An overview of regional and local characteristics of aerosols in South Africa using satellite, ground, and modeling data

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics

Volumn 15, Issue 8, 2015, Pages 4259-4278

  Hersey, S P ^a,b   Garland, R M ^b,c   Crosbie, E ^d   Shingler, T ^d   Sorooshian, A ^d,e   Piketh, S ^a   Burger, R ^a  

^a NORTH WEST UNIVERSITY   (South Africa)

^b FRANKLIN W OLIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING   (United States)

^c DSI CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre   (South Africa)

^d UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^e University of Arizona   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; AEROSOL PROPERTY; AIR QUALITY; AQUA (SATELLITE); MISR; MODIS; OPTICAL DEPTH; PARTICULATE MATTER; SATELLITE DATA; TERRA (SATELLITE); TOMS; URBAN ATMOSPHERE;

BLOEMFONTEIN; CAPE TOWN; DURBAN; FREE STATE; GAUTENG; JOHANNESBURG; KWAZULU-NATAL; PRETORIA; SOUTH AFRICA; WESTERN CAPE;

EID: 84928545419     PISSN: 16807316     EISSN: 16807324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-4259-2015     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Abdou, W. A., Diner, D. J., Martonchik, J. V., Bruegge, C. J., Kahn, R. A., Gaitley, B. J., Crean, K. A., Remer, L. A., and Holben, B.: Comparison of coincident Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical depths over land and ocean scenes containing Aerosol Robotic Network sites, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 110, 2156-2202, doi:10.1029/2004JD004693, 2005.
2. Alam, K., Qureshi, S., and Blaschke, T.: Monitoring spatiotemporal aerosol patterns over Pakistan based on MODIS, TOMS and MISR satellite data and a HYSPLIT model, Atmos. Environ., 45, 4641-4651, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.055, 2011.
3. Annegarn, H. J., Otter, L., Swap, R. J., and Scholes, R. J.: Southern Africa's ecosystem in a test-tube: a perspective on the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000): commentary, South African J. Sci., 98, 111-113, 2002.
4. Beirle, S., Platt, U., Wenig, M., and Wagner, T.: Highly resolved global distribution of tropospheric NO2 using GOME narrow swath mode data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 1913-1924, doi:10.5194/acpd-4-1665-2004, 2004.
5. Bond, T. C., Streets, D. G., Yarber, K. F., Nelson, S. M., Woo, J.-H., and Klimont, Z.: A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D14203, doi:10.1029/2003JD003697, 2004.
6. Campbell, J. R., Welton, E. J., Spinhirne, J. D., Ji, Q., Tsay, S.-C., Piketh, S. J., Barenbrug, M., and Holben, B. N.: Micropulse lidar observations of tropospheric aerosols over northeastern South Africa during the ARREX and SAFARI 2000 dry season experiments, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8497, doi:10.1029/2002JD002563, 2003.
7. Carmona, I. and Alpert, P.: Synoptic classification of moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer aerosols over Israel, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. (1984-2012), 114, D07208, doi:10.1029/2008JD010160, 2009.
8. Chan, M. N., Choi, M. Y., Ng, N. L., and Chan, C. K.: Hygroscopicity of Water-Soluble Organic Compounds in Atmospheric Aerosols? Amino Acids and Biomass Burning Derived Organic Species, Env. Sci. Tech, 39, 1555-1562, doi:10.1021/es049584l, 2005.
9. Chand, D., Wood, R., Anderson, T., Satheesh, S., and Charlson, R.: Satellite-derived direct radiative effect of aerosols dependent on cloud cover, Nat. Geosci., 2, 181-184, 2009.
10. Chin, M., Ginoux, P., Kinne, S., Torres, O., Holben, B. N., Duncan, B. N., Martin, R. V., Logan, J. A., Higurashi, A., and Nakajima, T.: Tropospheric aerosol optical thickness from the GOCART model and comparisons with satellite and sun photometer measurements, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 461-483., doi:10.1175/1520-0469(2002)0590461:TAOTFT2.0.CO;2, 2002.
11. Chu, D. A., Kaufman, Y. J., Ichoku, C., Remer, L. A., Tanra, D., and Holben, B. N: Validation of MODIS aerosol optical depth retrieval over land, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, MOD2-1-MOD2-4, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.055, 2002.
12. Cooke, W. F. andWilson, J. J.: A global black carbon aerosol model, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. (1984-2012), 101, 19395-19409, 1996.
13. Crosbie, E., Sorooshian, A., Monfared, N. A., Shingler, T., and Esmaili, O.: A Multi-Year Aerosol Characterization for the Greater Tehran Area Using Satellite, Surface, and Modeling Data, Atmosphere, 5, 178-197, doi:10.3390/atmos5020178, 2014.
14. Diner, D. J., Abdou, W. A., Ackerman, T. P., Crean, K., Gordon, H. R., Kahn, R. A., Martonchik, J. V., McMuldroch, S., Paradise, S. R., Pinty, B., Verstraete, M. M., Wang, M., and West. R. A.: Level 2 aerosol retrieval algorithm theoretical basis, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 2001a.
15. Diner, D. J., Abdou, W. A., Bruegge, C. J., Conel, J. E., Crean, K. A., Gaitley, B. J., Helmlinger, M. C., Kahn, R. A., Martonchik, J. V., Pilorz, S. H., and Holben, B. N.: MISR aerosol optical depth retrievals over southern Africa during the SAFARI2000 Dry Season Campaign, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3127-3130, doi:10.1029/2001GL013188, 2001b.
16. Draxler, R. R. and Rolph, G.: HYSPLIT (HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) model access via NOAA ARL READY website (http://www.arl.noaa.gov/ready/hysplit4.html), NOAA Air Resources Laboratory, Silver Spring, 2003, last accessed 18 Dec. 2013.
17. Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Ward, D. E., Mukelabai, M. M., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Schafer, J. S., Hsu, N. C., Piketh, S. J., Queface, A., Roux, J. L., Swap, R. J., and Slutsker, I.: Variability of biomass burning aerosol optical characteristics in southern Africa during the SAFARI 2000 dry season campaign and a comparison of single scattering albedo estimates from radiometric measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8477, doi:10.1029/2002JD002321, 2003.
18. Engelbrecht, J. P., Swanepoel, L., Zunckel, M., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., and Egami, R. T.: Modelling PM10 aerosol data from the Qalabotjha low-smoke fuels macro-scale experiment in South Africa, Ecol. Model., 127, 235-244, 2000.
19. Engelbrecht, J. P., Swanepoel, L., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., and Egami, R. T.: PM2. 5 and PM10 concentrations from the Qalabotjha low-smoke fuels macro-scale experiment in South Africa, Environ. Monit. Assess., 69, 1-15, 2001.
20. Engelbrecht, J. P., Swanepoel, L., Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., and Egami, R. T.: The comparison of source contributions from resi- dential coal and low-smoke fuels, using CMB modeling, in South Africa, Environ. Sci. Policy, 5, 157-167, 2002.
21. Formenti, P., Winkler, H., Fourie, P., Piketh, S., Makgopa, B., Helas, G., and Andreae, M. O.: Aerosol optical depth over a remote semi-arid region of South Africa from spectral measurements of the daytime solar extinction and the nighttime stellar extinction, Atmos. Res., 62, 11-32, doi:10.1016/S0169-8095(02)00021-2, 2002.
22. Formenti, P., Elbert, W., Maenhaut, W., Haywood, J., Osborne, S., and Andreae, M. O.: Inorganic and carbonaceous aerosols during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative (SAFARI 2000) experiment: Chemical characteristics, physical properties, and emission data for smoke from African biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8488, doi:10.1029/2002JD002408, 2003.
23. FRIDGE: Study to examine the potential socio-economic impact of measures to reduce air pollution from combustion. Part 1 report: Definition of air pollutants associated with combustion processes., Tech. rep., Airshed Planning Professionals/BentleyWest Management Consultants report to the Trade and Industry Chamber/ Fund for Research into Industrial Development, Growth and Equity (FRIDGE), Johannesburg, 2004.
24. Guo, J.-P., Zhang, X.-Y., Wu, Y.-R., Zhaxi, Y., Che, H.-Z., La, B., Wang, W., and Li, X.-W.: Spatio-temporal variation trends of satellite-based aerosol optical depth in China during 1980-2008, Atmos. Environ., 45, 6802-6811, 2011.
25. Herman, J., Bhartia, P., Torres, O., Hsu, C., Seftor, C., and Celarier, E.: Global distribution of UV-absorbing aerosols from Nimbus 7/TOMS data, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. (1984-2012), 102, 16911-16922, 1997.
26. Hirsikko, A., Vakkari, V., Tiitta, P., Manninen, H., Gagné, S., Laakso, H., Kulmala, M., Mirme, A., Mirme, S., Mabaso, D., Beukes, J. P., and Laakso, L.: Characterisation of sub-micron particle number concentrations and formation events in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex, South Africa, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 1895-1934, doi:doi:10.5194/acp-12-3951-2012, 2012.
27. Hsu, N., Herman, J., Bhartia, P., Seftor, C., Torres, O., Thompson, A., Gleason, J., Eck, T., and Holben, B.: Detection of biomass burning smoke from TOMS measurements, Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 745-748, 1996.
28. Hsu, N. C., Tsay, S.-C., King, M. D., and Herman, J. R.: Aerosol properties over bright-reflecting source regions, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 42, 557-569, 2004.
29. Hsu, N. C., Tsay, S.-C., King, M. D., and Herman, J. R.: Deep blue retrievals of Asian aerosol properties during ACE-Asia, Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 44, 3180-3195, 2006.
30. Kahn, R. A., Garay, M. J., Nelson, D. L., Yau, K. K., Bull, M. A., Gaitley, B. J, Martonchik, J. V., and Levy, R. C.: Satellite-derived aerosol optical depth over dark water from MISR and MODIS: Comparisons with AERONET and implications for climatological studies, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 112, 2156-2202, 2007.
31. Kaskaoutis, D., Kosmopoulos, P., Kambezidis, H., and Nastos, P.: Aerosol climatology and discrimination of different types over Athens, Greece, based on MODIS data, Atmos. Environ., 41, 7315-7329, 2007.
32. Kumar, K. R., Sivakumar, V., Reddy, R., Gopal, K. R., and Adesina, A. J.: Inferring wavelength dependence of AOD and Angström exponent over a sub-tropical station in South Africa using AERONET data: Influence of meteorology, long-range transport and curvature effect, Sci. Total Environ., 461, 397-408, doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.095, 2013.
33. LeCanut, P., Andreae, M., Harris, G., Wienhold, F., and Zenker, T.: Airborne studies of emissions from savanna fires in southern Africa. 1. Aerosol emissions measured with a laser optical particle counter, J. Geophys. Res., 101, 23615-23630, http: //yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/4170 (last access: 16 Dec. 2013), 1996.
34. Levy, R. C., Remer, L. A., Kleidman, R. G., Mattoo, S., Ichoku, C., Kahn, R., and Eck, T. F.: Global evaluation of the Collection 5 MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10399-10420, doi:10.5194/acp-10-10399-2010, 2010.
35. Lourens, A. S. M.: Air quality in the Johannesburg-Pretoria megacity: its regional influence and identification of parameters that could mitigate pollution, PhD Thesis, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa, 2012.
36. Luo, Y., Zheng, X., and Chen, J.: A climatology of aerosol optical depth over China from recent 10 years of MODIS remote sensing data, Int. J. Climatol., 34, 863-870, doi:10.1002/joc.3728, 2014.
37. Maenhaut, W., Salma, I., Cafmeyer, J., Annegarn, H. J., and Andreae, M. O.: Regional atmospheric aerosol composition and sources in the eastern Transvaal, South Africa, and impact of biomass burning, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 101, 23631-23650, doi:10.1029/95JD02930, 1996.
38. Magi, B. I., Hobbs, P. V., Schmid, B., and Redemann, J.: Vertical profiles of light scattering, light absorption, and single scattering albedo during the dry, biomass burning season in southern Africa and comparisons of in situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosol optical depths, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. (1984-2012), 108, 8504, doi:doi: 10.1029/2002JD002361, 2003.
39. Magi, B. I., Ginoux, P., Ming, Y., and Ramaswamy, V.: Evaluation of tropical and extratropical Southern Hemisphere African aerosol properties simulated by a climate model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D14204, doi:10.1029/2008JD011128, 2009.
40. Magi, B. I.: Chemical apportionment of southern African aerosol mass and optical depth, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7643-7655, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7643-2009, 2009.
41. Marey, H. S., Gille, J. C., El-Askary, H. M., Shalaby, E. A., and El-Raey, M. E.: Aerosol climatology over Nile Delta based on MODIS, MISR and OMI satellite data, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10637-10648, doi:10.5194/acp-11-10637-2011, 2011.
42. Massie, S. T., Gille, J. C., Edwards, D. P., and Nandi, S.: Satellite observations of aerosol and CO over Mexico City, Atmos. Environ., 40, 6019-6031, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.11.065, 13th International Symposium on Transport and Air Pollution (TAP- 2004), 2006.
43. Matichuk, R. I., Colarco, P. R., Smith, J. A., and Toon, O. B.: Modeling the transport and optical properties of smoke aerosols from African savanna fires during the Southern African Regional Science Initiative campaign (SAFARI 2000), J. Geophys. Res.- Atmos., 112, D08203, doi:10.1029/2006JD007528, 2007.
44. Pauw, C., Friedl, A., Holm, D., John, J., Kornelius, G., Oosthuisen, R., and van Niekerk, A.: Report to the Royal Danish Embassy and the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism: Air pollution in dense, low-income settlements in South Africa, issue I., Tech. rep., NOVA Institute, 2008.
45. Piketh, S., Annegarn, H., and Tyson, P.: Lower tropospheric aerosol loadings over South Africa: The relative contribution of aeolian dust, industrial emissions, and biomass burn ing, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. (1984-2012), 104, 1597-1607, doi:10.1029/1998JD100014, 1999.
46. Piketh, S. J., Swap, R. J., Maenhaut, W., Annegarn, H. J., and Formenti, P.: Chemical evidence of long-range atmospheric transport over southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D24), 4817, doi:10.1029/2002JD002056, 2002.
47. Qi, Y., Ge, J., and Huang, J.: Spatial and temporal distribution of MODIS and MISR aerosol optical depth over northern China and comparison with AERONET, Chinese Sci. Bull., 58, 2497-2506, 2013.
48. Queface, A. J., Piketh, S. J., Eck, T. F., Tsay, S.-C., and Mavume, A. F.: Climatology of aerosol optical properties in Southern Africa, Atmos. Environ., 45, 2910-2921, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.056, 2011.
49. Reid, J. S., Koppmann, R., Eck, T. F., and Eleuterio, D. P.: A review of biomass burning emissions part II: intensive physical properties of biomass burning particles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 799-825, doi:10.5194/acp-5-799-2005, 2005.
50. Remer, L. A., Kaufman, Y., Tanré, D., Mattoo, S., Chu, D., Martins, J. V., Li, R.-R., Ichoku, C., Levy, R., Kleidman, R., Eck, T. F., Vermote, E., and Holben, B. N.: The MODIS aerosol algorithm, products, and validation., J. Atmos. Sci., 62, 947-973, doi:10.1175/JAS3385.1, 2005.
51. Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Gelaro, R., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Liu, E., Bosilovich, M. G., Schubert, S. D., Takacs, L., Kim, G.-K., Bloom, S., Chen, J., Collins, D., Conaty, A., da Silva, A., Gu, W. , Joiner, J., Koster, R. D., Lucchesi, R., Molod, A., Owens, T., Pawson, S., Pegion, P., Redder, C. R., Reichle, R., Robertson, F. R., Ruddick, A. G., Sienkiewicz, M., and Woollen, J.: MERRA: NASA's Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, J. Climate, 14, 3624-3648, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00015.1, 2011.
52. Robles-Gonzalez, C. and de Leeuw, G.: Aerosol properties over the SAFARI2000 area retrieved from ATSR-2, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D05206, doi:10.1029/2007JD008636, 2008.
53. Ross, K. E., Piketh, S. J., Bruintjes, R. T., Burger, R. P., Swap, R. J., and Annegarn, H. J.: Spatial and seasonal variations in CCN distribution and the aerosol-CCN relationship over southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8481, doi:10.1029/2002JD002384, 2003.
54. Schmid, B., Redemann, J., Russel, P. B., Hobbs, P. V., Hlavka, D. L., McGill, M. J., Holben, B. N., Welton, E. J., Campbell, J. R., and Torres, O.: Coordinated airborne, spaceborne, and groundbased measurements of massive thick aerosol layers during the dry season in southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8496, doi:10.1029/2002JD002297, 2003.
55. Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S.: Atmospheric chemistry and physics: from air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
56. Singh, R., Dey, S., Tripathi, S., Tare, V., and Holben, B.: Variability of aerosol parameters over Kanpur, northern India, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. (1984-2012), 109, D23206, doi:doi:10.1029/2004JD004966, 2004.
57. Sinha, P., Hobbs, P. V., Yokelson, R. J., Blake, D. R., Gao, S., and Kirchstetter, T. W.: Distributions of trace gases and aerosols during the dry biomass burning season in southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4536, doi:10.1029/2003JD003691, 2003.
58. Sorooshian, A., Wonaschütz, A., Jarjour, E. G., Hashimoto, B. I., Schichtel, B. A., and Betterton, E. A.: An aerosol climatology for a rapidly growing arid region (southern Arizona): Major aerosol species and remotely sensed aerosol properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. (1984-2012), 116, D19205, doi:doi:10.1029/2011JD016197, 2011.
59. Sreekanth, V. and Kulkarni, P.: Spatio-temporal variations in columnar aerosol optical properties over Bay of Bengal: Signatures of elevated dust, Atmos. Environ., 69, 249-257, 2013.
60. Tesfaye, M., Sivakumar, V., Botai, J., and Tsidu, G. M.: Aerosol climatology over South Africa based on 10 years of Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer (MISR) data, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D20216, doi:10.1029/2011JD016023, 2011.
61. Tiitta, P., Vakkari, V., Croteau, P., Beukes, J. P., van Zyl, P. G., Josipovic, M., Venter, A. D., Jaars, K., Pienaar, J. J., Ng, N. L., Canagaratna, M. R., Jayne, J. T., Kerminen, V.-M., Kokkola, H., Kulmala, M., Laaksonen, A., Worsnop, D. R., and Laakso, L.: Chemical composition, main sources and temporal variability of PM1 aerosols in southern African grassland, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1909-1927, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1909-2014, 2014.
62. Tyson, P. D., Garstang, M., Swap, R., K?llberg, P., and Edwards, M.: An Air Transport Climatology for Subtropical Southern Africa, Int. J. Climatol., 16, 265-291, doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199603)16:3265::AID-JOC83.3.CO;2-D, 1996.
63. von Schirnding, Y., Bruce, N., Smith, K., Ballard-Tremeer, G., Ezzati, M., and Lvovsky, K.: Addressing the impact of household energy and indoor air pollution on the health of the poor: implications for policy action and intervention measures., Tech. rep., World Health Organization (WHO) Commission on Macroeconomics and Health working group 5: improving health outcomes of the poor, Geneva, 2002.
64. Wentzel, M., Annegarn, H., Helas, G., Weinbruch, S., Balogh, A., and Sithole, J.: Giant dendritic carbonaceous particles in Soweto aerosols, S. Afr. J. Sci., 95, 141-145, 1999.
65. Wichmann, J. and Voyi, K. V.: Air pollution epidemiological studies in South Africa: Need for freshening up, Reviews on environmental health, 20, 265-302, 2005.
66. Winkler, H., Formenti, P., Esterhuyse, D. J., Swap, R. J., Helas, G., Annegarn, H. J., and Andreae, M. O.: Evidence for largescale transport of biomass burning aerosols from sunphotometry at a remote South African site, Atmos. Environ., 42, 5569-5578, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.03.031, 2008.
67. Yeh, E.: Indoor air pollution in developing countries: Household use of traditional biomass fuels and the impact on mortality, University of California, Berkeley, 2004.
68. Zhang, Z., Wenig, M., Zhou, W., Diehl, T., Chan, K.-L., and Wang, L.: The contribution of different aerosol sources to the Aerosol Optical Depth in Hong Kong, Atmos. Environ., 83, 145-154, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.047, 2014.
69. Zhuang, B., Wang, T., Li, S., Liu, J., Talbot, R., Mao, H., Yang, X., Fu, C., Yin, C., Zhu, J., Che, H., and Zhang, X.: Optical properties and radiative forcing of urban aerosols in Nanjing, China, Atmos. Environ., 83, 43-52, doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.052, 2014.