Causes of mass extinctions

Extinctions in the History of Life

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 119-150

  Wignall, Paul B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84927005215     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511607370.006     Document Type: Chapter

References (44)

1. Albritton, C. C. Jr Catastrophic Episodes in Earth History. London: Chapman and Hall, London, 1989.
2. Archibald, J. D. Dinosaur Extinction and the End of an Era: What the Fossils Say. New York: Columbia University Press. 1996.
3. Lavers, C. Why Elephants Have Big Ears: Understanding Patterns of Life on Earth.London: Phoenix Paperbacks. 2001.
4. Officer, C. and Page, J. The Great Dinosaur Extinction Controversy. Reading:Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 1996.
5. Powell, J. L. Night Comes to the Cretaceous: Comets, Craters, Controversy, and the Last Days of the Dinosaurs. San Diego: Harcourt Brace and Co. 1998.
6. Alt, D., Sears, J. M. and Hyndman, D. W., 1988. Terrestrial maria; the origins of large basalt plateaus, hotspot tracks, and spreading ridges. Journal of Geology 96: 647-662.
7. Alvarez, W. 1997. T. rex and the Crater of Doom. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
8. Alvarez, L. W., Alvarez, F., Asaro, F. and Michel, H. V., 1980. Extraterrestrial cause for the Cretaceous--Tertiary extinction. Science 208: 1095-1108.
9. Becker, L., Poreda, R. J., Hunt, A. G., Bunch, T. E. and Rampino, M., 2001. Impact event at the Permian--Triassic boundary: evidence from extraterrestrial noble gases in fullerenes. Science 291: 1530-1533.
10. Bohor, B. F., Foord, E. E., Modreski, P. J. and Triplehorn, D. M., 1984. Mineralogic evidence for an impact event at the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary. Science 224: 867-869.
11. Campbell, I. H., Czamanske, G. K., Fedorenko, V. A., Hill, R. A. and Stepanov, V.,1992 Synchronism of the Siberian Traps and the Permian-Triassic boundary. Science 258: 1760-1763.
12. Carlisle, D. B. 1995. Dinosaurs, Diamonds, and Things from Outer Space. The Great Extinction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
13. Copper, P., 1986. Frasnian/Famennian mass extinction and cold-water oceans. Geology 14: 835-839.
14. Courtillot, V. 1999. Evolutionary Catastrophes: The Science of Mass Extinction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Hallam, A., 1992. Phanerozoic Sea-level Changes. New York: Columbia University Press.
16. Hallam, A. 1997 Estimates of the amount and rate of sea-level change across the Rhaetian-Hettangian and Pliensbachian-Toarcian boundaries (latest Triassic to early Jurassic). Journal of the Geological Society of London 154:773-779.
17. Hallam, A. and Wignall, P. B. 1997. Mass Extinctions and their Aftermath. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
18. Hallam, A. and Wignall, P. B. 1999. Mass extinctions and sea-level changes. Earth-Science Reviews 48:217-250.
19. Hildebrandt, A. R., Pilkington, M., Cannors, M., Ortiz-Alema, C. and Chavez, R. E., 1995. Size and structure of the Chicxulub crater revealed by horizontal gravity gradients and cenotes. Nature 376: 415-417.
20. Hsu, K. J. and McKenzie, J. A., 1985. A ‘Strangelove’ ocean in the earliest Tertiary. American Geophysical Union Monograph 32: 487-492.
21. Isozaki, Y., 1997. Permo-Triassic boundary superanoxia and stratified superocean: records from lost deep sea. Science 276: 235-238.
22. Kaiho, K., Kajiwara, Y., Nakano, T. et al., 2001. End-Permian catastrophe by a bolide impact: evidence of a gigantic release of sulphur from the mantle. Geology 29: 815-818.
23. Kerr, A. C., 1998. Oceanic plateau formation: a cause of mass extinction and black shale deposition around the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary. Journal of the Geological Society of London 155: 619-626.
24. McElwain J. C., Beerling, D. J. and Woodward, F. I., 1999. Fossil plants and global warming at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Science 285: 1386-1390.
25. McGhee, G. R. Jr, 2002. The ‘multiple impacts hypothesis' for mass extinction: a comparison of the Late Devonian and the late Eocene. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 176: 47-58.
26. Newell, N. D., 1967. Revolutions in the history of life. Geological Society of America Special Paper 89: 63-91.
27. Officer, C. B., Hallam, A., Drake, C. L. and Devine, J. D., 1987. Late Cretaceous and paroxysmal Cretaceous/Tertiary extinctions. Nature 326: 143-149.
28. Rampino, M. R. and Stothers, R. B., 1988. Flood basalt volcanism during the past 250 million years. Science 241: 663-668.
29. Raup, D. M. 1991. Extinction, Bad Luck or Bad Genes? New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
30. Retallack, G., 1999. Postapocalyptic greenhouse paleoclimate revealed by earliest Triassic paleosols in the Sydney Basin, Australia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 111: 52-70.
31. Retallack, G. J., 2001. A 300-million-year record of atmospheric carbon dioxide from fossil plant cuticles. Nature 411: 287-290.
32. Retallack, G. J. and Krull, E. S., 1999. Landscape ecological shift at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Australia. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 46: 785-812.
33. Retallack, G. J., Seyedolali, A., Krull, E. S., Holser, W. T., Ambers, C. A. and Kyte, T., 1998. Search for evidence of impact at the Permian-Triassic boundary in Antarctica and Australia. Geology 26: 979-982.
34. Schlanger, S. O. and Jenkyns, H. C., 1976. Cretaceous oceanic anoxic events: causes and consequences. Geologie en Mijnbouw 55: 179-184.
35. Schopf, T. J. M., 1974. Permo-Triassic extinctions: relation to seafloor spreading. Journal of Geology 82: 129-143.
36. Sepkoski, J. J. Jr, 1994. Extinction and the fossil record. Geotimes March: 15-17.
37. Stanley, S. M. and Yang X., 1994. A double mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic era. Science 266: 1340-1344.
38. Toon, O. B., 1984. Sudden changes in atmospheric composition and climate. In: Holland, H. D. and Trendall, A. F. (Eds.), Patterns of Change in Earth Evolution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 41-61.
39. Ward, P. D., Kennedy, W. J., MacLeod, K. J. and Mount, J. F., 1991. Ammonoid and inoceramid bivalve extinction patterns in the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary sections of the Biscay region (southwestern France, northern Spain). Geology 19: 1181-1184.
40. Wignall, P. B. 1994. Black Shales. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
41. Wignall, P. B 2001. Large igneous provinces and mass extinctions. Earth-Science Reviews 53:1-33.
42. Wignall, P. B. and Hallam, A., 1992. Anoxia as a cause of the Permian/Triassic extinction: facies evidence from northern Italy and the western United States. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 93, 21-46.
43. Wignall, P. B. and Twitchett, R. J., 1996. Oceanic anoxia and the end-Permian mass extinction. Science 272: 1155-1158.
44. Wyatt, A., 1987. Shallow water areas in space and time. Journal of the Geological Society of London 144: 115-120