Post-traumatic stress symptoms in the general population after a disaster: Implications for public health

9/11: Mental Health in the Wake of Terrorist Attacks

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 19-44

  Galea, Sandro ^a   Ahern, Jennifer ^b   Resnick, Heidi ^c   Vlahov, David ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b NEW YORK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^d Center for Urban Epidemiologic studies Mailman School of Public Health Columbia University Center for Urban Epidemiologic Studies New York Academy of Medicine ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926984944     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511544132.005     Document Type: Chapter

References (52)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.).Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
2. Ahern, J., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J. and Vlahov, D. (2002). Television images and psychological symptoms after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Psychiatry, 65(4), 289-300.
3. Blanchard, E.B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T.C. and Forneris, C.A. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 34(8), 669-673.
4. Boscarino, J.A. (1995). Post-traumatic stress and associated disorders among Vietnam veterans: the significance of combat exposure and social support. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(2), 317-35.
5. Brewin, C.R., Andrews, B. and Valentine, J.D. (2000).Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(5), 746-766.
6. Bromet, E., Sonnega, A. and Kessler, R.C. (1998). Risk factors for DSM-III-R posttraumatic stress disorder: findings from the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 147(4), 353-361.
7. Bureau of the Census (2000). Census Summary Tape, File 3A (STF 3A). Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce.
8. Carr, V.J., Lewin, T.J., Webster, R.A. and Kenardy, J.A. (1997). A synthesis of the findings from the Quake Impact Study: a two-year investigation of the psychosocial sequelae of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 32(3), 123-136.
9. Cohen Silver, R., Holman, E.A., McIntosh, D.N., Poulin, M. and Gil-Rivas, V. (2002). Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological response to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1235-1244.
10. Freedy, J.R., Kilpatrick, D.G. and Resnick, H.S. (1993).Natural disasters and mental health: theory, assessment, and intervention. In Handbook of Post-disaster Interventions [special issue]. Journal of Sociological Behavior and Personality, 8(5), 49-103.
11. Galea, S., Nandi, A. and Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Reviews, 27, 78-91.
12. Galea, S., Ahern, J., Fuller, C., Freudenberg, N. and Vlahov, D. (2001). Needle exchange programs and experience of violence in an inner-city neighborhood. Journal of AIDS, 28(3), 282-288.
13. Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M. and Morgan, M. (2002a). An investigation of the psychological effects of the September 11th attacks on NYC: developing, and implementing research in the acute post-disaster period. CNS Spectrums, 7(8), 593-596.
14. Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., Bucuvalas, M., Gold, J. and Vlahov, D. (2002b). Psychological sequelae of the September 11th attacks in Manhattan, NYC. New England Journal of Medicine, 346(13), 982-987.
15. Galea, S., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Gold, J., Bucuvalas, M., Kilpatrick, D., Vlahov, D. (2002c). Posttraumatic stress disorder in Manhattan, NYC, after the September 11th terrorist attacks. Journal of Urban Health, 79(3), 340-353.
16. Galea, S., Boscarino, J., Resnick, H. and Vlahov, D. (2002d). Mental health in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks: Results from two population surveys. Chapter 7. In Mental Health, United States, 2001, eds. R.W.Manderscheid and M.J.Henderson.Washington, DC: Supt of Docs, US Govt Print Office.
17. Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Susser, E., Gold, J., Bucuvalas, M. and Kilpatrick, D. (2003). Trends in the prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder in NYC after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158(6), 514-524.
18. Green, B.L. and Lindy, J.D. (1994). Post-traumatic stress disorder in victims of disasters. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(2), 301-309.
19. Hanson, R.F., Kilpatrick, D.G., Freedy, R. and Saunders, B.E. (1995). Los Angeles County after the 1992 civil disturbances: degree of exposure and impact on mental health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63(6), 987-996.
20. Herman, D., Susser, E. and Felton, C. (2002). Rates and treatment costs of mental disorders stemming from the World Trade Center terrorist attacks: an initial needs assessment. The Center for Mental Health Services, Substance Abuse and Mental health Services Administration.
21. Keeter, S., Miller, C., Kohut, A., Groves, R.M. and Presser, S. (2000). Consequences of reducing nonresponse in a national telephone survey. Public Opinion Research Quarterly, 64, 125-148.
22. Kennedy, R. (2001). With city transit shut down, New Yorkers take to eerily empty streets. The New York Times, September 12, 2001, Sect A: 8 (col. 1).
23. Kessler, R.C., Sonnega, A., Bromet, E., Hughes, M. and Nelson, C.B. (1995). Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 52, 1048-1060.
24. Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P.A., Bruce, M.L., Koch, J.R., Laska, E.M. and Leaf, P.J. (2001). The prevalence and correlates of untreated serious mental illness.Health Services Research, 36(6) Part 1, 987-1007.
25. Kilpatrick, D.G., Acierno, R., Resnick, H.S., Saunders, B.E. and Best, C.L. (1997). A two year longitudinal analysis of the relationship between violent assault and alcohol and drug use in women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65(5), 834-847.
26. Kilpatrick, D.G., Resnick, H.S., Freedy, J.R., Pelcovitz, D., Resick, P.A., Roth, S. and van der Kolk, B. (1998). The posttraumatic stress disorder field trial: evaluation of the PTSD construct-criteria A through E. In DSM-IV Sourcebook, Vol. 4, eds. T.A. Widiger, A.J. Frances, H.A. Pincus, M.B. First, R. Ross and W. Davis. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press, pp. 803-844.
27. Kulka, R.A., Schlenger, W.E., Fairbank, J.A., Hough, R.L., Jordan, B.K., Marmar, C.R. and Weiss, D.S. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: report of findings from The National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
28. Kuo, C.J., Tang, H.S., Tsay, C.J., Lin, S.K., Hu, W.H. and Chen, C.C. (2003). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among bereaved survivors of a disastrous earthquake in Taiwan. Psychiatric Services, 54(2), 249-251.
29. Mariolis, P. (2001). Data accuracy: how good are our usual indicators? Proceedings of Statistics Canada Symposium 2001. Achieving Data Quality in a Statistical Agency: A Methodologic Perspective, Ottawa, CA.
30. Mariolis, P. (2002). Response rates and data accuracy. American Association of Public Opinion Research [Oral Presentation]. Nashville, TN, May 2002.
31. McMillen, J.C., North, C.S. and Smith, E.M. (2000). What parts of PTSD are normal: intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(1), 57-75.
32. NYC Fire Department (2002). McKinsey Report. Retrieved 28 May 2003, from http://www. nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/mck_report/exhibits.html
33. Norris, F.H., Friedman, M.J., Watson, P.J., Byrne, C.M., Diaz, E. and Kaniasty, K. (2002a). 60,000 disaster victims speak. Part I: An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry, 65(3), 207-239.
34. Norris, F.H., Friedman, M.J. and Watson, P.J. (2002b). 60,000 disaster victims speak. Part II: Summary and implications of the disaster mental health research. Psychiatry, 65(3), 240-260.
35. North, C.S., Nixon, S.J., Shariat, S., Mallonee, S., McMillen, J.C., Spitznagel, E.L. and Smith, E.M. (1999). Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(8), 755-762.
36. North, C.S., Tivis, L., McMillen, J.C., Pfefferbaum, B., Spitznagel, E.L., Cox, J., Nixon, S., Bunch, K.P. and Smith, E.M. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159(5), 857-859.
37. O'Toole, B.I., Marshall, R.P., Grayson, D.A., Schureck, R.J., Dobson, M., French, M., et al. (1996). The Australian Vietnam Veterans Health Study, III: psychological health of Australian Vietnam veterans and its relationship to combat. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 331-340.
38. Paulsen, A.S., Crowe, R.R., Noyes, R. and Pfohl, B. (1988). Reliability of the telephone interview in diagnosing anxiety disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 62-63.
39. Resnick, H.S., Kilpatrick, D.G., Dansky, B.S., Saunders, B.E. and Best, C.L. (1993). Prevalence of civilian trauma and PTSD in a representative national sample of women. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61(6), 984-991.
40. Rothbaum, B.O., Foa, E.B., Riggs, D.S., Murdock, T. and Walsh, W. (1992). A prospective evaluation of post-traumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 455-475.
41. Rudenstine, S., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Felton, C. and Vlahov, D. (2003). Awareness and perceptions of a community-wide mental health program 4-5 months after the September 11 terrorist attacks in NYC. Psychiatric Services, 54(10), 1404-1406.
42. Ruggiero, K., Rheingold, A.A., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D.G. and Galea, S. (in press). Comparison between two widely-used PTSD screening instruments: implications for public mental health planning, Journal of Traumatic Stress.
43. Salcioglu, E., Basoglu, M. and Livanou, M. (2003). Long-term psychological outcome for nontreatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191(3), 154-160.
44. Schlenger, W.E., Caddell, J.M., Ebert, L., Jordan, K., Rourke, K.M., Wilson, D., Thalji, L., Dennis, J.M., Fairbank, J.A. and Kulka, R.A. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: findings from the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288(5), 581-588.
45. Shalev, A.Y., Freedman, S., Peri, T., Brandes, D., Sahar, T., Orr, S.P., et al. (1988). Prospective study of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression following trauma. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155(5), 630-637.
46. Simon, G.E., Revicki, D. and VonKorff, M. (1993). Telephone assessment of depression severity. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 27(3), 247-252.
47. Smith, E.M., North, C.S., McCool, R.E. and Shea, J.M. (1990). Acute postdisaster psychiatric disorders: identification of persons at risk. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147(2), 202-206.
48. Spitzer, R.L., Williams, J.B., Gibbon, M. and First, M.B. (1992). The structural clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), I: history, rationale, and description. Archive of General Psychiatry, 49(8), 624-629.
49. Stoppelbein, L. and Greening, L. (2000). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in parentally bereaved children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39(9), 1112-1119.
50. Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Boscarino, J.A., Bucuvalas, M., et al. (2002). Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan Residents after the September 11th terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(11), 988-996.
51. Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H. and Kilpatrick, D. (in press). Sustained increased consumption of cigarettes, alcohol and marijuana among Manhattan residents following the events of September 11, 2001. American Journal of Public Health.
52. Weeks, M.F., Kulka, R.A., Lessler, J.T. and Whitmore, R.W. (1983). Personal versus telephone surveys for collecting household health data at the local level. American Journal of Public Health, 73(12), 1389-1394.