Regional-scale analysis of carbon and water cycles on managed grassland systems

Environmental Modelling and Software

Volumn 72, Issue , 2015, Pages 356-371

  Ma, Shaoxiu ^a   Lardy, Romain ^b,c   Graux, Anne Isabelle ^d   Ben Touhami, Haythem ^a   Klumpp, Katja ^a   Martin, Raphaël ^a   Bellocchi, Gianni ^a  

^a French National Institute of Agricultural Research   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

^c UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE   (France)

^d AGROCAMPUS OUEST   (France)

Author keywords

Carbon flux; Eddy flux measurements; Model evaluation; Pasture Simulation model (PaSim); Water balance

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURE; CARBON; DIGITAL STORAGE; ECOSYSTEMS; INFORMATION MANAGEMENT; MEAN SQUARE ERROR; PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS; SOIL MOISTURE; STATISTICS; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

CARBON FLUXES; EDDY FLUXES; MODEL EVALUATION; SIMULATION MODEL; WATER BALANCE;

PARAMETER ESTIMATION;

EID: 84927603660     PISSN: 13648152     EISSN: 18736726     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.03.007     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Acharya, B.S., Rasmussen, J., Eriksen, J., Grassland carbon sequestration and emissions following cultivation in a mixed crop rotation. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 153 (2012), 33–39, 10.1016/j.agee.2012.03.001.
2. Addiscott, T.M., Whitmore, A.P., Computer simulation of changes in soil mineral nitrogen and crop nitrogen during autumn, winter and spring. J. Agric. Sci. 109 (1987), 141–157, 10.1017/S0021859600081089.
3. Aires, L.M.I., Pio, C.A., Pereira, J.S., Carbon dioxide exchange above a Mediterranean C3/C4 grassland during two climatologically contrasting years. Glob. Change Biol. 14 (2008), 539–555, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01507.x.
4. Allen, R.G., Walter, I.A., Elliot, R.L., Howell, T.A., Itenfisu, D., Jensen, M.E., Snyder, R., The ASCE Standardized Reference Evapotranspiration Equation. 2005, American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston.
5. Allison, S.D., Wallenstein, M.D., Bradford, M.A., Soil-carbon response to warming dependent on microbial physiology. Nat. Geosci. 3 (2010), 336–340, 10.1038/ngeo846.
6. Ammann, C., Flechard, C.R., Leifeld, J., Neftel, A., Fuhrer, J., The carbon budget of newly established temperate grassland depends on management intensity. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 121 (2007), 5–20, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.002.
7. Ascough, J.C., McMaster, G.S., Andales, A.A., Hansen, N.C., Sherrod, L.A., Evaluating GPFARM crop growth, soil water and soil nitrogen components for Colorado dryland locations. Trans. ASABE 50 (2007), 1565–1578.
8. Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., Papale, D., Eddy Covariance: a Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis. 2012, Springer, Dordrecht.
9. Bahn, M., Rodeghiero, M., Anderson-Dunn, M., Dore, S., Gimeno, C., Droesler, M., Williams, M., Ammann, C., Berninger, F., Flechard, C., Jones, S., Balzarolo, M., Kumar, S., Newesely, C., Priwitzer, T., Raschi, A., Siegwolf, R., Susiluoto, S., Tenhunen, J., Wohlfahrt, G., Cernusca, A., Soil respiration in European grasslands in relation to climate and assimilate supply. Ecosystems 11 (2008), 1352–1367, 10.1007/s10021-008-9198-0.
10. Baker, I.T., Prihodko, L., Denning, A.S., Goulden, M., Miller, S., da Rocha, H.R., Seasonal drought stress in the Amazon: reconciling models and observations. J. Geophys. Res., 113, 2008, G00B01, 10.1029/2007JG000644.
11. Ball, B.C., Soil structure and greenhouse gas emissions: a synthesis of 20 years of experimentation. Eur. J. Soil Sci. 64 (2013), 357–373, 10.1111/ejss.12013.
12. Balogh, J., Pintér, K., Fóti, S., Cserhalmi, D., Papp, M., Nagy, Z., Dependence of soil respiration on soil moisture, clay content, soil organic matter, and CO2 uptake in dry grasslands. Soil Biol. Biochem. 43 (2011), 1006–1013, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.017.
13. Ben Touhami, H., Lardy, R., Barra, V., Bayesian calibration of the Pasture Simulation Model (PaSim) to simulate European grasslands under climate extremes: case study at Stubai (Austria). 11th PSAM & ESREL Conference, 25-29 June, Helsinki, Finland, 1, 2012, 567–577.
14. Ben Touhami, H., Lardy, R., Gilgen, A., Buchmann, N., Bellocchi, G., Bayesian calibration of the Pasture Simulation Model (PaSim) to simulate Swiss grasslands under climate extremes. 12th Congress of the European Society for Agronomy, 20–24 August, Helsinki, Finland, 2012, 441–445.
15. Ben Touhami, H.B., Lardy, R., Barra, V., Bellocchi, G., Screening parameters in the Pasture Simulation model using the Morris method. Ecol. Model. 266 (2013), 42–57, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.07.005.
16. Bennett, N.D., Croke, B.F.W., Guariso, G., Guillaume, J.H.A., Hamilton, S.H., Jakeman, A.J., Marsili-Libelli, S., Newham, L.T.H., Norton, J.P., Perrin, C., Pierce, S.A., Robson, B., Seppelt, R., Voinov, A.A., Fath, B.D., Andreassian, V., Characterising performance of environmental models. Environ. Model. Softw. 40 (2013), 1–20, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.011.
17. Bondeau, A., Kicklighter, D.W., Kaduk, J., The Participants of the Potsdam NdP Model intercomparison, Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): importance of vegetation structure on seasonal NPP estimates. Glob. Change Biol. 5 (1999), 35–45, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00005.x.
18. Bondeau, A., Smith, P.C., Zaehle, S., Schaphoff, S., Lucht, W., Cramer, W., Gerten, D., Modelling the role of agriculture for the 20th century global terrestrial carbon balance. Glob. Change Biol. 13 (2007), 679–706, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01305.x.
19. Bos, J.F.F., Pflimlin, A., Aarts, H.F.M., Vertès, F., Nutrient Management at Farm Scale. How to Attain Policy Objectives in Regions with Intensive Dairy Farming?. Plant Research International Report 83, 2005, Plant Research International, Wageningen 260 pp.
20. Bright, K.P., Sherlock, R.A., Lile, J., Wastney, M.E., Development and use of a whole farm model for dairying. Halloy, S., Williams, T., (eds.) Applied Complexity - from Neural Nets to Managed Landscapes, 2000, NZ Institute for Crop and Food Research, Christchurch, 382–389.
21. Brisson, N., Gary, C., Justes, E., Roche, R., Mary, B., Ripoche, D., Zimmer, D., Sierra, J., Bertuzzi, P., Burger, P., An overview of the crop model STICS. Eur. J. Agron. 18 (2003), 309–332, 10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00110-7.
22. Butler, M.P., Davis, K.J., Denning, A.S., Kawa, S.R., Using continental observations in global atmospheric inversions of CO2: North American carbon sources and sinks. Tellus B 62 (2010), 550–572, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2010.00501.x.
23. Byrne, K.A., Kiely, G., Partitioning of respiration in an intensively managed grassland. Plant Soil 282 (2006), 281–289, 10.1007/s11104-005-6065-z.
24. Calanca, P., Vuichard, N., Campbell, C., Viovy, N., Cozic, A., Fuhrer, J., Soussana, J.F., Simulating the fluxes of CO2 and N2O in European grasslands with the Pasture Simulation Model (PaSim). Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 121 (2007), 164–174, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.010.
25. Cantarel, A.A.M., Bloor, J.M.G., Pommier, T., Guillaumaud, N., Moirot, C., Soussana, J.-F., Poly, F., Four years of experimental climate change modifies the microbial drivers of N2O fluxes in an upland grassland ecosystem. Glob. Change Biol. 18 (2012), 2520–2531, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02692.x.
26. Chang, J., Viovy, N., Vuichard, N., Ciais, P., Wang, T., Cozic, A., Lardy, R., Graux, A.-I., Klumpp, K., Martin, R., Soussana, J.-F., Incorporating grassland management in a global vegetation model: model description and evaluation at 11 eddy-covariance sites in Europe. Geosci. Model Dev. Discuss. 6 (2013), 2769–2812, 10.5194/gmdd-6-2769-2013.
27. Chen, D.-X., Hunt, H.W., Morgan, J.A., Responses of a C3 and C4 perennial grass to CO2 enrichment and climate change: comparison between model predictions and experimental data. Ecol. Model. 87 (1996), 11–27, 10.1016/0304-3800(94)00199-5.
28. Chirinda, N., Kracher, D., Lægdsmand, M., Porter, J.R., Olesen, J.E., Petersen, B.M., Doltra, J., Kiese, R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Simulating soil N2O emissions and heterotrophic CO2 respiration in arable systems using FASSET and MoBiLE-DNDC. Plant Soil 343 (2011), 139–160, 10.1007/s11104-010-0596-7.
29. Churkina, G., Running, S.W., Schloss, A.L., The Participants of the Potsdam NdP Model intercomparison, Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): the importance of water availability. Glob. Change Biol. 5 (1999), 46–55, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00006.x.
30. Ciais, P., Reichstein, M., Viovy, N., Granier, A., Ogée, J., Allard, V., Aubinet, M., Buchmann, N., Bernhofer, C., Carrara, A., Chevallier, F., De Noblet, N., Friend, A.D., Friedlingstein, P., Grünwald, T., Heinesch, B., Keronen, P., Knohl, A., Krinner, G., Loustau, D., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.M., Papale, D., Pilegaard, K., Rambal, S., Seufert, G., Soussana, J.F., Sanz, M.J., Schulze, E.D., Vesala, T., Valentini, R., Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437 (2005), 529–533, 10.1038/nature03972.
31. Ciais, P., Sabine, C., Bala, G., Bopp, L., Brovkin, V., Canadell, J., Chhabra, A., DeFries, R., Galloway, J., Heimann, M., Jones, C., Le Quéré C., Myneni, R.B., Piao, S., Thornton, P., Carbon and other biogeochemical cycles. Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G.-K., Tignor, M., Allen, S.K., Boschung, J., Nauels, A., Xia, Y., Bex, V., Midgley, P.M., (eds.) Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2013, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 465–570 http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1.
32. Ciais, P., Soussana, J.F., Vuichard, N., Luyssaert, S., Don, A., Janssens, I.A., Piao, S.L., Dechow, R., Lathière, J., Maignan, F., Wattenbach, M., Smith, P., Ammann, C., Freibauer, A., Schulze, E.D., the CARBOEUROPE Synthesis Team. The greenhouse gas balance of European grasslands. Biogeosci. Discuss. 7 (2010), 5997–6050, 10.5194/bgd-7-5997-2010.
33. Cruz, P., Therond, O., Theau, J.P., Ducourtieux, C., Jouany, C., Al Haj Kamhed, R., Ansquer, P., Une nouvelle approche pour caractériser les prairies naturelles et leur valeur d'usage. Fourrages 172 (2002), 335–354 (in French).
34. De Jager, J.M., Accuracy of vegetation evaporation ratio formulae for estimating final wheat yield. Water SA 20 (1994), 307–314.
35. De Martonne, E., Nouvelle carte mondiale de l'indice d'aridité. Ann. Géogr. 51 (1942), 242–250 (in French).
36. Desai, A.R., Richardson, A.D., Moffat, A.M., Kattge, J., Hollinger, D.Y., Barr, A., Falge, E., Noormets, A., Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Stauch, V.J., Cross-site evaluation of eddy covariance GPP and RE decomposition techniques. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148 (2008), 821–838, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.11.012.
37. Diodato, N., Ceccarelli, M., Multivariate indicator Kriging approach using a GIS to classify soil degradation for Mediterranean agricultural lands. Ecol. Indic. 4 (2004), 177–187, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2004.03.002.
38. Donatelli, M., Cerrani, I., Fanchini, D., Fumagalli, D., Rizzoli, A.E., Enhancing model reuse via component-centered modeling frameworks: the vision and example realizations. Seppelt, R., Voinov, A.A., Lange, S., Bankamp, D., (eds.) Proceedings of International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Managing Resources of a Limited Planet, Sixth Biennial Meeting, Leipzig, Germany, 2012, 1185–1192.
39. Duru, M., Jouany, C., Le Roux, X., Navas, M.L., Cruz, P., From a conceptual framework to an operational approach for managing grassland functional diversity to obtain targeted ecosystem services: case studies from French mountains. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 23 (2013), 239–254, 10.1017/S1742170513000306.
40. EC, Regulation (EC) No 1166/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on farm structure surveys and the survey on agricultural production methods and repealing Council Regulation (EEC). Off. J. Eur. Union Bruss, 2008.
41. Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.-K., Allen, S.K., Tignor, M., Midgley, P.M., Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A Special Report on Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2012, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, 582.
42. Flechard, C.R., Ambus, P., Skiba, U., Rees, R.M., Hensen, A., van Amstel, A., Dasselaar, A., van den, P., Soussana, J.F., Jones, M., Clifton-Brown, J., Raschi, A., Horvath, L., Neftel, A., Jocher, M., Ammann, C., Leifeld, J., Fuhrer, J., Calanca, P., Thalman, E., Pilegaard, K., Di Marco, C., Campbell, C., Nemitz, E., Hargreaves, K.J., Levy, P.E., Ball, B.C., Jones, S.K., van de Bulk, W.C.M., Groot, T., Blom, M., Domingues, R., Kasper, G., Allard, V., Ceschia, E., Cellier, P., Laville, P., Henault, C., Bizouard, F., Abdalla, M., Williams, M., Baronti, S., Berretti, F., Grosz, B., Effects of climate and management intensity on nitrous oxide emissions in grassland systems across Europe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 121 (2007), 135–152, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.024.
43. Fox, D.G., Judging air quality model performance. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 62 (1981), 599–609 http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1981)062%0c0599:JAQMP%0e2.0.CO;2.
44. Gilmanov, T.G., Aires, L., Barcza, Z., Baron, V.S., Belelli, L., Beringer, J., Billesbach, D., Bonal, D., Bradford, J., Ceschia, E., Cook, D., Corradi, C., Frank, A., Gianelle, D., Gimeno, C., Gruenwald, T., Guo, H., Hanan, N., Haszpra, L., Heilman, J., Jacobs, A., Jones, M.B., Johnson, D.A., Kiely, G., Li, S., Magliulo, V., Moors, E., Nagy, Z., Nasyrov, M., Owensby, C., Pinter, K., Pio, C., Reichstein, M., Sanz, M.J., Scott, R., Soussana, J.F., Stoy, P.C., Svejcar, T., Tuba, Z., Zhou, G., Productivity, respiration, and light-response parameters of world grassland and agroecosystems derived from flux-tower measurements. Rangel. Ecol. Manag. 63 (2010), 16–39, 10.2111/REM-D-09-00072.1.
45. Giraldo, L.M., Lizcano, L.J., Gijsman, A.J., Rivera, B., Franco, L.H., Adapting the CROPGRO model of DSSAT to simulate the growth of Brachiaria decumbens. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Systems Approaches for Agricultural Development. Lima, Peru, 1999, 1–10.
46. Graux, A.-I., Bellocchi, G., Lardy, R., Soussana, J.-F., Ensemble modelling of climate change risks and opportunities for managed grasslands in France. Agric. For. Meteorol. 170 (2013), 114–131, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.06.010.
47. Graux, A.I., Gaurut, M., Agabriel, J., Baumont, R., Delagarde, R., Delaby, L., Soussana, J.F., Development of the Pasture Simulation Model for assessing livestock production under climate change. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 144 (2011), 69–91, 10.1016/j.agee.2011.07.001.
48. Graux, A.-I., Lardy, R., Bellocchi, G., Soussana, J.-F., Global warming potential of French grassland-based dairy livestock systems under climate change. Reg. Environ. Change 12 (2012), 751–763, 10.1007/s10113-012-0289-2.
49. Hagen, S.C., Braswell, B.H., Linder, E., Frolking, S., Richardson, A.D., Hollinger, D.Y., Statistical uncertainty of eddy flux–based estimates of gross ecosystem carbon exchange at Howland Forest, Maine. J. Geophys. Res., 111, 2006, D08S03, 10.1029/2005JD006154.
50. Hidy, D., Barcza, Z., Haszpra, L., Churkina, G., Pintér, K., Nagy, Z., Development of the Biome-BGC model for simulation of managed herbaceous ecosystems. Ecol. Model. 226 (2012), 99–119, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.11.008.
51. Hollinger, D.Y., Richardson, A.D., Uncertainty in eddy covariance measurements and its application to physiological models. Tree Physiol. 25 (2005), 873–885, 10.1093/treephys/25.7.873.
52. Holzworth, D.P., Huth, N.I., deVoil, P.G., Zurcher, E.J., Herrmann, N.I., McLean, G., Chenu, K., van Oosterom, E., Snow, V.O., Murphy, C., Moore, A.D., Brown, H.E., Whish, J.P.M., Verrall, S., Fainges, J., B, L.W., Peake, A.S., Poulton, P.L., Hochman, Z., Thorburn, P.J., Gaydon, D.S., Dalgliesh, N.P., Rodriguez, D., Cox, H., Chapman, S., Doherty, A., Teixeira, E., Sharp, J., Cichota, R., Vogeler, I., Li, F.Y., Wang, E., Hammer, G.L., Robertson, M.J., Dimes, J., Carberry, P.S., Hargreaves, J.N.G., MacLeod, N., McDonald, C., Harsdorf, J., Wedgwood, S., Keating, B.A., APSIM – Evolution towards a new generation of agricultural systems simulation. Environ. Model. Softw. 62 (2014), 327–350, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.07.009.
53. Huntzinger, D.N., Post, W.M., Wei, Y., Michalak, A.M., West, T.O., Jacobson, A.R., Baker, I.T., Chen, J.M., Davis, K.J., Hayes, D.J., Hoffman, F.M., Jain, A.K., Liu, S., McGuire, A.D., Neilson, R.P., Potter, C., Poulter, B., Price, D., Raczka, B.M., Tian, H.Q., Thornton, P., Tomelleri, E., Viovy, N., Xiao, J., Yuan, W., Zeng, N., Zhao, M., Cook, R., North American Carbon Program (NACP) regional interim synthesis: terrestrial biospheric model intercomparison. Ecol. Model. 232 (2012), 144–157, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2012.02.004.
54. Hussain, M.Z., Gruenwald, T., Tenhunen, J.D., Li, Y.L., Mirzae, H., Bernhofer, C., Otieno, D., Dinh, N.Q., Schmidt, M., Wartinger, M., Owen, K., Summer drought influence on CO2 and water fluxes of extensively managed grassland in Germany. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 141 (2011), 67–76, 10.1016/j.agee.2011.02.013.
55. Jacobs, C.M.J., Jacobs, A.F.G., Bosveld, F.C., Hendriks, D.M.D., Hensen, A., Kroon, P.S., Moors, E.J., Nol, L., Schrier-Uijl, A., Veenendaal, E.M., Variability of annual CO2 exchange from Dutch grasslands. Biogeosciences 4 (2007), 803–816, 10.5194/bg-4-803-2007.
56. Janssens, I.A., Freibauer, A., Schlamadinger, B., Ceulemans, R., Ciais, P., Dolman, A.J., Heimann, M., Nabuurs, G.-J., Smith, P., Valentini, R., The carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems at country-scale – a European case study. Biogeosciences 2 (2005), 15–26, 10.5194/bg-2-15-2005.
57. Johnson, I.R., Chapman, D.F., Snow, V.O., Eckard, R.J., Parsons, A.J., Lambert, M.G., Cullen, B.R., DairyMod and EcoMod: biophysical pasture-simulation models for Australia and New Zealand. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. 48 (2008), 621–631, 10.1071/EA07133.
58. Jung, M., Reichstein, M., Margolis, H.A., Cescatti, A., Richardson, A.D., Arain, M.A., Arneth, A., Bernhofer, C., Bonal, D., Chen, J., Gianelle, D., Gobron, N., Kiely, G., Kutsch, W., Lasslop, G., Law, B.E., Lindroth, A., Merbold, L., Montagnani, L., Moors, E.J., Papale, D., Sottocornola, M., Vaccari, F., Williams, C., Global patterns of land-atmosphere fluxes of carbon dioxide, latent heat, and sensible heat derived from eddy covariance, satellite, and meteorological observations. J. Geophys. Res., 116, 2011, G00J07, 10.1029/2010JG001566.
59. Jung, M., Vetter, M., Herold, M., Churkina, G., Reichstein, M., Zaehle, S., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., Bondeau, A., Chen, Y., Trusilova, K., Feser, F., Heimann, M., Uncertainties of modeling gross primary productivity over Europe: a systematic study on the effects of using different drivers and terrestrial biosphere models. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, 2007, GB4021, 10.1029/2006GB002915.
60. Klumpp, K., Tallec, T., Guix, N., Soussana, J.-F., Long-term impacts of agricultural practices and climatic variability on carbon storage in a permanent pasture. Glob. Change Biol. 17 (2011), 3534–3545, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02490.x.
61. Krinner, G., Viovy, N., de Noblet-Ducoudré N., Ogée, J., Polcher, J., Friedlingstein, P., Ciais, P., Sitch, S., Prentice, I.C., A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, 2005, GB1015, 10.1029/2003GB002199.
62. Kroon, P.S., Hensen, A., Jonker, H.J.J., Ouwersloot, H.G., Vermeulen, A.T., Bosveld, F.C., Uncertainties in eddy covariance flux measurements assessed from CH4 and N2O observations. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2009), 806–816, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.08.008.
63. Laniak, G.F., Olchin, G., Goodall, J., Voinov, A., Hill, M., Glynn, P., Whelan, G., Geller, G., Quinn, N., Blind, M., Peckham, S., Reaney, S., Gaber, N., Kennedy, R., Hughes, A., Integrated environmental modeling: a vision and roadmap for the future. Environ. Model. Softw. 39 (2013), 3–23, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2012.09.006.
64. Lardy, R., Bellocchi, G., Soussana, J.-F., A new method to determine soil organic carbon equilibrium. Environ. Model. Softw. 26 (2011), 1759–1763, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.05.016.
65. Lardy, R., Bachelet, B., Bellocchi, G., Hill, D.R.C., Towards vulnerability minimization of grassland soil organic matter using metamodels. Environ. Model. Softw. 52 (2014), 38–50, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.10.015.
66. Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Kattge, J., Papale, D., Influences of observation errors in eddy flux data on inverse model parameter estimation. Biogeosciences 5 (2008), 1311–1324, 10.5194/bg-5-1311-2008.
67. Luo, G., Han, Q., Zhou, D., Li, L., Chen, X., Li, Y., Hu, Y., Li, B.L., Moderate grazing can promote aboveground primary production of grassland under water stress. Ecol. Complex. 11 (2012), 126–136, 10.1016/j.ecocom.2012.04.004.
68. Lobell, D.B., Burke, M.B., On the use of statistical models to predict crop yield responses to climate change. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2010), 1443–1452, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.07.008.
69. Martin, G., Martin-Clouaire, R., Rellier, J.P., Duru, M., A simulation framework for the design of grassland-based beef-cattle farms. Environ. Model. Softw. 26 (2011), 371–385, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2010.10.002.
70. Migliavacca, M., Reichstein, M., Richardson, A.D., Colombo, R., Sutton, M.A., Lasslop, G., Tomelleri, E., Wohlfahrt, G., Carvalhais, N., Cescatti, A., Mahecha, M.D., Montagnani, L., Papale, D., Zaehle, S., Arain, A., Arneth, A., Black, T.A., Carrara, A., Dore, S., Gianelle, D., Helfter, C., Hollinger, D., Kutsch, W.L., Lafleur, P.M., Nouvellon, Y., Rebmann, C., Da Rocha, H.R., Rodeghiero, M., Roupsard, O., Sebastià M.-T., Seufert, G., Soussana, J.-F., Van Der Molen, M.K., Semiempirical modeling of abiotic and biotic factors controlling ecosystem respiration across eddy covariance sites. Glob. Change Biol. 17 (2011), 390–409, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02243.x.
71. Minunno, F., Peltoniemi, M., Launiainen, S., Mäkelä A., Integrating ecosystems measurements from multiple eddy-covariance sites to a simple model of ecosystem process - are there possibilities for a uniform model calibration?. Geophys. Res. Abstr., 16, 2014 EGU2014-10706-3.
72. Moriasi, D., Arnold, J., Van Liew, M., Bingner, R., Harmel, R., Veith, T., Model evaluation guidelines for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulations. Trans. ASABE 50 (2007), 885–900.
73. Moyano, F.E., Vasilyeva, N., Bouckaert, L., Cook, F., Craine, J., Curiel Yuste, J., Don, A., Epron, D., Formanek, P., Franzluebbers, A., Ilstedt, U., Kätterer, T., Orchard, V., Reichstein, M., Rey, A., Ruamps, L., Subke, J.-A., Thomsen, I.K., Chenu, C., The moisture response of soil heterotrophic respiration: interaction with soil properties. Biogeosciences 9 (2012), 1173–1182, 10.5194/bg-9-1173-2012.
74. Nash, J.E., Sutcliffe, J.V., River flow forecasting through conceptual models part I — a discussion of principles. J. Hydrol. 10 (1970), 282–290, 10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6.
75. Palosuo, T., Kersebaum, K.C., Angulo, C., Hlavinka, P., Moriondo, M., Olesen, J.E., Patil, R.H., Ruget, F., Rumbaur, C., Takac, J., Trnka, M., Bindi, M., Caldag, B., Ewert, F., Ferrise, R., Mirschel, W., Saylan, L., Siska, B., Roeter, R., Simulation of winter wheat yield and its variability in different climates of Europe: a comparison of eight crop growth models. Eur. J. Agron. 35 (2011), 103–114, 10.1016/j.eja.2011.05.001.
76. Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Longdoz, B., Kutsch, W., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., Towards a standardized processing of net ecosystem exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation. Biogeosciences 3 (2006), 571–583, 10.5194/bg-3-571-2006.
77. Parton, W.J., Dynamics of C, N, P and S in grassland soils: a model. Biogeochemistry 5 (1988), 109–131, 10.1007/BF02180320.
78. Parton, W.J., Morgan, J.A., Wang, G., Del Grosso, S., Projected ecosystem impact of the Prairie Heating and CO2 enrichment experiment. New Phytol. 174 (2007), 823–834, 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02052.x.
79. Peichl, M., Carton, O., Kiely, G., Management and climate effects on carbon dioxide and energy exchanges in a maritime grassland. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 158 (2012), 132–146, 10.1016/j.agee.2012.06.001.
80. Pintér, K., Barcza, Z., Balogh, J., Czóbel, S., Csintalan, Z., Tuba, Z., Nagy, Z., Interannual variability of grasslands’ carbon balance depends on soil type. Community Ecol. 9 (2008), 43–48, 10.1556/ComEc.9.2008.S.7.
81. Prescher, A.-K., Grünwald, T., Bernhofer, C., Land use regulates carbon budgets in eastern Germany: from NEE to NBP. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2010), 1016–1025, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.03.008.
82. Rafique, R., Peichl, M., Hennessy, D., Kiely, G., Evaluating management effects on nitrous oxide emissions from grasslands using the process-based DeNitrification–DeComposition (DNDC) model. Atmos. Environ. 45 (2011), 6029–6039, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.07.046.
83. Reichstein, M., Bahn, M., Ciais, P., Frank, D., Mahecha, M.D., Seneviratne, S.I., Zscheischler, J., Beer, C., Buchmann, N., Frank, D.C., Papale, D., Rammig, A., Smith, P., Thonicke, K., van der Velde, M., Vicca, S., Walz, A., Wattenbach, M., Climate extremes and the carbon cycle. Nature 500 (2013), 287–295, 10.1038/nature12350.
84. Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havrankova, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J.-M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., Valentini, R., On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Glob. Change Biol. 11 (2005), 1424–1439, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x.
85. Richardson, A.D., Aubinet, M., Barr, A.G., Hollinger, D.Y., Ibrom, A., Lasslop, G., Reichstein, M., Uncertainty quantification. Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., Papale, D., (eds.) Eddy Covariance - a Practical Guide to Measurement and Data Analysis, 2012, Springer, Dordrecht, 173–209.
86. Richardson, A.D., Williams, M., Hollinger, D.Y., Moore, D.J.P., Dail, D.B., Davidson, E.A., Scott, N.A., Evans, R.S., Hughes, H., Lee, J.T., Rodrigues, C., Savage, K., Estimating parameters of a forest ecosystem C model with measurements of stocks and fluxes as joint constraints. Oecologia 164 (2010), 25–40, 10.1007/s00442-010-1628-y.
87. Riedo, M., Grub, A., Rosset, M., Fuhrer, J., A pasture simulation model for dry matter production, and fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, water and energy. Ecol. Model. 105 (1998), 141–183, 10.1016/S0304-3800(97)00110-5.
88. Riedo, M., Milford, C., Schmid, M., Sutton, M.A., Coupling soil-plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia with ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Ecol. Model. 158 (2002), 83–110, 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00169-2.
89. Rodriguez, D., Van Oijen, M., Schapendonk, A., LINGRA-CC: a sink–source model to simulate the impact of climate change and management on grassland productivity. New Phytol. 144 (1999), 359–368, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00521.x.
90. Rötter, R.P., Palosuo, T., Kersebaum, K.C., Angulo, C., Bindi, M., Ewert, F., Ferrise, R., Hlavinka, P., Moriondo, M., Nendel, C., Olesen, J.E., Patil, R.H., Ruget, F., Takac, J., Trnka, M., Simulation of spring barley yield in different climatic zones of Northern and Central Europe: a comparison of nine crop models. Field Crops Res. 133 (2012), 23–36, 10.1016/j.fcr.2012.03.016.
91. Ruget, F., Satger, S., Volaire, F., Lelièvre, F., Modeling tiller density, growth, and yield of Mediterranean perennial grasslands with STICS. Crop Sci. 49 (2009), 2379–2385, 10.2135/cropsci2009.06.0323.
92. Schaefer, K., Schwalm, C.R., Williams, C., Arain, M.A., Barr, A., Chen, J.M., Davis, K.J., Dimitrov, D., Hilton, T.W., Hollinger, D.Y., Humphreys, E., Poulter, B., Raczka, B.M., Richardson, A.D., Sahoo, A., Thornton, P., Vargas, R., Verbeeck, H., Anderson, R., Baker, I., Black, T.A., Bolstad, P., Chen, J., Curtis, P.S., Desai, A.R., Dietze, M., Dragoni, D., Gough, C., Grant, R.F., Gu, L., Jain, A., Kucharik, C., Law, B., Liu, S., Lokipitiya, E., Margolis, H.A., Matamala, R., McCaughey, J.H., Monson, R., Munger, J.W., Oechel, W., Peng, C., Price, D.T., Ricciuto, D., Riley, W.J., Roulet, N., Tian, H., Tonitto, C., Torn, M., Weng, E., Zhou, X., A model-data comparison of gross primary productivity: results from the North American Carbon Program site synthesis. J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012, G03010, 10.1029/2012JG001960.
93. Schapendonk, A.H.C.M., Stol, W., van Kraalingen, D.W.G., Bouman, B.A.M., LINGRA, a sink/source model to simulate grassland productivity in Europe. Eur. J. Agron. 9 (1998), 87–100, 10.1016/S1161-0301(98)00027-6.
94. Schmid, M., Fuhrer, J., Neftel, A., Nitrous oxide concentrations in the soil of a mown grassland: comparison of model results with soil profile measurements. Water Air Soil Pollut. Focus 1 (2001), 437–446, 10.1023/A:1013158028103.
95. Schmid, M., Neftel, A., Riedo, M., Fuhrer, J., Process-based modelling of nitrous oxide emissions from different nitrogen sources in mown grassland. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst. 60 (2001), 177–187, 10.1023/a:1012694218748.
96. Schmitt, M., Bahn, M., Wohlfahrt, G., Tappeiner, U., Cernusca, A., Land use affects the net ecosystem CO2 exchange and its components in mountain grasslands. Biogeosciences 7 (2010), 2297–2309, 10.5194/bg-7-2297-2010.
97. Schulze, E.D., Luyssaert, S., Ciais, P., Freibauer, A., Al, I.A.J. et, Schulze, E.D., Soussana, J.F., Smith, P., Grace, J., Levin, I., Thiruchittampalam, B., Heimann, M., Dolman, A.J., Valentini, R., Bousquet, P., Peylin, P., Peters, W., Rödenbeck, C., Etiope, G., Vuichard, N., Wattenbach, M., Nabuurs, G.J., Poussi, Z., Nieschulze, J., Gash, J.H., Schulze, E.D., Soussana, J.F., Smith, P., Grace, J., Levin, I., Thiruchittampalam, B., Heimann, M., Dolman, A.J., Valentini, R., Bousquet, P., Peylin, P., Peters, W., Rödenbeck, C., Etiope, G., Vuichard, N., Wattenbach, M., Nabuurs, G.J., Poussi, Z., Nieschulze, J., Gash, J.H., Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europe's terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance. Nat. Geosci. 2 (2009), 842–850, 10.1038/ngeo686.
98. Scurlock, J.M.O., Hall, D.O., The global carbon sink: a grassland perspective. Glob. Change Biol. 4 (1998), 229–233, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1998.00151.x.
99. Sheikh, V., Visser, S., Stroosnijder, L., A simple model to predict soil moisture: bridging Event and Continuous Hydrological (BEACH) modelling. Environ. Model. Softw. 24 (2009), 542–556, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2008.10.005.
100. Snow, V.O., Rotz, C.A., Moore, A.D., Martin-Clouaire, R., Johnson, I.R., Hutchings, N.J., Eckard, R.J., The challenges – and some solutions – to process-based modelling of grazed agricultural systems. Environ. Model. Softw. 62 (2014), 420–436, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.03.009.
101. Soussana, J.-F., Allard, V., Pilegaard, K., Ambus, P., Amman, C., Campbell, C., Ceschia, E., Clifton-Brown, J., Czobel, S., Domingues, R., Flechard, C., Fuhrer, J., Hensen, A., Horvath, L., Jones, M., Kasper, G., Martin, C., Nagy, Z., Neftel, A., Raschi, A., Baronti, S., Rees, R., Skiba, U., Stefani, P., Manca, G., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Valentini, R., Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 121 (2007), 121–134, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.022.
102. Soussana, J.-F., Fuhrer, J., Jones, M., Van Amstel, A., The greenhouse gas balance of grasslands in Europe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 121 (2007), 1–4, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.001.
103. Stöckle, C.O., Donatelli, M., Nelson, R., CropSyst, a cropping systems simulation model. Eur. J. Agron. 18 (2003), 289–307, 10.1016/S1161-0301(02)00109-0.
104. Suttie, J.M., Reynolds, S.G., Batello, C., Grasslands of the World. 2005, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
105. Suttle, K.B., Thomsen, M.A., Power, M.E., Species interactions reverse grassland responses to changing climate. Science 315 (2007), 640–642, 10.1126/science.1136401.
106. Thornley, J.H.M., Dynamic model of leaf photosynthesis with acclimation to light and nitrogen. Ann. Bot. 81 (1998), 421–430, 10.1006/anbo.1997.0575.
107. Trudinger, C.M., Raupach, M.R., Rayner, P.J., Kattge, J., Liu, Q., Pak, B., Reichstein, M., Renzullo, L., Richardson, A.D., Roxburgh, S.H., Styles, J., Wang, Y.P., Briggs, P., Barrett, D., Nikolova, S., OptIC project: an intercomparison of optimization techniques for parameter estimation in terrestrial biogeochemical models. J. Geophys. Res., 112, 2007, 10.1029/2006JG000367.
108. Van Oijen, M., Cameron, D.R., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Farahbakhshazad, N., Jansson, P.-E., Kiese, R., Rahn, K.-H., Werner, C., Yeluripati, J.B., A Bayesian framework for model calibration, comparison and analysis: application to four models for the biogeochemistry of a Norway spruce forest. Agric. For. Meteorol. 151 (2011), 1609–1621, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.06.017.
109. Van Oijen, M., Höglind, M., Hanslin, H.M., Caldwell, N., Process-based modeling of timothy regrowth. Agron. J. 97 (2005), 1295–1303, 10.2134/agronj2004.0251.
110. Vital, J.-A., Gaurut, M., Lardy, R., Viovy, N., Soussana, J.-F., Bellocchi, G., Martin, R., High-performance computing for climate change impact studies with the Pasture Simulation model. Comput. Electron. Agric. 98 (2013), 131–135, 10.1016/j.compag.2013.08.004.
111. Vuichard, N., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., Calanca, P., Soussana, J.-F., Estimating the greenhouse gas fluxes of European grasslands with a process-based model: 2. Simulations at the continental level. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, 2007, GB1005, 10.1029/2005gb002612.
112. Vuichard, N., Soussana, J.-F., Ciais, P., Viovy, N., Ammann, C., Calanca, P., Clifton-Brown, J., Fuhrer, J., Jones, M., Martin, C., Estimating the greenhouse gas fluxes of European grasslands with a process-based model: 1. Model evaluation from in situ measurements. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 21, 2007, GB1004, 10.1029/2005gb002611.
113. Wallach, D., Thorburn, P.J., The error in agricultural systems model prediction depends on the variable being predicted. Environ. Model. Softw. 62 (2014), 487–494, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2014.08.001.
114. Wang, J., Cardenas, L.M., Misselbrook, T.H., Cuttle, S., Thorman, R.E., Li, C., Modelling nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grassland systems. Environ. Pollut. 162 (2012), 223–233, 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.11.027.
115. Wang, Y.-P., Trudinger, C.M., Enting, I.G., A review of applications of model–data fusion to studies of terrestrial carbon fluxes at different scales. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149 (2009), 1829–1842, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.07.009.
116. Warnant, P., François, L., Strivay, D., Gérard, J.C., CARAIB: a global model of terrestrial biological productivity. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 8 (1994), 255–270, 10.1029/94gb00850.
117. Warszawski, L., Frieler, K., Huber, V., Piontek, F., Serdeczny, O., Schewe, J., The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI-MIP): project framework. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111 (2014), 3228–3232, 10.1073/pnas.1312330110.
118. Wattenbach, M., Sus, O., Vuichard, N., Lehuger, S., Gottschalk, P., Li, L., Leip, A., Williams, M., Tomelleri, E., Kutsch, W.L., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Dietiker, D., Aubinet, M., Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Grünwald, T., Hastings, A., Osborne, B., Ciais, P., Cellier, P., Smith, P., The carbon balance of European croplands: a cross-site comparison of simulation models. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 139 (2010), 419–453, 10.1016/j.agee.2010.08.004.
119. Wieder, W.R., Bonan, G.B., Allison, S.D., Global soil carbon projections are improved by modelling microbial processes. Nat. Clim. Change 3 (2013), 909–912, 10.1038/nclimate1951.
120. Williams, J.R., Jones, C.A., Kiniry, J.R., Spanel, D.A., The EPIC crop growth model. Trans. ASAE 32 (1989), 497–511, 10.13031/2013.31032.
121. Willmott, C.J., Wicks, D.E., An empirical method for the spatial interpolation of monthly precipitation within California. Phys. Geogr. 1 (1980), 59–73, 10.1080/02723646.1980.10642189.
122. Wohlfahrt, G., Anderson-Dunn, M., Bahn, M., Balzarolo, M., Berninger, F., Campbell, C., Carrara, A., Cescatti, A., Christensen, T., Dore, S., Eugster, W., Friborg, T., Furger, M., Gianelle, D., Gimeno, C., Hargreaves, K., Hari, P., Haslwanter, A., Johansson, T., Marcolla, B., Milford, C., Nagy, Z., Nemitz, E., Rogiers, N., Sanz, M.J., Siegwolf, R.T.W., Susiluoto, S., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Ugolini, F., Valentini, R., Zorer, R., Cernusca, A., Biotic, abiotic, and management controls on the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of European mountain grassland ecosystems. Ecosystems 11 (2008), 1338–1351, 10.1007/s10021-008-9196-2.
123. Wu, J., van der Linden, L., Lasslop, G., Carvalhais, N., Pilegaard, K., Beier, C., Ibrom, A., Effects of climate variability and functional changes on the interannual variation of the carbon balance in a temperate deciduous forest. Biogeosciences 9 (2012), 13–28, 10.5194/bg-9-13-2012.
124. Xiao, J., Chen, J., Davis, K.J., Reichstein, M., Advances in upscaling of eddy covariance measurements of carbon and water fluxes. J. Geophys. Res., 117, 2012, G00J01, 10.1029/2011JG001889.
125. Xiao, J., Zhuang, Q., Liang, E., Shao, X., McGuire, A.D., Moody, A., Kicklighter, D.W., Melillo, J.M., Twentieth-century droughts and their impacts on terrestrial carbon cycling in China. Earth Interact. 13 (2009), 1–31, 10.1175/2009EI275.1.
126. Zeeman, M.J., Hiller, R., Gilgen, A.K., Michna, P., Plüss, P., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Management and climate impacts on net CO2 fluxes and carbon budgets of three grasslands along an elevational gradient in Switzerland. Agric. For. Meteorol. 150 (2010), 519–530, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.01.011.