jensen, M. M., Contreras, S., Revsbech, N. P., Lam, P., Günter, M., LaRoche, J., Lavik, G., and Kuypers, M. M. M.: Oxygen sensitivity of anammox and coupled N-cycle processes in oxygen minimum zones, PLoS ONE, 6, e29299, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029299, 2011.
19. Karstensen, J., Stramma, L., and Visbeck, M.: Oxygen minimum zones in the eastern tropical Atlantic and Pacific oceans, Prog. Oceanogr., 77, 331-350, 2008.
20. Klein, P. and Lapeyre, G.: The oceanic vertical pump induced by mesoscale and submesoscale turbulence, Ann. Rev. Mar. Sci., 1, 351-375, 2009.
21. Kostianoy, A. and Belkin, I.: A survey of observations on intrathermocline eddies in the world ocean, in: Mesoscale/Synoptic Coherent Structures in Geophysical Turbulence, edited by: Nihoul, J. and Jamart, B., vol. 50, Elsevier, New York, 821-841, 1989.
22. Lévy, M., Ferrari, R., Franks, P. J. S., Martin, A. P., and Rivière, P.: Bringing physics to life at the submesoscale, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L14602, doi:10.1029/2012GL052756, 2012.
23. Luyten, J., Pedlosky, J., and Stommel, H.: The ventilated thermocline, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 292-309, 1983.
24. Mahadevan, A., Thomas, L. N., and Tandon, A.: Comment on "Eddy/wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms", Science, 320, p. 448, doi:10.1126/science.1152111, 2008.
25. Martin, A. and Richards, K.: Mechanisms for vertical nutrient transport within a North Atlantic mesoscale eddy, Deep-Sea Res., 48, 757-773, 2001.
26. McGillicuddy, D. J., Anderson, L. A., Bates, N. R., Bibby, T., Buesseler, K. O., Carlson, C. A., Davis, C. S., Ewart, C., Falkowski, P. G., Goldthwait, S. A., Hansell, D. A., Jenkins, W. J., Johnson, R., Kosnyrev, V. K., Ledwell, J. R., Li, Q. P., Siegel, D. A., and Steinberg, D. K.: Eddy/wind interactions stimulate extraordinary mid-ocean plankton blooms, Science, 316, 1021-1026, 2007.
27. Morales, C. E., Hormazabal, S., Correa-Ramirez, M., Pizarro, O., Silva, N., Fernandez, C., Anabalon, V., and Torreblanca, M. L.: Mesoscale variability and nutrient-phytoplankton distributions off central-southern Chile during the upwelling season: The influence of mesoscale eddies, Prog. Oceanog., 104, 17-29, 2012.
28. Okubo, A.: Horizontal dispersion of floatable particles in the vicinity of velocity singularity such as convergences, Deep-Sea Res., 17, 445-454, 1970.
29. Pascual, A., Faugere, Y., Larnicol, G., and Le Traon, P.-Y.: Improved description of the ocean mesoscale variability by combining four satellite altimeters, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L02611, doi:10.1029/2005GL024633, 2006.
30. Pascual, A., Ruiz, S., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Guinehut, S., Iudicone, D., and Tintore, J.: Net primary production in the Gulf Stream sustained by quasi-geostrophic vertical exchanges, Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, 441-449, 2015.
31. Risien, C. M. and Chelton, D. B.: A Global Climatology of Surface Wind and Wind Stress Fields from Eight Years of QuikSCAT Scatterometer Data, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 38, 2379-2413, 2008.
32. Sangrà, P., Pascual, A., Rodríguez-Santana, Á., Machín, F., Mason, E., McWilliams, J. C., Pelegrí, J. L., Dong, C., Rubio, A., Arístegui, J., Marrero-Díaz, Á., Hernández-Guerra, A., Martínez-Marrero, A., and Auladell, M.: The Canary Eddy Corridor: A major pathway for long-lived eddies in the subtropical North Atlantic, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. I, 56, 2100-2114, 2009.
33. Souza, J. M. A. C., de Boyer Montegut, C., and Le Traon, P.-Y.: Comparison between three implementations of automatic identification algorithms for the quantification and characterization of mesoscale eddies in the South Atlantic Ocean, 7, 317-334, 2011.
34. Stramma, L., Visbeck, M., Brandt, P., Tanhua, T., and Wallace, D.: Deoxygenation in the oxygen minimum zone of the eastern tropical North Atlantic, Geophys. Res. Let., 36, 9248276, doi:10.1029/2009GL039593, 2009.
35. Tengberg, A., Hovdenes, J., Andersson, H., Brocandel, O., Diaz, R., Herbert, D., Arnerich, T., Huber, C., Kortzinger, A., Khripounoff, A., Rey, F., Rönning, C., Schimanski, J., Sommer, S., and Stangelmayer, A.: Evaluation of a lifetime-based optode to measure oxygen in aquatic systems, Limnol. Oceanogr., 4, 7-17, 2006.
36. Vaquer-Sunyer, R. and Duarte, C. M.: Thresholds of hypoxia for marine biodiversity, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 15452-15457, 2008.
37. Wilding, J.: The oxygen threshold for three species of fish, Ecology, 20, 253-263, 1939.
38. Wright, J. J., Konwar, K. M., and Hallam, S. J.: Microbial ecology of expanding oxygen minimum zones, Nature Rev. Microbiol., 10, 381-394, 2012.
39. Zhang, Z., Zhang, Y., Wang, W., and Huang, R. X.: Universal structure of mesoscale eddies in the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 40, 3677-3681, 2013.