A review of the therapeutic effects of using miswak (Salvadora Persica) on oral health

Saudi Medical Journal

Volumn 36, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 530-543

  Haque, Mohammad M ^a   Alsareii, Saeed A ^a  

^a NAJRAN UNIVERSITY   (Saudi Arabia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MISWAK EXTRACT; MOUTHWASH; PLANT EXTRACT; TOOTHPASTE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ANALGESIC AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT; ANTIOXIDANT;

ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; DENTAL CARIES; DENTAL HEALTH; GINGIVITIS; GROWTH INHIBITION; HUMAN; MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION; PERIODONTITIS; SALIVATION; SALVADORA PERSICA; SCORING SYSTEM; TOOTH BRUSHING; TOOTH PLAQUE; TRAINING; ADVERSE EFFECTS; DENTAL PLAQUE; GINGIVAL RECESSION; HISTORY; MOUTH HYGIENE; PROCEDURES; SALVADORACEAE;

ANALGESICS; ANTI-INFECTIVE AGENTS; ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; DENTAL CARIES; DENTAL PLAQUE; GINGIVAL RECESSION; HISTORY, ANCIENT; HUMANS; ORAL HYGIENE; PLANT EXTRACTS; SALVADORACEAE;

EID: 84928784911     PISSN: 03795284     EISSN: 16583175     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.15537/smj.2015.5.10785     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Oral Health in America: A report of the Surgeon General. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health; 2000. p. 1-308. Available from URL: http://silk.nih.gov/public/hck1ocv.@www.surgeon.fullrpt.pdf.
2. Halawany HS. A review on miswak (Salvadora persica) and its effect on various aspects of oral health. Saudi Dental Journal 2012; 24: 63-69.
3. Wu CD, Darout IA, Skaug N. Chewing sticks: timeless natural toothbrushes for oral cleansing. J Periodontal Res 2001; 36: 275-284.
4. Hobbs C. Herbal Medicine: Herbs For Dental Health. [Accessed 2014 August 10]. Available from URL: http://www.healthy.net/Health/Article/Herbs_for_Dental_Health/868.
5. More G, Tshikalange TE, Lall N, Botha F, Meyer JJM. Antimicrobial activity of medicinal plants against oral microorganisms. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 119: 473-477.
6. Elvin-Lewis M. Plants used for teeth cleaning throughout the world. Journal of Preventive Dentistry 1980; 6: 61-70.
7. Al Sadhan R, Almas K. Miswak (chewing stick): A cultural and scientific heritage. Saudi Dental Journal 1999; 11: 80-87.
8. Bos G. The miswak, an aspect of dental care in Islam. Med Hist 1993; 37: 68-79.
9. Elvin-Lewis M. The therapeutic potential of plants used in dental folk medicine. Odontostomatol Trop 1982; 5: 107-117.
10. Almas K, al-Lafi TR. The natural toothbrush. World Health Forum 1995; 16: 206-210.
11. Al-Otaibi M, Al-Harthy M, Gustafsson A, Johansson A, Claesson R, Angmar-Mansson B. Subgingival plaque microbiota in Saudi Arabians after use of miswak chewing stick and toothbrush. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31: 1048-1053.
12. Hattab FN. Meswak: the natural toothbrush. J Clin Dent 1997; 8: 125-129.
13. Chaurasia A, Patil R, Nagar A. Miswak in oral cavity-An update. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2013; 39: 98-101.
14. Ahmad H, Ahamed N. Therapeutic properties of meswak chewing sticks: A review. Afr J Biotechnol 2012; 11: 14850-14857.
15. Elvin-Lewis M. The technique of using African chewing sticks for teeth cleaning. Journal of Dental Research 1974; 53 (Special issue): 125.
16. Khoory T. The use of chewing sticks in preventive oral hygiene. Clin Prev Dent 1983; 5: 11-14.
17. Hollist NO. The technique and use of chewing stick. Odontostomatol Trop 1981; 4: 171-174.
18. Almas K, Al Zeid Z. The immediate antimicrobial effect of a toothbrush and Miswak on cariogenic bacteria: a clinical study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004; 5: 105-114.
19. Noumi E, Snoussi M, Hajlaoui H, Valentin E, Bakhrouf A. Antifungal properties of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts against oral Candida strains. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29: 81-88.
20. Sofrata AH, Claesson RL, Lingstrom PK, Gustafsson AK. Strong antibacterial effect of miswak against oral microorganisms associated with periodontitis and caries. J Periodontol 2008; 79: 1474-1479.
21. Hardie J, Ahmed K. The miswak as an aid in oral hygiene. J Philipp Dent Assoc 1995; 47: 33-38.
22. Hyson JM Jr. History of the toothbrush. J Hist Dent 2003; 51: 73-80.
23. Khan MM. The translation of the meanings of summarized Sahih Al-Bukhari. Riyadh (KSA): Darussalam Publications; 1996. p. 265.
24. Zulfiqar M. Prayer according to the Sunnah. Riyadh (KSA): Darussalam Publications; 2006. p. 98.
25. Al-Mohaya MA, Darwazeh A, Al-Khudair W. Oral fungal colonization and oral candidiasis in renal transplant patients: the relationship to Miswak use. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002; 93: 455-460.
26. al-Otaibi M. The miswak (chewing stick) and oral health. Studies on oral hygiene practices of urban Saudi Arabians. Swed Dent J Suppl 2004; 167: 2-75.
27. Farooqi MIH, Srivastava JG. The toothbrush tree (Salvadora persica). Q J Crude Drug Res 1968; 8: 1297-1299.
28. Maggio A, Reddy MP, Joly RJ. Leaf gas exchange and solute accumulation in the halophyte Salvadora persica grown at moderate salinity. Environ Exp Bot 2000; 44: 31-38.
29. Khafagi I, Zakaria A, Dewedar A, El- Zahdany K. A voyage in the world of plants as mentioned in the Holy Quran. Intl J Bot 2006; 2: 242-251.
30. Al-Bayati FA, Sulaiman KD. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica L. extracts against some isolated oral pathogens in Iraq. Turk J Biol 2008; 32: 57-62.
31. Sofrata A, Santangelo EM, Azeem M, Borg-Karlson AK, Gustafsson A, Putsep K. Benzyl isothiocyanate, a major component from the roots of Salvadora persica is highly active against Gram-negative bacteria. PLoS One 2011; 6: e23045.
32. Poureslami HR, Makarem A, Mojab F. Paraclinical effects of miswak extract on dental plaque. Dent Res J 2007; 4: 106-110.
33. Salehi P, Momeni DS. Comparison of the antibacterial effects of persica mouthwash with chlorhexidine on Streptococcus mutans in orthodontic patients. Daru 2006; 14: 178-182.
34. Shafiei-Bafti L, Rad M, Salehi-Soormaghi M, Rezaei M. An in vivo evaluation of antimicrobial effects of Persica herbal mouthwash on Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. J Oral Health Oral Epidemiol 2013; 2: 64-69.
35. Al-Salman TH, Al-Shaekh Ali MG, Al-Nu'aimy OM. The antimicrobial effect of water extraction of Salvadora persica (Miswak) as a root canal irrigant. Al-Rafidain Dental Journal 2005; 5: 33-36.
36. Elangovan A, Muranga J, Joseph E. Comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial efficacy of four chewing sticks commonly used in South India: an in vitro study. Indian J Dent Res 2012; 23: 840.
37. Khalil AT. Benzylamides from Salvadora persica. Arch Pharm Res 2006; 29: 952-956.
38. Almas K, Al-Bagieh NH, Akpata ES. In vitro antimicrobial effects of extracts of freshly cut and 1-month-old miswak (chewing stick). Biomed Lett 1997; 56: 145-149.
39. Almas K, Stakiw JE. The effect of miswak extract from Salvadora persica stored for 18 years on microbes in vitro. Egyptian dental Journal 2000; 46: 227-230.
40. AbdElRahman HF, Skaug N, Francis GW. In vitro antimicrobial effects of crude Miswak extracts on oral pathogens. Saudi Dental Journal 2002; 14: 26-32.
41. Almas K, Al-Bagieh NH. The antimicrobial effects of bark and pulp extracts of miswak, Salvadora persica. Biomed Lett 1999; 60: 71-75.
42. Alali F, Hudaib M, Aburjai T, Khairallah K, Al-Hadidi N. GC-MS analysis and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the stem of the Jordanian toothbrush tree Salvadora persica. Pharm Biol 2004; 42: 577-580.
43. Alireza RGA, Afsaneh R, Hosein MSS, Siamak Y, Afshin K, Zeinab K, et al. Inhibitory activity of Salvadora persica extracts against oral bacterial strains associated with periodontitis: An in-vitro study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2014; 4: 19-23.
44. Al-Bagieh NH, Idowu A, Salako NO. Effect of aqueous extract of miswak on the in vitro growth of Candida albicans. Microbios 1994; 80: 107-113.
45. Al-Obaida MI, Al-Essa MA, Asiri AA, Al-Rahla AA. Effectiveness of a 20% miswak extract against a mixture of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis. Saudi Med J 2010; 31: 640-643.
46. Saadabi AMA. Antifungal activity of some Saudi plants used in traditional medicine. Asian J Plant Sci 2006; 5: 907-909.
47. Paliwal S, Chauhan R, Siddiqui AA, Paliwal S, Sharma J. Evaluation of antifungal activity of Salvadora persica Linn. leaves. Natural Products Radiance 2007; 6: 372-374.
48. Alili N, Turp JC, Kulik EM, Waltimo T. Volatile compounds of Salvadora persica inhibit the growth of oral Candida species. Arch Oral Biol 2014; 59: 441-447.
49. Naeini A, Naderi NJ, Shokri H. Analysis and in vitro anti-Candida antifungal activity of Cuminum cyminum and Salvadora persica herbs extracts against pathogenic Candida strains. J Mycol Med 2014; 24: 13-18.
50. Balto H, Al-Howiriny T, Al-Somily A, Siddiqui YM, Al-Sowygh Z, Halawany H, et al. Screening for the antimicrobial activity of Salvadora persica extracts against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Int J Phytomed 2013; 5: 486-492.
51. Norton MR, Addy M. Chewing sticks versus toothbrushes in West Africa. A pilot study. Clin Prev Dent 1989; 11: 11-13.
52. Chawla HS. A new natural source for topical fluoride. J Indian Dent Assoc 1983; 55: 419-422.
53. Tubaishat RS, Darby ML, Bauman DB, Box CE. Use of miswak versus toothbrushes: oral health beliefs and behaviours among a sample of Jordanian adults. Int J Dent Hyg 2005; 3: 126-136.
54. Petersen PE, Mzee MO. Oral health profile of schoolchildren, mothers and schoolteachers in Zanzibar. Community Dent Health 1998; 15: 256-262.
55. Darmani H, Nusayr T, Al-Hiyasat AS. Effects of extracts of miswak and derum on proliferation of Balb/C 3T3 fibroblasts and viability of cariogenic bacteria. Int J Dent Hyg 2006; 4: 62-66.
56. Ezoddini-Ardakani F. Efficacy of miswak (Salvadora persica) in preventing dental caries. Health 2010; 2: 499-503.
57. Baeshen H, Birkhed D. Release of fluoride from fresh and old NaF-impregnated chewing sticks (Miswaks) in vitro and oral retention in vivo. Oral Health Prev Dent 2010; 8: 93-99.
58. Baeshen HA, Lingstrom P, Birkhed D. Effect of fluoridated chewing sticks (miswaks) on white spot lesions in postorthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140: 291-297.
59. Al-Sohaibani S, Murugan K. Anti-biofilm activity of Salvadora persica on cariogenic isolates of Streptococcus mutans: in vitro and molecular docking studies. Biofouling 2012; 28: 29-38.
60. Gazi M, Saini T, Ashri N, Lambourne A. Meswak chewing stick versus conventional toothbrush as an oral hygiene aid. Clin Prev Dent 1990; 12: 19-23.
61. Darout IA, Albandar JM, Skaug N. Periodontal status of adult Sudanese habitual users of miswak chewing sticks or toothbrushes. Acta Odontol Scand 2000; 58: 25-30.
62. Al-Otaibi M, Al-Harthy M, Soder B, Gustafsson A, Angmar-Mansson B. Comparative effect of chewing sticks and tooth brushing on plaque removal and gingival health. Oral Health Prev Dent 2003; 1: 301-307.
63. Al-Lafi T, Ababneh H. The effect of the extract of the miswak (chewing sticks) used in Jordan and the Middle East on oral bacteria. Int Dent J 1995; 45: 218-222.
64. Khalessi AM, Pack AR, Thomson WM, Tompkins GR. An in vivo study of the plaque control efficacy of PersicaTM: a commercially available herbal mouthwash containing extracts of Salvadora persica. Int Dent J 2004; 54: 279-283.
65. Amoian B, Moghadamnia AA, Barzi S, Sheykholeslami S, Rangiani A. Salvadora persica extract chewing gum and gingival health: Improvement of gingival and probe-bleeding index. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2010; 16: 121-123.
66. Danielsen B, Baelum V, Manji F, Fejerskov O. Chewing sticks, toothpaste, and plaque removal. Acta Odontol Scand 1989; 47: 121-125.
67. Saha S, Mohammad S, Saha S, Samadi F. Efficiency of traditional chewing stick (miswak) as an oral hygiene aid among Muslim school children in Lucknow: A cross-sectional study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2012; 2: 176-180.
68. Gazi MI, Davies TJ, al-Bagieh N, Cox SW. The immediate- and medium-term effects of Meswak on the composition of mixed saliva. J Clin Periodontol 1992; 19: 113-117.
69. Kaur S, Abdul Jalil R, Akmar SL. The immediate term effect of chewing commercially available Meswak (Salvadora persica) on levels of Calcium, Chloride, Phosphate and Thiocyanate in whole saliva. Ann Dent Univ Malaya 2004; 11: 51-59.
70. Sofrata A, Lingstrom P, Baljoon M, Gustafsson A. The effect of Miswak extract on plaque pH. An in vivo study. Caries Research 2007; 41: 451-454.
71. Souri E, Amin G, Farsam H, Jalalizadeh H, Barezi S. Screening of thirteen medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Iran J Pharm Res 2008; 7: 149-154.
72. Noumi E, Snoussi M, Trabelsi N, Hajlaoui H, Ksouri R, Valentin E, et al. Antibacterial, anticandidal and antioxidant activities of Salvadora persica and Juglans regia L. extracts. J Med Plant Res 2011; 5: 4138-4146.
73. Mariod AA, Matthaus B, Hussein IH. Chemical characterization of the seed and antioxidant activity of various parts of Salvadora persica. J Am Oil Chem Soc 2009; 86: 857-865.
74. Ramadan MF, Morsel JT. Oxidative stability of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and niger (Guizotia abyssinica Cass.) crude seed oils upon stripping. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 2004; 106: 35-43.
75. Mohamed SA, Khan JA. Antioxidant capacity of chewing stick miswak Salvadora persica. BMC Complement Altern Med 2013; 13: 40.
76. Ezmirly ST, Cheng JC, Wilson SR. Saudi Arabian medicinal plant: Salvadora persica. Planta Med 1979; 35: 191-192.
77. Alali F, Al-Lafi, T. GC-MS analysis and bioactivity testing of the volatile oil from the leaves of the toothbrush tree Salvadora persica L. Nat Prod Res 2003; 17: 189-194.
78. Ndung'u FL, Kaimenyi JT, Arneberg P, Muthami LN. A comparative study of the efficacy of plaque control by a chewing stick and a tooth brush. East Afr Med J 1990; 67: 907-911.
79. Batwa M, Bergstorm J, Batwa S, Al-Otaibi MF. The effectiveness of chewing stick Miswak on plaque removal. Saudi Dental Journal 2006; 18: 125-133.
80. Goyal M, Sasmal D, Nagori BP. Salvadora persica (Meswak): chewing stick for complete oral care. Int J Pharmacol 2011; 7: 440-445.
81. Patel PV, Shruthi S, Kumar S. Clinical effect of miswak as an adjunct to tooth brushing on gingivitis. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2012; 16: 84-88.
82. Malik AS, Shaukat MS, Qureshi AA, Abdur R. Comparative effectiveness of chewing stick and toothbrush: a randomized clinical trial. N Am J Med Sci 2014; 6: 333-337.
83. Eid MA, Selim HA, Al-Shammery AR, Abdullah R. The relationship between chewing sticks (Miswak) and periodontal health. 3. Relationship to gingival recession. Quintessence Int 1991; 22: 61-64.
84. Johansson A, Fareed K, Omar R. Analysis of possible factors influencing the occurrence of occlusal tooth wear in a young Saudi population. Acta Odontol Scand 1991; 49: 139-145.
85. Eid MA, Selim HA. A retrospective study of the relationship between miswak chewing stick and periodontal health. Egypt Dent J 1994; 40: 589-592.
86. Agrawal A, Bhatt N, Shivlingesh KK, Singh K, Chaudhary H, Roy SR. Comparative study to assess the effect of chewing stick and toothbrush on oral hygiene, gingival health and pocket depth among patients attending dental outpatient clinic in Udaipur, India. Nigerian Dental Journal 2010; 18.
87. Agbor MA, Azodo CC. Assessment of chewing stick (miswak) use in a Muslim community in Cameroon. European J Gen Dent 2013; 2: 50-53.
88. Eid MA, Selim HA, al-Shammery AR. Relationship between chewing sticks (Miswak) and periodontal health. Part 1. Review of the literature and profile of the subjects. Quintessence Int 1990; 21: 913-917.
89. World Health Organization. Prevention of oral diseases. WHO offset publication No. 103. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1987. p. 61.
90. Kubota K, Tanaka T, Murata Y, Hirasawa M. Effect of tannic acid on adherence of Candida to denture base. J Dent Res 1988; 67 (1 Suppl): 183.
91. Darmani H, Al-Hiyasat AS, Elbetieha AM, Alkofahi A. The effect of an extract of Salvadora persica (Meswak, chewing stick) on fertility of male and female mice. Phytomedicine 2003; 10: 63-65.
92. Rajabalian S, Mohammadi M, Mozaffari B. Cytotoxicity evaluation of Persica mouthwash on cultured human and mouse cell lines in the presence and absence of fetal calf serum. Indian J Dent Res 2009; 20: 169-173.
93. Akhtar MS, Ajmal M. Significance of chewing-sticks (miswaks) in oral hygiene from a pharmacological viewpoint. J Pak Med Assoc 1981; 31: 89-95.
94. Mohammad AR, Turner JE. In vitro evaluation of Saudi Arabian toothbrush tree (Salvadora persica). Odontostomatol Trop 1983; 6: 145-148.
95. Al-Dosari AM, Kafrawy AH, Standish SM. The effect of benzylisothiocyanate on epithelial changes induced by trauma and DMBA in the hamster tongue. Saudi Dental Journal 1992; 4: 4-10.
96. Attar ZA. The misswak-nature's toothbrush. Bull Hist Dent 1979; 27: 39-41.
97. Al-Bagieh NH, Weinberg ED. Benzylisothiocyanate: a possible agent for controlling dental Caries. Microbios Lett 1988; 39: 143-151.
98. Brown JM, Jacobs JW. An investigation into antibacterial activity in chewing sticks against oral streptococci. Odontostomatol Trop 1979; 2: 25-30.
99. Al-Bagieh NH. Antiherpes simplex virus type 1 activity of benzylisothiocyanate. Biomed Lett 1992; 47: 67-70.