Problems faced by evidence-based medicine in evaluating lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 20, Issue 36, 2014, Pages 12883-12891

  Verlato, Giuseppe ^a   Giacopuzzi, Simone ^a   Bencivenga, Maria ^a   Morgagni, Paolo ^b   De Manzoni, Giovanni ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b MORGAGNI PIERANTONI HOSPITAL   (Italy)

Author keywords

Eastern Asia; Evidence based medicine; Gastric cancer; Lymphadenectomy; National guidelines; Surgical quality; United States

Indexed keywords

ASIA; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CANCER SURVIVAL; EUROPE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER; UNITED STATES; ADVERSE EFFECTS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONSENSUS; HEALTH CARE DISPARITY; LYMPH NODE; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MORTALITY; PATHOLOGY; STANDARDS; STOMACH NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CONSENSUS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HEALTHCARE DISPARITIES; HUMANS; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHATIC METASTASIS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; STOMACH NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84928381325     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.12883     Document Type: Review

References (93)

1. Kajitani T. The general rules for the gastric cancer study in surgery and pathology. Part I. Clinical classification. Jpn J Surg 1981; 11: 127-139 [PMID: 7300058 DOI: 10.1007/BF02468883]
2. Maruyama K, Kaminishi M, Hayashi K, Isobe Y, Honda I, Katai H, Arai K, Kodera Y, Nashimoto A. Gastric cancer treated in 1991 in Japan: data analysis of nationwide registry. Gastric Cancer 2006; 9: 51-66 [PMID: 16767357 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-006-0370-y]
3. Sasako M, Saka M, Fukagawa T, Katai H, Sano T. Modern surgery for gastric cancer - Japanese perspective. Scand J Surg 2006; 95: 232-235 [PMID: 17249270]
4. Schmidt B, Yoon SS. D1 versus D2 lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2013; 107: 259-264 [PMID: 22513454 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23127]
5. Sasako M, Sano T, Yamamoto S, Kurokawa Y, Nashimoto A, Kurita A, Hiratsuka M, Tsujinaka T, Kinoshita T, Arai K, Yamamura Y, Okajima K. D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 453-462 [PMID: 18669424 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0707035]
6. Hundahl SA, Macdonald JS, Benedetti J, Fitzsimmons T; Southwest Oncology Group and the Gastric Intergroup. Surgical treatment variation in a prospective, randomized trial of chemoradiotherapy in gastric cancer: the effect of undertreatment. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9: 278-286 [PMID: 11923135 DOI: 10.1007/BF02573066]
7. McCulloch P, Nita ME, Kazi H, Gama-Rodrigues J. Extended versus limited lymph nodes dissection technique for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; (4): CD001964 [PMID: 14583942 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001964.pub2]
8. McCulloch P, Niita ME, Kazi H, Gama-Rodrigues JJ. Gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for primary treatment of gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2005; 92: 5-13 [PMID: 15635680 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4839]
9. Bonenkamp JJ, Hermans J, Sasako M, van de Velde CJ, Welvaart K, Songun I, Meyer S, Plukker JT, Van Elk P, Obertop H, Gouma DJ, van Lanschot JJ, Taat CW, de Graaf PW, von Meyenfeldt MF, Tilanus H. Extended lymph-node dissection for gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 908-914 [PMID: 10089184 DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199903253401202]
10. Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fielding J, Bancewicz J, Craven J, Joypaul V, Sydes M, Fayers P. Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative Group. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 1522-1530 [PMID: 10188901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690243]
11. de Manzoni G, Verlato G, Roviello F, Morgagni P, Di Leo A, Saragoni L, Marrelli D, Kurihara H, Pasini F. The new TNM classification of lymph node metastasis minimises stage migration problems in gastric cancer patients. Br J Cancer 2002; 87: 171-174 [PMID: 12107838 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600432]
12. Smith BR, Stabile BE. Aggressive D2 lymphadenectomy is required for accurate pathologic staging of gastric adenocarcinoma. Am Surg 2006; 72: 849-852 [PMID: 17058719]
13. Chen S, Zhao BW, Li YF, Feng XY, Sun XW, Li W, Zhou ZW, Zhan YQ, Qian CN, Chen YB. The prognostic value of harvested lymph nodes and the metastatic lymph node ratio for gastric cancer patients: results of a study of 1,101 patients. PLoS One 2012; 7: e49424 [PMID: 23166665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049424]
14. Marchet A, Mocellin S, Ambrosi A, Morgagni P, Garcea D, Marrelli D, Roviello F, de Manzoni G, Minicozzi A, Natalini G, De Santis F, Baiocchi L, Coniglio A, Nitti D. The ratio between metastatic and examined lymph nodes (N ratio) is an independent prognostic factor in gastric cancer regardless of the type of lymphadenectomy: results from an Italian multicentric study in 1853 patients. Ann Surg 2007; 245: 543-552 [PMID: 17414602 DOI: 10.1097/01.sla.0000250423.43436.e1]
15. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM, Forman D, Bray F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2013. Accessed on 3/1/2014. Available from: URL: http://globocan.iarc.fr
16. Verlato G, Roviello F, Marchet A, Giacopuzzi S, Marrelli D, Nitti D, de Manzoni G. Indexes of surgical quality in gastric cancer surgery: experience of an Italian network. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16: 594-602 [PMID: 19118437 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-008-0271-x]
17. Bonenkamp JJ, Songun I, Hermans J, Sasako M, Welvaart K, Plukker JT, van Elk P, Obertop H, Gouma DJ, Taat CW. Randomised comparison of morbidity after D1 and D2 dissection for gastric cancer in 996 Dutch patients. Lancet 1995; 345: 745-748 [PMID: 7891484 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)90637-1]
18. Cuschieri A, Fayers P, Fielding J, Craven J, Bancewicz J, Joypaul V, Cook P. Postoperative morbidity and mortality after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: preliminary results of the MRC randomised controlled surgical trial. The Surgical Cooperative Group. Lancet 1996; 347: 995-999 [PMID: 8606613 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90144-0]
19. Guadagni S, Catarci M, de Manzoni G, Kinoshita T. D1 versus D2 dissection for gastric cancer. Lancet 1995; 345: 1517; author reply 1517-1518 [PMID: 7769935 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91078-6]
20. Fujii M, Sasaki J, Nakajima T. State of the art in the treatment of gastric cancer: from the 71st Japanese Gastric Cancer Congress. Gastric Cancer 1999; 2: 151-157 [PMID: 11957089 DOI: 10.1007/s101200050039]
21. Sano T, Sasako M, Yamamoto S, Nashimoto A, Kurita A, Hiratsuka M, Tsujinaka T, Kinoshita T, Arai K, Yamamura Y, Okajima K. Gastric cancer surgery: morbidity and mortality results from a prospective randomized controlled trial comparing D2 and extended para-aortic lymphadenectomy - Japan Clinical Oncology Group study 9501. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2767-2773 [PMID: 15199090 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2004.10.184]
22. Hartgrink HH, van de Velde CJ, Putter H, Bonenkamp JJ, Klein Kranenbarg E, Songun I, Welvaart K, van Krieken JH, Meijer S, Plukker JT, van Elk PJ, Obertop H, Gouma DJ, van Lanschot JJ, Taat CW, de Graaf PW, von Meyenfeldt MF, Tilanus H, Sasako M. Extended lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: who may benefit? Final results of the randomized Dutch gastric cancer group trial. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2069-2077 [PMID: 15082726 DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2004.08.026]
23. Wu CW, Hsiung CA, Lo SS, Hsieh MC, Chen JH, Li AF, Lui WY, Whang-Peng J. Nodal dissection for patients with gastric cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 309-315 [PMID: 16574546 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70623-4]
24. Wu CW, Hsiung CA, Lo SS, Hsieh MC, Shia LT, Whang-Peng J. Randomized clinical trial of morbidity after D1 and D3 surgery for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2004; 91: 283-287 [PMID: 14991627 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4433]
25. Nakajima T . Gastric cancer treatment guidelines in Japan. Gastric Cancer 2002; 5: 1-5 [PMID: 12021853 DOI: 10.1007/s101200200000]
26. Berrino F, De Angelis R, Sant M, Rosso S, Bielska-Lasota M, Coebergh JW, Santaquilani M. Survival for eight major cancers and all cancers combined for European adults diagnosed in 1995-99: results of the EUROCARE-4 study. Lancet Oncol 2007; 8: 773-783 [PMID: 17714991 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70245-0]
27. Roviello F, Marrelli D, Morgagni P, de Manzoni G, Di Leo A, Vindigni C, Saragoni L, Tomezzoli A, Kurihara H. Survival benefit of extended D2 lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer with involvement of second level lymph nodes: a longitudinal multicenter study. Ann Surg Oncol 2002; 9: 894-900 [PMID: 12417512 DOI: 10.1245/ASO.2002.02.002]
28. de Manzoni G, Verlato GE. Gastrectomy with extended lymphadenectomy for primary treatment of gastric cancer (Br J Surg 2005; 92: 5-13). Br J Surg 2005; 92: 784 [PMID: 15912487 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5088]
29. McCulloch P, Nita ME, Kazi H, Gama-Rodrigues JJ. WITHDRAWN: Extended versus limited lymph nodes dissection technique for adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 1: CD001964 [PMID: 22258947 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001964.pub3]
30. Vichinsky EP, MacKlin EA, Waye JS, Lorey F, Olivieri NF. Changes in the epidemiology of thalassemia in North America: a new minority disease. Pediatrics 2005; 116: e818-e825 [PMID: 16291734 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0843]
31. International Comparative Performance of the UK Research Base - 2013. A report prepared by Elsevier for the UK's Department of Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS). Available from: URL: http://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment-data/file/263729/bis-13-1297-international-comparative-performance-of-the-UK-research-base-2013.pdf
32. McCulloch P, Taylor I, Sasako M, Lovett B, Griffin D. Randomised trials in surgery: problems and possible solutions. BMJ 2002; 324: 1448-1451 [PMID: 12065273 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1448]
33. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2010 (ver. 3). Gastric Cancer 2011; 14: 113-123 [PMID: 21573742 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-011-0042-4]
34. Moenig S, Baldus S, Bollschweiler E, Hoelscher A. Surgery of gastric cancer - quality assurance. Viszeralchirurgie 2005; 42: 42-48
35. Meyer HJ, Hölscher AH, Lordick F, Messmann H, Mönig S, Schumacher C, Stahl M, Wilke H, Möhler M. [Current S3 guidelines on surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma]. Chirurg 2012; 83: 31-37 [PMID: 22127381 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-011-2149-x]
36. Allum WH, Blazeby JM, Griffin SM, Cunningham D, Jankowski JA, Wong R; Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland, the British Society of Gastroenterology and the British Association of Surgical Oncology. Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer. Gut 2011; 60: 1449-1472 [PMID: 21705456 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2010.228254]
37. Okines A, Verheij M, Allum W, Cunningham D, Cervantes A. Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2010; 21 Suppl 5: v50-v54 [PMID: 20555102 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq164]
38. Waddell T, Verheij M, Allum W, Cunningham D, Cervantes A, Arnold D. Gastric cancer: ESMO-ESSO-ESTRO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2013; 24 Suppl 6: vi57-vi63 [PMID: 24078663 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdt344]
39. Ajani JA, Bentrem DJ, Besh S, D'Amico TA, Das P, Denlinger C, Fakih MG, Fuchs CS, Gerdes H, Glasgow RE, Hayman JA, Hofstetter WL, Ilson DH, Keswani RN, Kleinberg LR, Korn WM, Lockhart AC, Meredith K, Mulcahy MF, Orringer MB, Posey JA, Sasson AR, Scott WJ, Strong VE, Varghese TK, Warren G, Washington MK, Willett C, Wright CD, McMillian NR, Sundar H. Gastric cancer, version 2.2013: featured updates to the NCCN Guidelines. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2013; 11: 531-546 [PMID: 23667204]
40. Catalano V, Labianca R, Beretta GD, Gatta G, de Braud F, Van Cutsem E. Gastric cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2009; 71: 127-164 [PMID: 19230702 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.01.004]
41. Coburn NG. Lymph nodes and gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2009; 99: 199-206 [PMID: 19142901 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21224]
42. D'souza MA, Singh K, Shrikhande SV. Surgery for gastric cancer: an evidence-based perspective. J Cancer Res Ther 2009; 5: 225-231 [PMID: 20160354 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.59891]
43. Songun I, van de Velde CJ. Optimal surgery for advanced gastric cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9: 1849-1858 [PMID: 19954295 DOI: 10.1586/era.09.132]
44. Yoon SS, Yang HK. Lymphadenectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma: should west meet east? Oncologist 2009; 14: 871-882 [PMID: 19738001 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0070]
45. Coburn NG. Improving survival for gastric cancer patients - the role of the surgeon. J Surg Oncol 2010; 101: 103-104 [PMID: 19937986 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21437]
46. de Bree E, Charalampakis V, Melissas J, Tsiftsis DD. The extent of lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: a critical appraisal. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102: 552-562 [PMID: 20976727 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21646]
47. Degiuli M, Sasako M, Ponti A. Morbidity and mortality in the Italian Gastric Cancer Study Group randomized clinical trial of D1 versus D2 resection for gastric cancer. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 643-649 [PMID: 20186890 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6936]
48. Tanizawa Y, Terashima M. Lymph node dissection in the resection of gastric cancer: review of existing evidence. Gastric Cancer 2010; 13: 137-148 [PMID: 20820982 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-010-0560-5]
49. Maduekwe UN, Yoon SS. An evidence-based review of the surgical treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15: 730-741 [PMID: 21399886 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1477-y]
50. Doglietto GB, Rosa F, Bossola M, Pacelli F. Lymphadenectomy for gastric cancer: still a matter of debate? Ann Ital Chir 2012; 83: 199-207 [PMID: 22595731]
51. Hundahl SA. Surgery for gastric cancer: what the trials indicate. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2012; 21: 79-97 [PMID: 22098833 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2011.09.005]
52. Vallbohmer D, Oh DS, Peters JH. The role of lymphadenectomy in the surgical treatment of esophageal and gastric cancer. Curr Probl Surg 2012; 49: 471-515 [PMID: 22793506 DOI: 10.1067/j.cpsurg.2012.04.003]
53. Lustosa SA, Saconato H, Atallah AN, Lopes Filho Gde J, Matos D. Impact of extended lymphadenectomy on morbidity, mortality, recurrence and 5-year survival after gastrectomy for cancer. Meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Acta Cir Bras 2008; 23: 520-530 [PMID: 19030751 DOI: 10.1590/S0102-86502008000600009]
54. Van Cutsem E, Van de Velde C, Roth A, Lordick F, Köhne CH, Cascinu S, Aapro M. Expert opinion on management of gastric and gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma on behalf of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC)-gastrointestinal cancer group. Eur J Cancer 2008; 44: 182-194 [PMID: 18093827 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.11.001]
55. Yang SH, Zhang YC, Yang KH, Li YP, He XD, Tian JH, Lv TH, Hui YH, Sharma N. An evidence-based medicine review of lymphadenectomy extent for gastric cancer. Am J Surg 2009; 197: 246-251 [PMID: 18722583 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2008.05.001]
56. Memon MA, Subramanya MS, Khan S, Hossain MB, Osland E, Memon B. Meta-analysis of D1 versus D2 gastrectomy for gastric adenocarcinoma. Ann Surg 2011; 253: 900-911 [PMID: 21394009 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318212bff6]
57. Wong J, Jackson P. Gastric cancer surgery: an American perspective on the current options and standards. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2011; 12: 72-84 [PMID: 21274666 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-010-0136-y]
58. Ozmen MM, Ozmen F, Zulfikaroglu B. Lymph nodes in gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2008; 98: 476-481 [PMID: 18720367 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21134]
59. Díaz de Liaño A, Yárnoz C, Artieda C, Aguilar R, Viana S, Artajona A, Ortiz H. Results of R0 surgery with D2 lymphadenectomy for the treatment of localised gastric cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2009; 11: 178-182 [PMID: 19293056 DOI: 10.1007/S12094-009-0335-9]
60. Griniatsos J, Gakiopoulou H, Yiannakopoulou E, Dimitriou N, Douridas G, Nonni A, Liakakos T, Felekouras E. Routine modified D2 lymphadenectomy performance in pT1-T2N0 gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15: 5568-5572 [PMID: 19938196 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.5568]
61. Kodera E, Fujiwara M, Ito Y, Ohashi N, Nakayama G, Koike M, Nakao A. Radical surgery for gastric carcinoma: it is not an issue of whether to perform D1 or D2. Dissect as many lymph nodes as possible and you will be rewarded. Acta Chir Belg 2009; 109: 27-35 [PMID: 19341192]
62. Roy MK, Sadhu S, Dubey SK. Advances in the management of gastric cancer. Indian J Surg 2009; 71: 342-349 [PMID: 23133189 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-009-0092-6]
63. Sasako M, Inoue M, Lin JT, Khor C, Yang HK, Ohtsu A. Gastric Cancer Working Group report. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2010; 40 Suppl 1: i28-i37 [PMID: 20870917 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq124]
64. Shi Y, Zhou Y. The role of surgery in the treatment of gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2010; 101: 687-692 [PMID: 20512944 DOI: 10.1002/jso.21455]
65. Songun I, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM, Sasako M, van de Velde CJ. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 439-449 [PMID: 20409751 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70070-X]
66. Tentes AA, Korakianitis O, Kyziridis D, Veliovits D. Long-term results following potentially curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer. J BUON 2010; 15: 504-508 [PMID: 20941818]
67. Hussain A. Gastric malignancy: surgical management. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011; 27: 583-587 [PMID: 21993372 DOI: 10.1097/MOG.0b013e32834a6d8d]
68. Meyer HJ, Wilke H. Treatment strategies in gastric cancer. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2011; 108: 698-705; quiz 706 [PMID: 22114638 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2011.0698]
69. Ott K, Lordick F, Blank S, Büchler M. Gastric cancer: surgery in 2011. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2011; 396: 743-758 [PMID: 21234760 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-010-0738-7]
70. Saka M, Morita S, Fukagawa T, Katai H. Present and future status of gastric cancer surgery. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2011; 41: 307-313 [PMID: 21242182 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyq240]
71. Lee JH, Kim KM, Cheong JH, Noh SH. Current management and future strategies of gastric cancer. Yonsei Med J 2012; 53: 248-257 [PMID: 22318810 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2012.53.2.248]
72. Sasako M. Gastric cancer eastern experience. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2012; 21: 71-77 [PMID: 22098832 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2011.09.013]
73. Seevaratnam R, Bocicariu A, Cardoso R, Mahar A, Kiss A, Helyer L, Law C, Coburn N. A meta-analysis of D1 versus D2 lymph node dissection. Gastric Cancer 2012; 15 Suppl 1: S60-S69 [PMID: 22138927 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-011-0110-9]
74. Viudez-Berral A, Miranda-Murua C, Arias-de-la-Vega F, Hernández-García I, Artajona-Rosino A, Díaz-de-Liaño A, Vera-García R. Current management of gastric cancer. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2012; 104: 134-141 [PMID: 22449155]
75. Yalcin S. Gastric cancer in Turkey-a bridge between west and East. Gastrointest Cancer Res 2009; 3: 29-32 [PMID: 19343135]
76. Methasate A, Trakarnsanga A, Akaraviputh T, Chinsawangwathanakol V, Lohsiriwat D. Lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer: result of D2 dissection. J Med Assoc Thai 2010; 93: 310-317 [PMID: 20420105]
77. Wang XN, Liang H. Some problems in the surgical treatment of gastric cancer. Chin J Cancer 2010; 29: 369-373 [PMID: 20346210]
78. An JY, Cheong JH, Hyung WJ, Noh SH. Recent evolution of surgical treatment for gastric cancer in Korea. J Gastric Cancer 2011; 11: 1-6 [PMID: 22076195 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2011.11.1.1]
79. Tamura S, Takeno A, Miki H. Lymph node dissection in curative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer. Int J Surg Oncol 2011; 2011: 748745 [PMID: 22312521 DOI: 10.1155/2011/748745]
80. Allum WH. Optimal surgery for gastric cancer: is more always better? Recent Results Cancer Res 2012; 196: 215-227 [PMID: 23129377 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31629-6-15]
81. Bittoni A, Faloppi L, Giampieri R, Cascinu S. Selecting the best treatment for an individual patient. Recent Results Cancer Res 2012; 196: 307-318 [PMID: 23129382 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-31629-6-20]
82. Zilberstein B, Mucerino DR, Yagi OK, Ribeiro-Junior U, Lopasso FP, Bresciani C, Jacob CE, Coimbra BG, Cecconello I. Results of D2 gastrectomy for gastric cancer: lymph node chain dissection or multiple node resection? Arq Bras Cir Dig 2012; 25: 161-164 [PMID: 23411804 DOI: 10.1590/S0102-67202012000300005]
83. Akagi T, Shiraishi N, Kitano S. Lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3: 2141-2159 [PMID: 24212800 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3022141]
84. Rausei S, Dionigi G, Rovera F, Boni L, Valerii C, Giavarini L, Frattini F, Dionigi R. A decade in gastric cancer curative surgery: Evidence of progress (1999-2009). World J Gastrointest Surg 2012; 4: 45-54 [PMID: 22530078 DOI: 10.4240/wjgs.v4.i3.45]
85. Lamb P, Sivashanmugam T, White M, Irving M, Wayman J, Raimes S. Gastric cancer surgery - a balance of risk and radicality. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2008; 90: 235-242 [PMID: 18430340 DOI: 10.1308/003588408X261546]
86. Brar S, Law C, McLeod R, Helyer L, Swallow C, Paszat L, Seevaratnam R, Cardoso R, Dixon M, Mahar A, Lourenco LG, Yohanathan L, Bocicariu A, Bekaii-Saab T, Chau I, Church N, Coit D, Crane CH, Earle C, Mansfield P, Marcon N, Miner T, Noh SH, Porter G, Posner MC, Prachand V, Sano T, van de Velde C, Wong S, Coburn N. Defining surgical quality in gastric cancer: a RAND/UCLA appropriateness study. J Am Coll Surg 2013; 217: 347-57.e1 [PMID: 23664139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.01.067]
87. Jiang L, Yang KH, Guan QL, Zhao P, Chen Y, Tian JH. Survival and recurrence free benefits with different lymphadenectomy for resectable gastric cancer: a meta-analysis. J Surg Oncol 2013; 107: 807-814 [PMID: 23512524 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23325]
88. Strong VE, Yoon SS. Extended lymphadenectomy in gastric cancer is debatable. World J Surg 2013; 37: 1773-1777 [PMID: 23649527 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-013-2070-1]
89. Smith DL, Elting LS, Learn PA, Raut CP, Mansfield PF. Factors influencing the volume-outcome relationship in gastrectomies: a population-based study. Ann Surg Oncol 2007; 14: 1846-1852 [PMID: 17406947 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-007-9381-0]
90. Krijnen P, den Dulk M, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Jansen-Landheer ML, van de Velde CJ. Improved survival after resectable non-cardia gastric cancer in The Netherlands: the importance of surgical training and quality control. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009; 35: 715-720 [PMID: 19144490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2008.12.008]
91. Jensen LS, Nielsen H, Mortensen PB, Pilegaard HK, Johnsen SP. Enforcing centralization for gastric cancer in Denmark. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 36 Suppl 1: S50-S54 [PMID: 20598495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2010.06.025]
92. de Steur WO, Dikken JL, Hartgrink HH. Lymph node dissection in resectable advanced gastric cancer. Dig Surg 2013; 30: 96-103 [PMID: 23867585 DOI: 10.1159/000350873]
93. Dikken JL, van Sandick JW, Allum WH, Johansson J, Jensen LS, Putter H, Coupland VH, Wouters MW, Lemmens VE, van de Velde CJ, van der Geest LG, Larsson HJ, Cats A, Verheij M. Differences in outcomes of oesophageal and gastric cancer surgery across Europe. Br J Surg 2013; 100: 83-94 [PMID: 23180474 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.8966]