Recent developments in fast spectroscopy for plant mineral analysis

Frontiers in Plant Science

Volumn 6, Issue MAR, 2015, Pages

  Van Maarschalkerweerd, Marie ^a   Husted, Søren ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Chlorophyll a fluorescence; NIR; Nutrient deficiency; Plant mineral analysis; Plant nutrition; UV Vis spectroscopy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84928015882     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664462X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00169     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Abadia, J., Rao, I. M., and Terry, N. (1988). Light scattering in vivo as a tool for mineral nutrient deficiency diagnosis in crop plants. J. PlantNutr. 11, 423-434. doi:10.1080/01904168809363812
2. Abdi, D., Tremblay, G. F., Ziadi, N., Belanger, G., and Parent, L. E. (2012). Predicting soil phosphorus-related properties using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76, 2318-2326. doi:10.2136/sssaj2012.0155
3. Adamski, J. M., Peters, J. A., Danieloski, R., and Bacarin, M. A. (2011). Excess iron- induced changes in the photosynthetic characteristics of sweet potato. J. Plant Physiol. 168,2056-2062. doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2011.06.003
4. Agnew, R. E., Park, R. S., Mayne, C. S., and Laidlaw, A. S. (2004). Potential of near infrared spectroscopy to predict the voluntary intake of grazed grass. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 115, 169-178. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.01.009\
5. Anonymous. (2005). “Mineral nitrogen fertilizers,” in Understanding Nitrogen and its use in Agriculture, ed. E. F. M. Association (Brussels: European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association)
6. Baker, N. R. (2008). Chlorophyll fluorescence: a probe of photosynthesis in vivo. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59, 89-113. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092759
7. Barton, C. V. M. (2012). Advances in remote sensing of plant stress. PlantSoil 354, 41-44. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-1051-1050
8. axter, I. (2009). Ionomics: studying the social network of mineral nutrients. Curr. Opin. PlantBiol. 12,381-386. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2009.05.002
9. Beckman, J., Borchers, A., and Jones, C. A. (2013). Agriculture’s supply and demand for energy and energy products. Econ. Inform. Bull. 112:35.
10. Belanger, M. C., Viau, A. A., Samson, G., and Chamberland, M. (2005). Determination of a multivariate indicator of nitrogen imbalance (mini) in potato using reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy. Agron. J. 97,1515-1523. doi:10.2134/agronj2005.0040
11. Bell, A., Bailey, J., and Smith, R. (2005). An evaluation of the olsen test as a measure of plant-available phosphorus in grassland soils derived from basalt parent material. Soil UseManage 21, 322-329. doi:10.1111/j.1475-2743.2005.tb00405.x
12. Bendig, J., Bolten, A., and Bareth, G. (2012). Introducing a low- cost mini-uav for thermal-and multispectral-imaging. ISPAr 39, 345-349.
13. BP. (2012). Bp Statistical Review on World Energy 2012.Available at: http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/about-bp/energy-economics/statistica l-review-of-world-energy/review-by-energy-type.html [accessed October 12, 2012].
14. Campbell, C. R. (2009). Reference Sufficiency Ranges for Plant Analysis in the Southern Region of the United States. Available at: http://www.clemson.edu/sera6/scsb394notoc.pdf [accessed January 29, 2015].
15. Cerovic, Z. G., Masdoumier, G., Ben Ghozlen, N., and Latouche, G. (2012). A new optical leaf-clip meter for simultaneous non-destructive assessment of leaf chlorophyll and epidermal flavonoids. Physiol. Plant 146, 251-260. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01639.x
16. Chang, C. W., Laird, D. A., Mausbach, M. J., and Hurburgh, C. R. (2001). Near- infrared reflectance spectroscopy-principal components regression analyses of soil properties. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 65, 480-490. doi:10.2136/sssaj2001.652480x
17. Chen, M., Chen, J., and Sun, F. (2008). Agricultural phosphorus flow and its environmental impacts in china. Sci. Total Environ. 405, 140-152. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.031
18. Chen, M., Glaz, B., Gilbert, R. A., Daroub, S. H., Barton, F. E., and Wan, Y. (2002). Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy analysis of phosphorus in sugarcane leaves. Agron. J. 94, 1324-1331. doi:10.2134/agronj2002.1324
19. Clark, D., Cary, E., and Mayland, H. (1989). Analysis of trace elements in forages by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Agron. J. 81, 91-95. doi:10.2134/agronj1989.00021962008100010016x
20. Clark, D., Mayland, H., and Lamb, R. (1987). Mineral analysis of forages with near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Agron. J. 79, 485-490. doi:10.2134/agronj1987.00021962007900030016x
21. Colomina, I., and Molina, P. (2014). Unmanned aerial systems for pho- togrammetry and remote sensing: a review. JPRS 92, 79-97. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2014.02.013
22. Cozzolino, D., and Moron, A. (2004). Exploring the use ofnear infrared reflectance spectroscopy (nirs) to predict trace minerals in legumes. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 111, 161-173. doi:10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2003.08.001
23. Cremers, D. A., and Radziemski, L. J. (2006). Handbook of Laser- Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. doi:10.1002/0470093013
24. Dang, Y. P., Edwards, D. G., Dalal, R. C., and Tiller, K. G. (1993). Identification of an index tissue to predict zinc status of wheat. Plant Soil 154, 161-167. doi:10.1007/bf00012521
25. Dealdana, B. R. V., Criado, B. G., Ciudad, A. G., and Corona, M. E. P. (1995). Estimation of mineral-content in natural grasslands by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26, 1383-1396. doi:10.1080/00103629509369379
26. Debnath, A., Barrow, N. J., Ghosh, D., and Malakar, H. (2010). Diagnosing p status and p requirement of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) by leaf and soil analysis. Plant Soil 341, 309-319. doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0645-2
27. Degryse, F., Smolders, E., Zhang, H., and Davison, W. (2009). Predicting availability of mineral elements to plants with the dgt technique: a review of experimental data and interpretation by modelling. Envir. Chem. 6, 198-218. doi:10.1071/en09010
28. Force-A. (2010). Dualex 4 - Flavonoid and Chlorophyll Meter. Available at: http://www.force-a.eu/an/dualex-plus.php: Force-A, Orsay.
29. Gellings, C. W., and Parmenter, K. E. (2004). “Energy efficiency in fertilizer production and use,” in Efficient Use And Conservation of Energy in Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (Eolss), Developed Under the Auspices of the Unesco, eds C. W. Gellings and K. Blok (Oxford: Eolss Publishers).
30. Gilbert, N. (2009). Environment: the disappearing nutrient. Nature 461, 716-718.doi:10.1038/461716a
31. Gonzalez-Martin, I., Hernandez-Hierro, J. M., and Gonzalez-Cabrera, J. M. (2007). Use of nirs technology with a remote reflectance fibre-optic probe for predicting mineral composition (Ca, K, P, Fe, Mn, Na, Zn), protein and moisture in alfalfa. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 387,2199-2205. doi:10.1007/s00216-006-1039-4
32. Gruhn, P., Goletti, F., and Yudelman, M. (2000). Integrated NutrientManagement, Soil Fertility, andSustainableAgriculture: Currentlssues andFuture Challenges. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute
33. Gunes, A., Inal, A., Pilbeam, D. J., and Kadioglu, Y. K. (2009). Effect of sulfur on the yield and essential and nonessential element composition of alfalfa determined by polarized energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. Commun. SoilSci. PlantAnal. 40, 2264-2284. doi:10.1080/00103620902961235
34. Gunes, A., Kadioglu, Y. K., Pilbeam, D. J., Inal, A., Coban, S., and Aksu, A.. Influence of silicon on sunflower cultivars under drought stress. II. Essential and nonessential element uptake determined by polarized energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 39, 1904-1927. doi:10.1080/00103620802134719
35. Hall, F. G., Hilker, T., and Coops, N. C. (2011). Photosynsat, photosynthesis from space: theoretical foundations of a satellite concept and validation from tower and spaceborne data. Remote Sens. Environ. 115, 1918-1925. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2011.03.014
36. Hammond, J. P., Broadley, M. R., Bowen, H. C., Spracklen, W. P., Hayden, R. M., and White, P. J. (2011). Gene expression changes in phosphorus deficient potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) leaves and the potential for diagnostic gene expression markers. PLoS ONE 6:e24606. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024606
37. Hansatech. (2013). Cl-01 — Hansatech. Available at: http://www.gmrstrumenti.com/site/en/products/ecophysiology/chlorophyll-measurement/54-cl0 1-hansatech.html [accessedAugust 13,2013].
38. Harris, D. C. (2007). Quantitative ChemicalAnalysis. New York, NY: WH Freeman and Company.
39. Hawkesford, M., Horst, W., Kichey, T., Lambers, H., Schjoerring, J. K., M0ller, S., et al. (2012). “Functions of macronutrients,” in Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd Edn, ed. P. Marschner. (London: Elsevier), 135-189. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-384905-2.00006-6
40. He, Y., Huang, M., Garcia, A., Hernandez, A., and Song, H. (2007). Prediction of soil macronutrients content using near-infrared spectroscopy. Comput. Electron. Agric. 58, 144-153. doi:10.1016/j.compag.2007.03.01
41. Hebbern, C. A., Pedas, P., Schjoerring, J. K., Knudsen, L., and Husted, S. (2005). Genotypic differences in manganese efficiency: Field experiments with winter barley (Hordeum vulgareL.). PlantSoil 272, 233-244. doi:10.1007/s11104-004-5048-9
42. Herman, H. (2000). “Uv-visible, fluorescence and chemiluminescence spectroscopies in chemical process analysis,” in Spectroscopy in Process Analysis, 1st Edn, ed. J. M. Chalmers (Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press).
43. Hill, J., Robson, A. D., and Loneragan, J. F. (1979). Effect of copper supply on the senescence and the retranslocation of nutrients of the oldest leaf of wheat. Ann. Bot. 44, 279-287.
44. Hoffmann, C., Stockfisch, N., and Koch, H. J. (2004). Influence of sulphur supply on yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) - determination of a threshold value. Eur. J. Agron. 21, 69-80. doi:10.1016/s1161-030(03)00088-1
45. Huang, C. J., Han, L. J., Yang, Z. L., and Liu, M. (2009). Exploring the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy to predict minerals in straw. Fuel 88,163-168. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2008.07.031
46. Husted, S., Laursen, K. H., Hebbern, C. A., Schmidt, S. B., Pedas, P., Haldrup, A., et al. (2009). Manganese deficiency leads to genotype-specific changes in fluorescence induction kinetics and state transitions. Plant Physiol. 150, 825-833. doi:10.1104/pp.108.134601
47. Ingestad, T. (1987). New concepts on soil fertility and plant nutrition as illustrated by research on forest trees and stands. Geoderma 40, 237-252. doi:10.1016/0016-7061(87)90035-8
48. Kim, Y. J., and Choi, C. H. (2013). The analysis of paddy soils in Korea using visible-near infrared spectroscopy for development of real-time soil measurement system. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Bi. 56, 559-565. doi:10.1007/s13765-013-3067-z
49. Kloosterman, B., De Koeyer, D., Griffiths, R., Flinn, B., Steuernagel, B., Scholz, U., et al. (2008). Genes driving potato tuber initiation and growth: identification based on transcriptional changes using the poci array. Funct. Integr. Genomic. 8, 329-340. doi:10.1007/s10142-008-0083-x
50. Lauer, M. J., Blevins, D. G., and Sierzputowska-Gracz, H. (1989). 31p-nuclear magnetic resonance determination of phosphate compartmentation in leaves of reproductive soybeans (Glycine max L.) as affected by phosphate nutrition. Plant Physiol. 89, 1331-1336. doi:10.1104/pp.89.4.1331
51. Lewis, D. C., Grant, I. L., and Maier, N. A. (1993). Factors affecting the interpretation and adoption of plant analysis services. Auss. J. Exp. Agr. 33, 1053-1066. doi:10.1071/ea9931053
52. Liao, H., Wu, J., Chen, W., Guo, W., and Shi, C. (2012). Rapid diagnosis of nutrient elements in fingered citron leaf using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J. Plant Nutr. 35, 1725-1734. doi:10.1080/01904167.2012.698352
53. Loneragan, J. F., and Snowball, K. (1969). Calcium requirements of plants. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 20, 465-478. doi:10.1071/ar9690465
54. Loneragan, J. F., Snowball, K., and Simmons, W. J. (1968). Response of plants to calcium concentration in solution culture. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 19, 845-857. doi:10.1071/ar9680845
55. Malenovsky, Z., Mishra, K. B., Zemek, F., Rascher, U., and Nedbal, L. (2009). Scientific and technical challenges in remote sensing of plant canopy reflectance and fluorescence. J. Exp. Bot. 60, 2987-3004. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp156
56. Malley, D. F., Yesmin, L., Wray, D., and Edwards, S. (1999). Application of near- infrared spectroscopy in analysis of soil mineral nutrients. Commun. Soil Sci. PlantAnal. 30, 999-1012. doi:10.1080/00103629909370263
57. Mason, S., Mcneill, A., Mclaughlin, M. J., and Zhang, H. (2010). Prediction of wheat response to an application of phosphorus under field conditions using diffusive gradients in thin-films (dgt) and extraction methods. Plant Soil 337, 243-258. doi:10.1007/s11104-010-0521-0
58. Maxwell, K., and Johnson, G. (2000). Chlorophyll fluorescence-a practical guide. J. Exp. Bot. 51, 659-668.doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.345.659
59. McLaren, T. I., Guppy, C. N., and Tighe, M. K. (2012). A rapid and nondestructive plant nutrient analysis using portable x-ray fluorescence. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 76, 1446-1453. doi:10.2136/sssaj2011.0355
60. Menesatti, P., Antonucci, F., Pallottino, F., Roccuzzo, G., Allegra, M., Stagno, F., et al. (2010). Estimation of plant nutritional status by Vis-NIR spec- trophotometric analysis on orange leaves [Citrus sinensis (L) osbeck cv. tarocco]. Biosys. Eng. 105, 448-454. doi:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2010.01.003
61. Menzies, N. W., Donn, M. J., and Kopittke, P. M. (2007). Evaluation of extractants for estimation of the phytoavailable trace metals in soils. Environ. Pollut. 145, 121-130. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.03.021
62. Nabi, G., Rafique, E., and Salim, M. (2006). Boron nutrition of four sweet pepper cultivars grown in boron-deficient soil. J. Plant Nutr. 29, 717-725. doi:10.1080/01904160600564543
63. Nelson, G. C. (2010). Food Security, Farming, and Climate Change to 2050: Scenarios, Results, Policy Options. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
64. Nunes, L. C., Braga, J. W. B., Trevizan, L. C., De Souza, P. F., De Carvalho, G. G. A., Santos, D., et al. (2010). Optimization and validation of a libs method for the determination of macro and micronutrients in sugar cane leaves. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 25, 1453-1460. doi:10.1039/c003620j
65. NutriNostica. (2013). Nn-easy55. Available at: http://nutrinostica.dk/Product s2.aspx?pageId=8 [accessedOctober 1,2013].
66. Osborne, B. G., Fearn, T., and Hindle, P. H. (1993). PracticalNirSpectroscopy With Applications in Food and Beverage Analysis. New York, NY: Longman scientific and technical.
67. Osborne, S. L., Schepers, J. S., and Schlemmer, M. R. (2004). Detecting nitrogen and phosphorus stress in corn using multi-spectral imagery. Commun. Soil Sci. PlantAnal. 35,505-516. doi:10.1081/css-120029728
68. Oukarroum, A., Schansker, G., and Strasser, R. J. (2009). Drought stress effects on photosystem I content and photosystem II thermotolerance analyzed using chl a fluorescence kinetics in barley varieties differing in their drought tolerance. Physiol. Plant. 137, 188-199. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01273.x
69. Padilla, F. M., Pena-Fleitas, M. T., Gallardo, M., and Thompson, R. B. (2014). Evaluation of optical sensor measurements of canopy reflectance and of leaf flavonols and chlorophyll contents to assess crop nitrogen status of muskmelon. Eur. J. Agron. 58, 39-52. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2014.04.006
70. Pagani, A., and Echeverria, H. E. (2011). Performance of sulfur diagnostic methods for corn. Agron. J. 103, 413-421. doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0265
71. Paltridge, N. G., Milham, P. J., Ortiz-Monasterio, J. I., Velu, G., Yasmin, Z., Palmer, L. J., et al. (2012a). Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometry as a tool for zinc, iron and selenium analysis in whole grain wheat. Plant Soil 361, 261-269. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1423-0
72. Paltridge, N. G., Palmer, L. J., Milham, P. J., Guild, G. E., and Stangoulis, J. C. R. (2012b). Energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence analysis of zinc and iron concentration in rice and pearl millet grain. Plant Soil 361, 251-260. doi:10.1007/s11104-011-1104-4
73. Parent, L. E., and Dafir, M. (1992). A theoretical concept of compositional nutrient diagnosis. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 117, 239-242.
74. Parent, S.-E., Parent, L. E., Egozcue, J. J., Rozane, D. E., Hernandes, A., Lapointe, L., et al. (2013). The plant ionome revisited by the nutrient balance concept. Front. PlantSci. 4:39. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00039
75. Parks, S. E., Irving, D. E., and Milham, P. J. (2012). A critical evaluation of on-farm rapid tests for measuring nitrate in leafy vegetables. Sci. Hort. 134, 1-6. doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2011.10.015
76. Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., and Kriz, G. S. (2001). Introduction to Spectroscopy. Belmont: Brooks/Cole.
77. Pedersen, J. B. (2011). Oversigt OverLandsfors0gene2O11. Aarhus: Videncentret for Landbrug.
78. Pedersen, J.B. (2012). Oversigt OverLandsfors0gene2O12. Aarhus: Videncentret for Landbrug.
79. Petisco, C., Garcia-Criado, B., De Aldana, B. R. V., Garcia-Ciudad, A., and Mediavilla, S. (2008). Ash and mineral contents in leaves of woody species: analysis bynear-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Commun. Soil Sci. PlantAnal. 39, 905-925. doi:10.1080/00103620701881253
80. Petisco, C., Garcia-Criado, B., De Aldana, B. R. V., Zabalgogeazcoa, I., Mediavilla, S., and Garcia-Ciudad, A. (2005). Use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in predicting nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium contents in heterogeneous woody plant species. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 382, 458-465. doi:10.1007/s00216-004-3046-7
81. Pouzar, M., Cernohorsky, T., Prasova, M., Prokopcakova, P., and Krejcova, A.. Libs analysis of crop plants. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 24, 953-957. doi:10.1039/b903593a
82. Raghupathi, H. B., Reddy, Y. T. N., Rein, M. K., and Bhargava, B. S. (2004). Diagnosis of nutrient imbalance in mango by dris and pca approaches. J. Plant Nutr. 27, 1131-1148. doi:10.1081/pln-120038540
83. Raj, G. B., and Rao, A. P. (2006). Identification of yield-limiting nutrients in mango through dris indices. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 37, 1761-1774. doi:10.1080/00103620600710587
84. Rao, N. R., and Ownby, J. D. (1993). Development of an ELISA for estimation of the copper nutritional-status of wheat and cotton. PlantSoil 155, 453-456. doi:10.1007/bf00025081
85. Rayment, G. E. (1993). Soil analysis - a review. Aust. J. Exp. Agr. 33, 1015-1028. doi:10.1071/ea9931015
86. Reuter, D. J., Robinson, J. B., and Dutkiewicz, C. (1997). Plant Analysis: An InterpretationManual. Clayton, VIC: CSIRO Publishing.
87. Reuter, D. J., Robson, A. D., Loneragan, J. F., and Tranthimfryer, D. J. (1981). Copper nutrition of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L. cv. seaton- park). 2. Effects of copper supply on distribution of copper and the diagnosis of copper deficiency by plant analysis. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 32, 267-282. doi:10.1071/ar9810267
88. Römheld, V. (2012). “Diagnosis of deficiency and toxicity of nutrients,” in Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants, 3rd Edn, ed. P. Marschner (London: Elsevier), 299-312.
89. Salt, D. E., Baxter, I., and Lahner, B. (2008). Ionomics and the study of the plant ionome. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 59, 709-733. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092942
90. Samborski, S. M., Tremblay, N., and Fallon, E. (2009). Strategies to make use of plant sensors-based diagnostic information for nitrogen recommendations. Agron.J. 101,800-816. doi:10.2134/agronj2008.0162Rx
91. Santos, D., Nunes, L. C., De Carvalho, G. G. A., Gomes, M. D., De Souza, P. F., Leme, F. D., et al. (2012). Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for analysis of plant materials: a review. Spectrochim. Acta B 71-72, 3-13. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2012.05.005
92. Schansker, G., Toth, S. Z., Holzwarth, A. R., and Garab, G. (2014). Chlorophyll a fluorescence: beyond the limits of the QA model. Photosynth. Res. 120, 43-58. doi:10.1007/s11120-013-9806-5
93. Schansker, G., Toth, S. Z., Kovacs, L., Holzwarth, A. R., and Garab, G. (2011). Evidence for a fluorescence yield change driven by a light-induced conformational change within photosystem II during the fast chlorophyll a fluorescence rise. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1807, 1032-1043. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.05.022
94. Schansker, G., Toth, S. Z., and Strasser, R. J. (2005). Methylviologen and dibro- mothymoquinone treatments of pea leaves reveal the role of photosystem I in the chl a fluorescence rise ojip. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1706, 250-261. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2004.11.006
95. Schmidt, S. B., Pedas, P., Laursen, K. H., Schjoerring, J. K., and Husted, S. (2013). Latent manganese deficiency in barley can be diagnosed and remediated on the basis of chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Plant Soil 372, 417-429. doi:10.1007/s11104-013-1702-4
96. Schnitkey, G. (2011). Relationship between anhydrous ammonia and natural gas prices. FEFO-18, Department of Agricultural and Consumer Economics. Available at: http://farmdoc.illinois.edu/manage/newsletters/fefo11_18/fefo 11_ 18.html [accessed October 18, 2011].
97. Schreiber, U., Neubauer, C., and Klughammer, C. (1989). Devices and methods for room-temperature fluorescence analysis. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 323, 241-251. doi:10.1098/rstb.1989.0007
98. Singh, U. M., Sareen, P., Sengar, R. S., and Kumar, A. (2013). Plant ionomics: a newer approach to study mineral transport and its regulation. Acta Physiol. Plant 35,2641-2653. doi:10.1007/s11738-013-1316-8
99. Sivak, M. N., Dietz, K. J., Heber, U., and Walker, D. A. (1985). The relationship between light-scattering and chlorophyll a fluorescence during oscillations in photosynthetic carbon assimilation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 237, 513-519. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(85)90304-2
100. Sorensen, L. K., and Dalsgaard, S. (2005). Determination of clay and other soil properties by near infrared spectroscopy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69, 159-167. doi:10.2136/sssaj2005.0159
101. Spectrum Technologies, I. (2011). Spad 502 Plus Chlorophyll Meter, Product Manual. Available at: http://www.specmeters.com/assets/1Z22/ 2900P_SPAD_502.pdf Spectrum Technologies Inc.
102. Spinoff, N. (2013). Chlorophyll Meters Aid Plant Nutrient Management. Available at: http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2009/er_10.html [accessed August 13,2013].
103. Srivastava, A. K., and Singh, S. (2008). Dris norms and their field validation in Nagpur mandarin. J. Plant Nutr. 31, 1091-1107. doi:10.1080/01904160802115359
104. Stirbet, A., and Govindjee. (2011). On the relation between the kautsky effect (chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and photosystem II: basics and applications of the ojip fluorescence transient. J. Photoch. Photobio. B 104, 236-257. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.12.010
105. Sumner, M., and Beaufils, E. (1975). “Diagnosis of the npk requirements of sugarcane plant age and season using beaufils’ system (dris)-preliminary observations” in Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists’ Association, Mount Edgecombe, 137-141.
106. Terhoeven-Urselmans, T., Schmidt, H., Joergensen, R. G., and Ludwig, B. (2008). Usefulness of near-infrared spectroscopy to determine biological and chemical soil properties: Importance of sample pre-treatment. Soil Biol. Biochem. 40, 1178-1188. doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.12.011
107. Tremblay, G. F., Nie, Z., Belanger, G., Pelletier, S., and Allard, G. (2009a). Predicting timothy mineral concentrations, dietary cation-anion difference, and grass tetany index by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. J. Dairy Sci. 92, 4499-4506. doi:10.3168/jds.2008-1973
108. Tremblay, N., Wang, Z. J., Ma, B. L., Belec, C., and Vigneault, P. (2009b). A comparison of crop data measured by two commercial sensors for variable-rate nitrogen application. Precision Agric. 10, 145-161. doi:10.1007/s11119-008-9080-2
109. Tumusiime, E., Brorsen, B. W., Mosali, J., and Biermacher, J. T. (2011). How much does considering the cost of lime affect the recommended level of nitrogen? Agron. J. 103,404-412. doi:10.2134/agronj2010.0355
110. Uddling, J., Gelang-Alfredsson, J., Piikki, K., and Pleijel, H. (2007). Evaluating the relationship between leaf chlorophyll concentration and spad-502 chlorophyll meter readings. Photosynth. Res. 91, 37-46. doi:10.1007/s11120-006-9077-5
111. Ulrich, A. (1952). Physiological bases for assessing the nutritional requirements of plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 3, 207-228. doi:10.1146/annurev.pp.03.060152.001231
112. USGS. (2013). Phosphate Rock. Mineral Commodity Summaries. Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/phosphate_rock/mcs-2013 -phosp.pdf [accessed February 13, 2013].
113. van Maarschalkerweerd, M., Bro, R., Egebo, M., and Husted, S. (2013). Diagnosing latent copper deficiency in intact barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.) using near infrared spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 61, 10901-10910. doi:10.1021/jf402166g
114. Villatoro-Pulido, M., Rojas, R. M., Munoz-Serrano, A., Cardenosa, V., Lopez, M. A. A., Font, R., et al. (2012). Characterization and prediction by near-infrared reflectance of mineral composition of rocket (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa and Eruca vesicaria subsp. vesicaria). J. Sci. Food Agric. 92, 1331-1340. doi:10.1002/jsfa.4694
115. Ward, A., Nielsen, A. L., and Moller, H. (2011). Rapid assessment of mineral concentration in meadow grasses by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Sensors 4830-4839. doi:10.3390/s110504830
116. West, M., Ellis, A. T., Potts, P. J., Streli, C., Vanhoof, C., Wegrzynek, D., et al..(2012) Atomic spectrometry update-x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 27, 1603-1644. doi:10.1039/c2ja90045a
117. Wikstrom, F. (1994). A theoretical explanation of the piper-steenbjerg effect. Plant CellEnviron. 17, 1053-1060. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3040.1994.tb02028.x
118. Williams, P. (2014). Tutorial: the rpd statistic: a tutorial note. NIR News 25, 22-26.
119. WorldBank. (2012). World Data Bank. Available at: http://databank.worldbank. org/data/home.aspx [accessed October 12, 2012].
120. Yara. (2013). N-sensor. Available at: http://www.yara.com/products_services/fertili zers/support_services/support_tools/index.aspx [accessed January 10, 2013].
121. Yeh, T. F., Chang, H. M., and Kadla, J. F. (2004). Rapid prediction of solid wood lignin content using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy. J. Agric. Food Chem. 52, 1435-1439. doi:10.1021/Jf034874r
122. Yusuf, M. A., Kumar, D., Rajwanshi, R., Strasser, R. J., Tsimilli-Michael, M., and Govindjee. (2010). Overexpression of gamma-tocopherol methyl transferase gene in transgenic Brassica juncea plants alleviates abiotic stress: Physiological and chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1797, 1428-1438. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.02.002
123. Zhang, W.-F., Dou, Z.-X., He, P., Ju, X.-T., Powlson, D., Chadwick, D., et al..(2013) New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in china. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 110, 8375-8380. doi:10.1073/pnas.1210447110
124. Zheng, C. F., Jiang, D., Liu, F. L., Dai, T. B., Jing, Q., and Cao, W. X. (2009). Effects of salt and waterlogging stresses and their combination on leaf photosynthesis, chloroplast atp synthesis, and antioxidant capacity in wheat. Plant Sci. 176, 575-582. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2009.01.015
125. Zillmann, E., Graeff, S., Link, J., Batchelor, W. D., and Claupein, W. (2006). Assessment of cereal nitrogen requirements derived by optical on-the-go sensors on heterogeneous soils. Agron. J. 98, 682-690. doi:10.2134/agronj2005.0253