Clostridium difficile infection among hospitalized HIV-infected individuals: Epidemiology and risk factors: Results from a case-control study (2002-2013)

BMC Infectious Diseases

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2015, Pages

  Di Bella, Stefano ^a   Friedrich, Alexander W ^b   García Almodóvar, Esther ^c   Gallone, Maria Serena ^d   Taglietti, Fabrizio ^a   Topino, Simone ^a   Galati, Vincenzo ^a   Johnson, Emma ^e   D'Arezzo, Silvia ^a   Petrosillo, Nicola ^a  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES L SPALLANZANI   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^c HOSPITAL DE MANACOR   (Spain)

^d UNIVERSITY OF BARI   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

AIDS; Albumin; Case control; Clostridium difficile; Gammaglobulins; HIV; Risk factors

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ANTACID AGENT; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENT; CARBAPENEM DERIVATIVE; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; CLINDAMYCIN; CREATININE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; PENICILLIN DERIVATIVE; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; RIFAMYCIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CASE CONTROL STUDY; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CHARLSON COMORBIDITY INDEX; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMORAL IMMUNITY; INCIDENCE; ITALY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; ENTEROPATHY; HOSPITAL PATIENT; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PEPTOCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INPATIENTS; INTESTINAL DISEASES; ITALY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 84928522828     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0932-x     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Freeman J, Bauer MP, Baines SD, Corver J, Fawley WN, Goorhuis B, et al. The changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010;23:529-49.
2. Alonso CD, Treadway SB, Hanna DB, Huff CA, Neofytos D, Carroll KC, et al. Epidemiology and outcomes of Clostridium difficile infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:1053-63.
3. Dubberke ER, Burdette SD. Clostridium difficile infections in solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant. 2013;13 Suppl 4:42-9.
4. Haines CF, Moore RD, Bartlett JG, Sears CL, Cosgrove SE, Carroll K, et al. Clostridium difficile in a HIV-infected cohort: incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcomes. AIDS. 2013;27:2799-807.
5. Collini PJ, Bauer M, Kuijper E, Dockrell DH. Clostridium difficile infection in HIV-seropositive individuals and transplant recipients. J Infect. 2012;64:131-47.
6. Pepin J, Valiquette L, Alary ME, Villemure P, Pelletier A, Forget K, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity. CMAJ. 2004;171:466-72.
7. McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan DB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:409-15.
8. Dial S, Alrasadi K, Manoukian C, Huang A, Menzies D. Risk of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among hospital inpatients prescribed proton pump inhibitors: cohort and case-control studies. CMAJ. 2004;171:33-8.
9. Issa M, Ananthakrishnan AN, Binion DG. Clostridium difficile and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14:1432-42.
10. Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1932-40.
11. Tickler IA, Goering RV, Whitmore JD, Lynn AN, Persing DH, Tenover FC. Strain Types and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Clostridium difficile Isolates from the United States, 2011 to 2013. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58:4214-8.
12. He M, Miyajima F, Roberts P, Ellison L, Pickard DJ, Martin MJ, et al. Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile. Nat Genet. 2013;45:109-13.
13. Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Kelly CP, Loo VG, McDonald LC, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the society for healthcare epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the infectious diseases society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31:431-55.
14. Hosmer D, Lemeshow S. Applied Logistic Regression. 2nd ed. New York, NT: John Wiley & Sons; 2000.
15. Anastasi JK, Capili B. HIV and diarrhea in the era of HAART: 1998 New York State hospitalizations. Am J Infect Control. 1998;2000(28):262-6.
16. Pulvirenti JJ, Mehra T, Hafiz I, DeMarais P, Marsh D, Kocka F, et al. Epidemiology and outcome of Clostridium difficile infection and diarrhea in HIV infected inpatients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;44:325-30.
17. Hutin Y, Molina JM, Casin I, Daix V, Sednaoui P, Welker Y, et al. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in HIV-infected patients. AIDS. 1993;7:1441-7.
18. Warny M, Vaerman JP, Avesani V, Delmee M. Human antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxin A in relation to clinical course of infection. Infect Immun. 1994;62:384-9.
19. Munoz P, Giannella M, Alcala L, Sarmiento E, Fernandez Yanez J, Palomo J, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in heart transplant recipients: is hypogammaglobulinemia the answer? J Heart Lung Transplant. 2007;26:907-14.
20. Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Asymptomatic carriage of Clostridium difficile and serum levels of IgG antibody against toxin A. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:390-7.
21. Barbut F, Meynard JL, Guiguet M, Avesani V, Bochet MV, Meyohas MC, et al. Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in HIV-infected patients: epidemiology and risk factors. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1997;16:176-81.
22. Kyne L, Warny M, Qamar A, Kelly CP. Association between antibody response to toxin A and protection against recurrent Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Lancet. 2001;357:189-93.
23. Aronsson B, Granstrom M, Mollby R, Nord CE. Serum antibody response to Clostridium difficile toxins in patients with Clostridium difficile diarrhoea. Infection. 1985;13:97-101.
24. Sanchez TH, Brooks JT, Sullivan PS, Juhasz M, Mintz E, Dworkin MS, et al. Bacterial diarrhea in persons with HIV infection, United States, 1992-2002. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1621-7.
25. Sivapalasingam S, Blaser MJ. Bacterial diarrhea in HIV-infected patients: why Clostridium difficile, and why now? Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1628-30.
26. Miotti PG, Nelson KE, Dallabetta GA, Farzadegan H, Margolick J, Clements ML. The influence of HIV infection on antibody responses to a two-dose regimen of influenza vaccine. JAMA. 1989;262:779-83.
27. Opravil M, Fierz W, Matter L, Blaser J, Luthy R. Poor antibody response after tetanus and pneumococcal vaccination in immunocompromised, HIV-infected patients. Clin Exp Immunol. 1991;84:185-9.
28. De Milito A, Nilsson A, Titanji K, Thorstensson R, Reizenstein E, Narita M, et al. Mechanisms of hypergammaglobulinemia and impaired antigen-specific humoral immunity in HIV-1 infection. Blood. 2004;103:2180-6.
29. Juompan L, Lambin P, Zouali M. Selective alterations of the antibody response to HIV-1. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 1998;75:139-50.
30. Bacon AE, McGrath S, Fekety R, Holloway WJ. In vitro synergy studies with Clostridium difficile. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:582-3.
31. Miller MA, Blanchette R, Spigaglia P, Barbanti F, Mastrantonio P. Divergent rifamycin susceptibilities of Clostridium difficile strains in Canada and Italy and predictive accuracy of rifampin Etest for rifamycin resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 2011;49:4319-21.
32. Di Bella S, Paglia MG, Johnson E, Petrosillo N. Clostridium difficile 027 infection in Central Italy. BMC Infect Dis. 2012;12:370.
33. Dubberke ER, Yan Y, Reske KA, Butler AM, Doherty J, Pham V, et al. Development and validation of a Clostridium difficile infection risk prediction model. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011;32:360-6.
34. Al-Tureihi FI, Hassoun A, Wolf-Klein G, Isenberg H. Albumin, length of stay, and proton pump inhibitors: key factors in Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nursing home patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2005;6:105-8.
35. Varshney A, Rehan M, Subbarao N, Rabbani G, Khan RH. Elimination of endogenous toxin, creatinine from blood plasma depends on albumin conformation: site specific uremic toxicity & impaired drug binding. PLoS One. 2011;6, e17230.
36. Kumarappa VS, Patel H, Shah A, Baddoura W, DeBari VA. Temporal changes in serum albumin and total protein in patients with hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2014;44:32-7.
37. Buchacz K, Baker RK, Moorman AC, Richardson JT, Wood KC, Holmberg SD, et al. Rates of hospitalizations and associated diagnoses in a large multisite cohort of HIV patients in the United States, 1994-2005. AIDS. 2008;22:1345-54.
38. Baldan R, Cavallerio P, Tuscano A, Parlato C, Fossati L, Moro M, et al. First report of hypervirulent strains polymerase chain reaction ribotypes 027 and 078 causing severe Clostridium difficile infection in Italy. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:126-7.