Control, Elimination, and Eradication of River Blindness: Scenarios, Timelines, and Ivermectin Treatment Needs in Africa

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Volumn 9, Issue 4, 2015, Pages

  Kim, Young Eun ^a,b   Remme, Jan H F ^c   Steinmann, Peter ^a,b   Stolk, Wilma A ^d   Roungou, Jean Baptiste ^e   Tediosi, Fabrizio ^a,b  

^a SWISS TROPICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH INSTITUTE   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BASEL   (Switzerland)

^c Consultant ^*  (France)

^d ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^e African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control   (Burkina Faso)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IVERMECTIN; ANTIPARASITIC AGENT;

AFRICA; ARTICLE; DISEASE ASSESSMENT; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE ELIMINATION; DISEASE ERADICATION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG SURVEILLANCE PROGRAM; ENDEMIC SPECIES; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HEALTH CARE POLICY; INFORMATION PROCESSING; ONCHOCERCIASIS; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; POPULATION GROWTH; PUBLIC HEALTH; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SYMPTOM ASSESSMENT; TREATMENT DURATION; BLINDNESS; HUMAN; MALI; ONCHOCERCIASIS, OCULAR; SENEGAL;

ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS; BLINDNESS; HUMANS; IVERMECTIN; MALI; ONCHOCERCIASIS, OCULAR; SENEGAL;

EID: 84928911535     PISSN: 19352727     EISSN: 19352735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003664     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. WHO (2007) Global plan to combat neglected tropical diseases, 2008–2015. WHO/CDS/NTD/2007.3. Geneva: WHO. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2007/WHO_CDS_NTD_2007.3_eng.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
2. WHO (2012) Accelerating work to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases—a roadmap for implementation. WHO/HTM/NTD/2012.1. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2012/WHO_HTM_NTD_2012.1_eng.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
3. UNITING TO COMBAT NTDs (2012) London Declaration on neglected tropical diseases. http://unitingtocombatntds.org/sites/default/files/resource_file/london_declaration_on_ntds.pdf Accessed on 23 May 2014.
4. WHO (2013) Sustaining the drive to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases—second WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. WHO/HTM/NTD/2013.1. Geneva: WHO. http://www.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77950/1/9789241564540_eng.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
5. UNITING TO COMBAT NTDs (2014) Delivering on promises and driving progress. http://unitingtocombatntds.org/resource/delivering-promises-and-driving-progress-second-progress-report Accessed on 25 January 2015.
6. WHO (2013) APOC—status of onchocerciasis in APOC countries. http://www.who.int/apoc/onchocerciasis/status/en/index.html Accessed on 25 January 2015.
7. Crump A, Morel CM, Omura S, (2012) The onchocerciasis chronicle: from the beginning to the end? Trends Parasitol 28: 280–288. S1471-4922(12)00069-4 doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.04.005 22633470
8. WHO/APOC (2010) Report of the external mid-term evaluation of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control. JAF16.8. http://www.who.int/apoc/MidtermEvaluation_29Oct2010_final_printed.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
9. WHO (2014) Neglected Tropical Diseases—WHO declares Ecuador free of onchocerciasis (river blindness). http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/ecuador_free_from_onchocerciasis/en/ Accessed on 14 October 2014.
10. WHO (2013) Progress towards eliminating onchocerciasis in the WHO Region of the Americas: verification by WHO of elimination of transmission in Colombia. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 88: 381–385. 24052954
11. The Carter Center (2014) Current transmission status in the 13 foci of the Americas—geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the Americas. http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/health/river_blindness/OEPA-foci.pdf Accessed on 14 October 2014.
12. PAHO/WHO (2013) 52nd Directing Council (65th session of the regional committee, 30 September-4 October 2013, Washington DC, USA)—towards the elimination of onchocerciasis (river blindness) in the Americas. CD52/INF/4. Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization. http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=24390&Itemid= Accessed on 25 January 2015.
13. WHO (2011) 64th World Health Assembly (16–24 May 2011, Geneva, Switzerland)—progress report: onchocerciasis control through ivermectin distribution. A64/26. WHO. http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA64/A64_26-en.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
14. Diawara L, Traoré MO, Badji A, Bissan Y, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Sarr MD, Seck AF, Toé L, Tourée S, Remme JHF, (2009) Feasibility of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: first evidence from studies in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e497. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000497 19621091
15. Traoré MO, Sarr MD, Badji A, Bissan Y, Diawara L, Doumbia K, Goita SF, Konaté L, Mounkoro K, Seck AF, Toé L, Toure S, Remme JHF, (2012) Proof-of-principle of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment in endemic foci in Africa: final results of a study in Mali and Senegal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6: e1825. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001825 23029586
16. Ernst Strüngmann Forum (2010) Disease eradication in the context of global health in the 21st century (August 29-September 3, 2010, Frankfurt am Main, Germany). http://www.esforum.de/forums/esf07_disease_eradication.html Accessed on 20 May 2014.
17. Damian Walker, Julia Lupp (2013) Guide to preparing an eradication investment case. http://eic-guidelines.org/Guide%20to%20Preparing%20an%20EIC_Draft%208.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
18. Tediosi F, Steinmann P, de Savigny D, Tanner M, (2013) Developing eradication investment cases for onchocerciasis, lymphatic filariasis, and human African trypanosomiasis: rationale and main challenges. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2446. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002446 24244762
19. WHO (2012) Report of the WHO Strategic and Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases (24–25 April 2012, Geneva, Switzerland). WHO. http://www.who.int/entity/neglected_diseases/NTD_STAG_Report_2012.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
20. The Carter Center (2013) Fighting disease: Ethiopia—eliminating river blindness. http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/ethiopia-health-river-blindness.html Accessed on 20 April 2014.
21. Uganda Ministry of Health (2010) Health Sector Strategic Plan III, 2010/11-2014/15. http://www.health.go.ug/docs/HSSP_III_2010.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
22. Plaisier AP, van Oortmarssen GJ, Habbema JD, Remme J, Alley ES, (1990) ONCHOSIM: a model and computer simulation program for the transmission and control of onchocerciasis. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 31: 43–56. 2311368
23. WHO (2008) APOC—community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) projects. http://www.who.int/apoc/cdti/projects/en/ Accessed on 23 May 2014.
24. Noma M, Zoure HG, Tekle AH, Enyong PA, Nwoke BE, Remme JH, (2014) The geographic distribution of onchocerciasis in the 20 participating countries of the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control: (1) priority areas for ivermectin treatment. Parasit Vectors 7: 325. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-325 25053266
25. UN (2013) Population growth rates. World Population Prospects: the 2012 revision. http://esa.un.org/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm Accessed on 23 May 2014.
26. WHO/APOC (2011) Report of the CSA advisory group on onchocerciasis elimination—Annex 1. Predicting the end date of ivermectin treatment in APOC projects. JAF17.7(ii). WHO/APOC.
27. Coffeng LE, Pion SD, O'Hanlon S, Cousens S, Abiose AO, Fischer PU, Remme JH, Dadzie KY, Murdoch ME, de Vlas SJ, Basanez MG, Stolk WA, Boussinesq M, (2013) Onchocerciasis: the pre-control association between prevalence of palpable nodules and skin microfilariae. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7: e2168. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002168 23593528
28. WHO (2014) APOC—community-directed distributor (CDDs). http://www.who.int/apoc/cdti/cdds/en/ Accessed on 20 October 2014.
29. Omura S, (2008) Ivermectin: 25 years and still going strong. Int J Antimicrob Agents 31: 91–98. 18037274
30. William R.Brieger (2000) Implementation and sustainability of Community-Directed Treatment of Onchocerciasis with ivermectin: a multicountry report. TDR/AFT/RP/96.1. Geneva:UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases.
31. WHO (2014) APOC—how community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) began. http://www.who.int/apoc/cdti/history/en/ Accessed on 20 October 2014.
32. Strebel P, Ottesen EA, Quadros CA, Guirguis S, Hall RG, Cochi Stephen L., Dowdle Walter R., et al. (2011) Group Report: assessing the feasibility of an eradication initiative. In: Disease eradication in the 21st century: implications for global health. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
33. WHO/APOC (2007) Revitalising health care delivery in sub-Saharan Africa: the potential of community-directed interventions to strengthen health systems. http://www.who.int/apoc/publications/EN_HealthCare07_7_3_08.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
34. WHO/APOC (2014) 19th session of Joint Action Forum (11–13 December 2013, Brazzaville, Congo)—Final communique. WHO/APOC. http://www.who.int/entity/apoc/about/structure/jaf/Final_Communique_JAF19_Final_English_140114.pdf Accessed 20 April 2014.
35. WHO/APOC (2012) 18th session of the Joint Action Forum (Bujumbura, Burundi, 11–13 December 2012)—Final communique. WHO/APOC. http://www.who.int/entity/apoc/about/structure/jaf/Final_Communique_JAF_18_English_final_with_annexes.pdf?ua=1 Accessed on 25 January 2015.
36. Alley ES, Plaisier AP, Boatin BA, Dadzie KY, Remme J, Zerbo G, Samba EM, (1994) The impact of five years of annual ivermectin treatment on skin microfilarial loads in the onchocerciasis focus of Asubende, Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88: 581–584. 7992347
37. Plaisier AP, Alley ES, Boatin BA, van Oortmarssen GJ, Remme H, de Vlas SJ, Bonneux L, Habbema JD, (1995) Irreversible effects of ivermectin on adult parasites in onchocerciasis patients in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. J Infect Dis 172: 204–210. 7797912
38. Coffeng LE, Stolk WA, Hoerauf A, Habbema D, Bakker R, Hopkins AD, de Vlas SJ, (2014) Elimination of african onchocerciasis: modeling the impact of increasing the frequency of ivermectin mass treatment. PLoS One 9: e115886. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115886 25545677
39. WHO/APOC (2010) Conceptual and operational framework of onchocerciasis elimination with ivermectin treatment. WHO/APOC/MG/10.1. http://www.who.int/apoc/oncho_elimination_report_english.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
40. OEPA (2011) Guide for the detection of a potential recrudescence during the period of Post Treatment Surveillance (PTS). http://www.oepa.net/Documentos/GuiaVEPT/Guide_Detection_Potential_Recrudescence_During_PTS_Englishversion.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
41. Merck (2011) 2011 Corporate Responsibility Report. http://www.merckresponsibility.com/downloads/MRK_Report_Builder_Full_120824.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
42. WHO/APOC (2013) The World Health Organization Year 2013 Progress Report. JAF19.5. http://www.who.int/entity/apoc/publications/JAF195_EN_APOC_PR2013_OK.pdf?ua=1 Accessed on 25 January 2015.
43. Tamarozzi F, Tendongfor N, Enyong PA, Esum M, Faragher B, Wanji S, Taylor MJ, (2012) Long term impact of large scale community-directed delivery of doxycycline for the treatment of onchocerciasis. Parasit Vectors 5: 53. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-53 22433114
44. Tabi TE, Befidi-Mengue R, Nutman TB, Horton J, Folefack A, Pensia E, Fualem R, Fogako J, Gwanmesia P, Quakyi I, Leke R, (2004) Human loiasis in a Cameroonian village: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial of a three-day albendazole regimen. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71: 211–215. 15306713
45. WHO (2014) Neglected Tropical Diseases—PCT databank: lymphatic filariasis. http://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/preventive_chemotherapy/lf/en/ Accessed on 29 September 2014.
46. Bourguinat C, Pion SD, Kamgno J, Gardon J, Duke BO, Boussinesq M, Prichard RK, (2007) Genetic selection of low fertile Onchocerca volvulus by ivermectin treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 1: e72. 17989786
47. Walker M, Specht S, Churcher TS, Hoerauf A, Taylor MJ, Basanez MG (2014) Therapeutic efficacy and macrofilaricidal activity of doxycycline for the treatment of river blindness. Clin Infect Dis. ciu1152 [pii]. Epub ahead of print.
48. DNDi (2014) Bayer and DNDi sign first agreement to develop an innovative oral treatment for human river blindness. 9 December 2014. http://www.dndi.org/media-centre/press-releases/2040-pr-bayer-filaria.html Accessed on 17 January 2014.
49. Awadzi K, Opoku NO, Attah SK, Lazdins-Helds J, Kuesel AC, (2014) A randomized, single-ascending-dose, ivermectin-controlled, double-blind study of moxidectin in Onchocerca volvulus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8: e2953. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002953 24968000
50. Mackenzie CD, Geary TG, (2011) Flubendazole: a candidate macrofilaricide for lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis field programs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 9: 497–501. doi: 10.1586/eri.11.30 21609260
51. Udall DN, (2007) Recent updates on onchocerciasis: diagnosis and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 44: 53–60. 17143815
52. Lipner EM, Dembele N, Souleymane S, Alley WS, Prevots DR, Toe L, Boatin B, Weil GJ, Nutman TB, (2006) Field applicability of a rapid-format anti-Ov-16 antibody test for the assessment of onchocerciasis control measures in regions of endemicity. J Infect Dis 194: 216–221. 16779728
53. Klepac P, Metcalf CJ, McLean AR, Hampson K, (2013) Towards the endgame and beyond: complexities and challenges for the elimination of infectious diseases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 368: 20120137. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0137 23798686
54. WHO/APOC (2006) 12th session of the Joint Action Forum (5–8 December 2006, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania). JAF12.9. WHO/APOC. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTGLOREGPARPROG/Resources/apoc_so.pdf Accessed on 23 May 2014.
55. WHO/APOC (2012) Strategic Plan of Action and Budget 2016–2025 for elimination of onchocerciasis in Africa. JAF18.9 (ii). Ouagadougou: WHO/APOC. http://www.who.int/apoc/en_apoc_strategic_plan_2013_ok.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.
56. WHO/APOC (2013) Concept note: transforming APOC into a new regional entity for oncho & LF elimination and support to other PC/NTD. JAF 19.7. Ouagadougou: WHO/APOC. www.who.int/apoc/en_concept_note_ok.pdf Accessed on 25 January 2015.