The spectrum of acute encephalitis: Causes, management, and predictors of outcome

Neurology

Volumn 84, Issue 4, 2015, Pages 359-366

  Singh, Tarun D ^a   Fugate, Jennifer E ^a   Rabinstein, Alejandro A ^a  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIVIRUS AGENT; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; STEROID;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADULT; AGE; AGED; ARTICLE; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALITIS; CELL COUNT; CLINICAL FEATURE; COMA; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENCEPHALITIS; EPSTEIN BARR VIRUS; FEMALE; HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HUMAN; IMMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MORTALITY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PLASMAPHERESIS; POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RANKIN SCALE; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; VARICELLA ZOSTER VIRUS; VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS; VIRUS INFECTION; WEST NILE FLAVIVIRUS; BRAIN DISEASES; ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; MIDDLE AGED; SEX DIFFERENCE;

ACUTE DISEASE; ADULT; AGED; BRAIN DISEASES; ENCEPHALITIS; ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL; HASHIMOTO DISEASE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROGNOSIS; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 84927588409     PISSN: 00283878     EISSN: 1526632X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001190     Document Type: Article

References (24)

1. Venkatesan A, Tunkel AR, Bloch KC, et al. Case definitions, diagnostic algorithms, and priorities in encephalitis: consensus statement of the international encephalitis consortium. Clin Infect Dis 2013;57:1114-1128.
2. Granerod J, Tam CC, Crowcroft NS, Davies NW, Borchert M, Thomas SL. Challenge of the unknown: a systematic review of acute encephalitis in non-outbreak situations. Neurology 2010;75:924-932.
3. Granerod J, Ambrose HE, Davies NW, et al. Causes of encephalitis and differences in their clinical presentations in England: a multicentre, population-based prospective study. Lancet Infect Dis 2010;10:835-844.
4. Mailles A, Stahl JP. Infectious encephalitis in France in 2007: a national prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49:1838-1847.
5. Thakur KT, Motta M, Asemota AO, et al. Predictors of outcome in acute encephalitis. Neurology 2013;81:793-800.
6. Khetsuriani N, Holman RC, Anderson LJ. Burden of encephalitis-associated hospitalizations in the United States, 1988-1997. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:175-182.
7. Lowenstein DH, Alldredge BK. Status epilepticus. N Engl J Med 1998;338:970-976.
8. Fowlkes AL, Honarmand S, Glaser C, et al. Enterovirusassociated encephalitis in the California encephalitis project, 1998-2005. J Infect Dis 2008;198:1685-1691.
9. Kupila L, Vuorinen T, Vainionpaa R, Hukkanen V, Marttila RJ, Kotilainen P. Etiology of aseptic meningitis and encephalitis in an adult population. Neurology 2006; 66:75-80.
10. Joshi R, Mishra PK, Joshi D, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and survival in adult acute encephalitis syndrome in rural Central India. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2013;115: 1753-1761.
11. Sonneville R, Gault N, de Montmollin E, et al. Clinical spectrum and outcomes of patients with encephalitis requiring intensive care. Eur J Neurol Epub 2014 Sep 1.
12. Glaser CA, Honarmand S, Anderson LJ, et al. Beyond viruses: clinical profiles and etiologies associated with encephalitis. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1565-1577.
13. Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Treatment and prognostic factors for long-term outcome in patients with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis: an observational cohort study. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:157-165.
14. Sonneville R, Klein IF, Wolff M. Update on investigation and management of postinfectious encephalitis. Curr Opin Neurol 2010;23:300-304.
15. Strauss R, Wehler M, Mehler K, Kreutzer D, Koebnick C, Hahn EG. Thrombocytopenia in patients in the medical intensive care unit: bleeding prevalence, transfusion requirements, and outcome. Crit Care Med 2002;30: 1765-1771.
16. Vanderschueren S, De Weerdt A, Malbrain M, et al. Thrombocytopenia and prognosis in intensive care. Crit Care Med 2000;28:1871-1876.
17. Lundberg P, Ramakrishna C, Brown J, et al. The immune response to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in susceptible mice is a major cause of central nervous system pathology resulting in fatal encephalitis. J Virol 2008;82: 7078-7088.
18. Nguyen HX, O'Barr TJ, Anderson AJ. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes promote neurotoxicity through release of matrix metalloproteinases, reactive oxygen species, and TNF-alpha. J Neurochem 2007;102:900-912.
19. Bai F, Kong KF, Dai J, et al. A paradoxical role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus. J Infect Dis 2010;202:1804-1812.
20. Wang IJ, Lee PI, Huang LM, Chen CJ, Chen CL, Lee WT. The correlation between neurological evaluations and neurological outcome in acute encephalitis: a hospitalbased study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2007;11:63-69.
21. DuBray K, Anglemyer A, LaBeaud AD, et al. Epidemiology, outcomes and predictors of recovery in childhood encephalitis: a hospital-based study. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2013;32:839-844.
22. Sili U, Kaya A, Mert A. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis: clinical manifestations, diagnosis and outcome in 106 adult patients. J Clin Virol 2014;60:112-118.
23. Caruso JM, Tung GA, Gascon GG, Rogg J, Davis L, Brown WD. Persistent preceding focal neurologic deficits in children with chronic Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis. J Child Neurol 2000;15:791-796.
24. Huber M, Ziffling P, Heucke T, Heiss WD. Follow-up and prognosis of herpes simplex encephalitis: observations on 57 patients between 1960 and 1987 [in German]. Med Klin 1989;84:273-275.