Latest consensus and update on protein-energy wasting in chronic kidney disease

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 18, Issue 3, 2015, Pages 254-262

  Obi, Yoshitsugu ^a,b   Qader, Hemn ^a,b   Kovesdy, Csaba P ^b,c   Kalantar Zadeh, Kamyar ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

cachexia; chronic kidney disease; end stage renal disease; malnutrition; protein energy wasting

Indexed keywords

ADIPONECTIN; ALBUMIN; ALKALI; BICARBONATE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CHOLESTEROL; CREATININE; CYTOKINE; GLUCOCORTICOID; GROWTH HORMONE; INTERLEUKIN 6; PHOSPHORUS; PREALBUMIN; RESISTIN; SOMATOMEDIN C; TESTOSTERONE; TRANSFERRIN; UREMIC TOXIN; PROTEIN INTAKE;

ACIDOSIS; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; BICARBONATE BLOOD LEVEL; BODY COMPOSITION; BODY MASS; BONE MINERAL; CACHEXIA; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONSENSUS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; CREATININE URINE LEVEL; DEPRESSION; DIET RESTRICTION; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; EXERCISE; EXHAUSTION; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEMODIALYSIS; HEMODIALYSIS PATIENT; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERMETABOLISM; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; KALANTAR SCORE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY INJURY; METABOLIC ACIDOSIS; MORTALITY; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE MASS; NONHUMAN; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; OBESITY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PARENTERAL NUTRITION; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PROTEIN CALORIE MALNUTRITION; PROTEIN INTAKE; PROTEIN RESTRICTION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCORING SYSTEM; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; WALKING SPEED; WEAKNESS; WEIGHT REDUCTION; ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE; AGING; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; COMPLICATION; DIET; MUSCULAR ATROPHY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT; PATHOLOGY; PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; RENAL REPLACEMENT THERAPY; SKELETAL MUSCLE; WASTING SYNDROME;

AGING; CACHEXIA; CONSENSUS; DIET; DIETARY PROTEINS; HUMANS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; MUSCULAR ATROPHY; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; PROTEIN-ENERGY MALNUTRITION; RENAL DIALYSIS; RENAL INSUFFICIENCY, CHRONIC; WASTING SYNDROME;

EID: 84928469120     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: 14736519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/MCO.0000000000000171     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Fouque D, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple J, et al. A proposed nomenclature and diagnostic criteria for protein-energy wasting in acute and chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2008; 73:391-398.
2. Kovesdy CP, Kopple JD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Management of protein-energy wasting in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: reconciling low protein intake with nutritional therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97:1163-1177.
3. Carrero JJ, Stenvinkel P, Cuppari L, et al. Etiology of the protein-energy wasting syndrome in chronic kidney disease: a consensus statement from the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism (ISRNM). J Ren Nutr 2013; 23:77-90.
4. Wang XH, Mitch WE. Mechanisms of muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease. Nature Rev Nephrol 2014; 10:504-516.
5. Ikizler TA, Cano NJ, Franch H, et al. Prevention and treatment of protein energy wasting in chronic kidney disease patients: a consensus statement by the International Society of Renal Nutrition and Metabolism. Kidney Int 2013; 84:1096-1107.
6. Su CT, Yabes J, Pike F, et al. Changes in anthropometry and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients in the HEMO study. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 62:1141-1150.
7. den Hoedt CH, Bots ML,GrootemanMP, et al. Clinical predictors of decline in nutritional parameters over time in ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 9:318-325.
8. Kim Y, Molnar MZ, Rattanasompattikul M, et al. Relative contributions of inflammation and inadequate protein intake to hypoalbuminemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2013; 45:215-227.
9. Amparo FC, Cordeiro AC, Carrero JJ, et al. Malnutrition-inflammation score is associated with handgrip strength in nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease patients. J Ren Nutr 2013; 23:283-287.
10. Rattanasompattikul M, Molnar MZ, Zaritsky JJ, et al. Association of malnutrition-inflammation complex and responsiveness to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in long-term hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013; 28:1936-1945.
11. Riella MC. Nutritional evaluation of patients receiving dialysis for the management of protein-energy wasting: what is old and what is new? J Ren Nutr 2013; 23:195-198.
12. Ujszaszi A, Czira ME, Fornadi K, et al. Quality of life and protein-energy wasting in kidney transplant recipients. Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 44:1257-1268.
13. Czira ME, Lindner AV, Szeifert L, et al. Association between the malnutritioninflammation score and depressive symptoms in kidney transplanted patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2011; 33:157-165.
14. Kang SH, Cho KH, Park JW, et al. Geriatric nutritional risk index as a prognostic factor in peritoneal dialysis patients. Perit Dial Int 2013; 33:405-410.
15. Jung YS, You G, Shin HS, Rim H. Relationship between geriatric nutritional risk index and total lymphocyte count and mortality of hemodialysis patients. Hemodial Int 2014; 18:104-112.
16. Tsai MT, Hu FH, Lien TJ, et al. Interaction between geriatric nutritional risk index and decoy receptor 3 predicts mortality in chronic hemodialysis patients. Am J Nephrol 2014; 40:191-199.
17. Beberashvili I, Azar A, Sinuani I, et al. Comparison analysis of nutritional scores for serial monitoring of nutritional status in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:443-451.
18. Cabezas-Rodriguez I, Carrero JJ, Zoccali C, et al. Influence of body mass index on the association of weight changes with mortality in hemodialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:1725-1733.
19. Moradi H, Streja E, Kashyap ML, et al. Elevated high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 29:1554-1562.
20. Park J, Ahmadi SF, Streja E, et al. Obesity paradox in end-stage kidney disease patients. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 56:415-425.
21. Molnar MZ, Streja E, Kovesdy CP, et al. Associations of body mass index and weight loss with mortality in transplant-waitlisted maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Transplant 2011; 11:725-736.
22. Vashistha T, Mehrotra R, Park J, et al. Effect of age and dialysis vintage on obesity paradox in long-term hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 63:612-622.
23. Hoogeveen EK, Halbesma N, Rothman KJ, et al. Obesity and mortality risk among younger dialysis patients. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 7:280-288.
24. Lu JL, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Ma JZ, et al. Association of body mass index with outcomes in patients with CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:2088-2096.
25. Obermayr RP, Temml C, Gutjahr G, et al. Body mass index modifies the risk of cardiovascular death in proteinuric chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:2421-2428.
26. Walker SR, Gill K, Macdonald K, et al. Association of frailty and physical function in patients with nondialysis CKD: a systematic review. BMC Nephrol 2013; 14:228.
27. Kim JC, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Frailty and protein-energy wasting in elderly patients with end stage kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:337-351.
28. McAdams-DeMarco MA, Law A, Salter ML, et al. Frailty as a novel predictor of mortality and hospitalization in individuals of all ages undergoing hemodialysis. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013; 61:896-901.
29. Bao Y, Dalrymple L, Chertow GM, et al. Frailty, dialysis initiation, and mortality in end-stage renal disease. Arch Intern Med 2012; 172:1071-1077.
30. Matsuzawa R, Matsunaga A, Wang G, et al. Relationship between lower extremity muscle strength and all-cause mortality in Japanese patients undergoing dialysis. Phys Ther 2014; 94:947-956.
31. Johansen KL, Dalrymple LS, Delgado C, et al. Association between body composition and frailty among prevalent hemodialysis patients: a US Renal Data System special study. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:381-389.
32. Reese PP, Cappola AR, Shults J, et al. Physical performance and frailty in chronic kidney disease. Am J Nephrol 2013; 38:307-315.
33. John SG, Sigrist MK, Taal MW, McIntyre CW. Natural history of skeletal muscle mass changes in chronic kidney disease stage 4 and 5 patients: an observational study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65372.
34. Di Micco L, Quinn RR, Ronksley PE, et al. Urine creatinine excretion and clinical outcomes in CKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:1877-1883.
35. Patel SS, Molnar MZ, Tayek JA, et al. Serum creatinine as a marker of muscle mass in chronic kidney disease: results of a cross-sectional study and review of literature. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:19-29.
36. Canaud B, Granger Vallee A, Molinari N, et al. Creatinine index as a surrogate of lean body mass derived from urea kt/v, predialysis serum levels and anthropometric characteristics of haemodialysis patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93286.
37. Park J, Jin DC, Molnar MZ, et al. Mortality predictability of body size and muscle mass surrogates in Asian vs White and African American hemodialysis patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:479-486.
38. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Streja E, Kovesdy CP, et al. The obesity paradox and mortality associated with surrogates of body size and muscle mass in patients receiving hemodialysis. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85:991-1001.
39. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Streja E, Molnar MZ, et al. Mortality prediction by surrogates of body composition: an examination of the obesity paradox in hemodialysis patients using composite ranking score analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2012; 175:793-803.
40. Onofriescu M, Hogas S, Voroneanu L, et al. Bioimpedance-guided fluid management in maintenance hemodialysis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2014; 64:111-118.
41. Wu HL, Sung JM, Kao MD, et al. Nonprotein calorie supplement improves adherence to low-protein diet and exerts beneficial responses on renal function in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2013; 23:271-276.
42. Levine ME, Suarez JA, Brandhorst S, et al. Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population. Cell Metab 2014; 19:407-417.
43. LukowskyLR, Kheifets L, ArahOA,et al.Nutritional predictors of early mortality in incident hemodialysis patients. Int Urol Nephrol 2014; 46:129-140.
44. Ravel VA, Molnar MZ, Streja E, et al. Low protein nitrogen appearance as a surrogate of low dietary protein intake is associated with higher all-cause mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Nutr 2013; 143:1084-1092.
45. Rattanasompattikul M, Molnar MZ, Lee ML, et al. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative nutrition in hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients (AIONID) study: results of the pilot-feasibility, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2013; 4:247-257.
46. Cheu C, Pearson J, Dahlerus C, et al. Association between oral nutritional supplementation and clinical outcomes among patients with ESRD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:100-107.
47. Lacson E Jr, Wang W, Zebrowski B, et al. Outcomes associated with intradialytic oral nutritional supplements in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis: a quality improvement report. Am J Kidney Dis 2012; 60:591-600.
48. Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and calciumand risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis. JAMA 2011; 305:1119-1127.
49. Jamal SA, Vandermeer B, Raggi P, et al. Effect of calcium-based versus noncalcium-based phosphate binders on mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2013; 382:1268-1277.
50. Streja E, Lau WL, Goldstein L, et al. Hyperphosphatemia is a combined function of high serum PTH and high dietary protein intake in dialysis patients. Kidney Int Supplements 2013; 3:462-468.
51. Lertdumrongluk P, Rhee CM, Park J, et al. Association of serum phosphorus concentration with mortality in elderly and nonelderly hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 2013; 23:411-421.
52. Yamada S, Tokumoto M, Tatsumoto N, et al. Phosphate overload directly induces systemic inflammation and malnutrition as well as vascular calcification in uremia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 306:F1418-F1428.
53. Chen JL, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Is an increased serum bicarbonate concentration during hemodialysis associated with an increased risk of death? Semin Dial 2014; 27:259-262.
54. Loniewski I, Wesson DE. Bicarbonate therapy for prevention of chronic kidney disease progression. Kidney Int 2014; 85:529-535.
55. Kovesdy CP. Metabolic acidosis and kidney disease: does bicarbonate therapy slow the progression of CKD? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:3056-3062.
56. Dobre M, Yang W, Chen J, et al. Association of serum bicarbonate with risk of renal and cardiovascular outcomes in CKD: a report from the chronic renal insufficiency cohort (CRIC) study. Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 62:670-678.
57. Kovesdy CP, Anderson JE, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Association of serum bicarbonate levels with mortality in patients with nondialysis-dependent CKD. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2009; 24:1232-1237.
58. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Inter Suppl 2013; 3:1-150.
59. Vashistha T, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Molnar MZ, et al. Dialysis modality and correction of uremic metabolic acidosis: relationship with all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 8:254-264.
60. Tentori F, Karaboyas A, Robinson BM, et al. Association of dialysate bicarbonate concentration with mortality in the dialysis outcomes and practice patterns study (DOPPS). Am J Kidney Dis 2013; 62:738-746.
61. Kim JC, Shapiro BB, Zhang M, et al. Daily physical activity and physical function in adult maintenance hemodialysis patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:209-220.
62. Rhee CM, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Resistance exercise: an effective strategy to reverse muscle wasting in hemodialysis patients? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:177-180.
63. Cheema BS, Chan D, Fahey P, Atlantis E. Effect of progressive resistance training on measures of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, muscular strength and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2014; 44:1125-1138.
64. Kirkman DL, Mullins P, Junglee NA, et al. Anabolic exercise in haemodialysis patients: a randomised controlled pilot study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2014; 5:199-207.
65. Watson EL, Kosmadakis GC, Smith AC, et al. Combined walking exercise and alkali therapy in patients with CKD4-5 regulates intramuscular free amino acid pools and ubiquitin e3 ligase expression. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2111-2124.