A review of mild traumatic brain injury diagnostics: Current perspectives, limitations, and emerging technology

Military Medicine

Volumn 179, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 1083-1089

  Cook, Glen A ^a   Hawley, Jason S ^a  

^a WALTER REED ARMY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; PROTEIN;

BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN INJURIES; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMAN; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; NEUROIMAGING; PROCEDURES;

BIOMARKERS; BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; BRAIN CONCUSSION; BRAIN INJURIES; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; HUMANS; NEUROIMAGING; PROTEINS;

EID: 84926491722     PISSN: 00264075     EISSN: 1930613X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00435     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Coronado VG, Xu L, Basavaraju SV, et al: Surveillance for traumatic brain injury-related deaths: United States, 1997-2007. Morbidity and mortality weekly report surveillance summaries (Washington, DC: 2002). 2011; 60(5): 1-32.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control: Report to Congress on Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in the United States: Steps to Prevent a Serious Public Health Problem. Atlanta, GA, CDC, 2003.
3. Center DaVBI. DoD worldwide numbers for TBI worldwide totals. 2012. Available at http://www.dvbic.org/sites/default/files/uploads/dod-tbi-2000-2012.pdf; accessed December 11, 2013.
4. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM: The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006; 21(5): 375-8.
5. Warden D: Military TBI during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2006; 21(5): 398-402.
6. Ruff RM, Iverson GL, Barth JT, Bush SS, Broshek DK: Recommendations for diagnosing a mild traumatic brain injury: a National Academy of Neuropsychology education paper. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2009; 24(1): 3-10.
7. Menon DK, Schwab K, Wright DW, Maas AI: Position statement: definition of traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010; 91(11): 1637-40.
8. d'Hemecourt P: Subacute symptoms of sports-related concussion: outpatient management and return to play. Clin Sports Med. 2011; 30(1): 63-72.
9. Sigurdardottir S, Andelic N, Roe C, Jerstad T, Schanke AK: Post-concussion symptoms after traumatic brain injury at 3 and 12 months post-injury: a prospective study. Brain inj 2009; 23(6): 489-97.
10. Dikmen S, Machamer J, Fann JR, Temkin NR: Rates of symptom reporting following traumatic brain injury. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2010; 16(3): 401-11.
11. Lannsjo M, af Geijerstam JL, Johansson U, Bring J, Borg J: Prevalence and structure of symptoms at 3 months after mild traumatic brain injury in a national cohort. Brain inj 2009; 23(3): 213-9.
12. Papa L, Ramia MM, Kelly JM, Burks SS, Pawlowicz A, Berger RP. Systematic review of clinical research on biomarkers for pediatric traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2012; 30(5): 324-38.
13. Agoston DV, Elsayed M: Serum-based protein biomarkers in blast-induced traumatic brain injury spectrum disorder. Front Neurol 2012; 3: 107.
14. Donato R: Intracellular and extracellular roles of S100 proteins. Microsc Res Tech 2003; 60(6): 540- 51.
15. Barger SW, Van Eldik LJ, Mattson MP. S100 beta protects hippocampal neurons from damage induced by glucose deprivation. Brain res 1995; 677(1): 167-70.
16. Reeves RH, Yao J, Crowley MR, et al: Astrocytosis and axonal proliferation in the hippocampus of S100b transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91(12): 5359-63.
17. Jeter CB, Hergenroeder GW, Hylin MJ, Redell JB, Moore AN, Dash PK: Biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of mild traumatic brain injury/concussion. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30(8): 657-70.
18. Zetterberg H, Smith DH, Blennow K: Biomarkers of mild traumatic brain injury in cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Nat Rev Neurol 2013; 9(4): 201-10.
19. Unden J, Romner B: A new objective method for CT triage after minor head injury-serum S100B. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009; 69(1): 13-7.
20. Jagoda AS, Bazarian JJ, Bruns JJ Jr, et al: Clinical policy: neuroimaging nd decisionmaking in adult mild traumatic brain injury in the acute setting. Ann Emerg Med 2008; 52(6): 714-48.
21. Nygren De Boussard C, Fredman P, Lundin A, Andersson K, Edman G, Borg J: S100 in mild traumatic brain injury. Brain inj 2004; 18(7): 671-83.
22. Ross SA, Cunningham RT, Johnston CF, Rowlands BJ: Neuron-specific enolase as an aid to outcome prediction in head injury. Br J Neurosurg 1996; 10(5): 471-6.
23. Vos PE, Lamers KJB, Hendriks JCM, et al: Glial and neuronal proteins in serum predict outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. Neurology. 2004; 62(8): 1303-10.
24. Ingebrigtsen T, Romner B: Biochemical serum markers for brain damage: a short review with emphasis on clinical utility in mild head injury. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2003; 21(3-4): 1716.
25. De Kruijk JR, Twijnstra A, Leffers P: Diagnostic criteria and differential diagnosis of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain inj 2001; 15(2): 99-106.
26. Bazarian JJ, Zemlan FP, Mookerjee S, Stigbrand T: Serum S-100B and cleaved-tau are poor predictors of long-term outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain inj 2006; 20(7): 759-65.
27. Bulut M, Koksal O, Dogan S, et al: Tau protein as a serum marker of brain damage in mild traumatic brain injury: preliminary results. Adv Ther 2006; 23(1): 12-22.
28. Kavalci C, Pekdemir M, Durukan P, et al: The value of serum tau protein for the diagnosis of intracranial injury in minor head trauma. Am J Emerg Med 2007; 25(4): 391-5.
29. Ma M, Lindsell CJ, Rosenberry CM, Shaw GJ, Zemlan FP: Serum cleaved tau does not predict postconcussion syndrome after mild traumatic brain injury. Am J Emerg Med 2008; 26(7): 763-8.
30. Baydas G, Nedzvetskii VS, Tuzcu M, Yasar A, Kirichenko SV: Increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein and S-100B in hippocampus and cortex of diabetic rats: effects of vitamin E. Eur J Pharmacol 2003; 462(1-3): 67-71.
31. Mouser PE, Head E, Ha KH, Rohn TT: Caspase-mediated cleavage of glial fibrillary acidic protein within degenerating astrocytes of the Alzheimer's disease brain. Am J Pathol 2006; 168(3): 936-46.
32. Herrmann M, Vos P, Wunderlich MT, de Bruijn CH, Lamers KJ: Release of glial tissue-specific proteins after acute stroke: a comparative analysis of serum concentrations of protein S-100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein. Stroke 2000; 31(11): 2670-7.
33. Pelinka LE, Kroepfl A, Leixnering M, Buchinger W, Raabe A, Redl H: GFAP versus S100B in serum after traumatic brain injury: relationship to brain damage and outcome. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21(11): 1553-61.
34. Pelinka LE, Kroepfl A, Schmidhammer R, et al: Glial fibrillary acidic protein in serum after traumatic brain injury and multiple trauma. J Trauma 2004; 57(5): 1006-12.
35. Nylen K, Ost M, Csajbok LZ, et al: Increased serum-GFAP in patients with severe traumatic brain injury is related to outcome. J Neurol Sci 2006; 240(1-2): 85-91.
36. Papa L, Lewis LM, Falk JL, et al: Elevated levels of serum glial fibrillary acidic protein breakdown products in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury are associated with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 59(6): 471-83.
37. Okonkwo DO, Yue JK, Puccio AM, et al: GFAP-BDP as an acute diagnostic marker in traumatic brain injury: results from the prospective transforming research and clinical knowledge in traumatic brain injury study. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30(17): 1490-7.
38. Setsuie R, Wada K: The functions of UCH-L1 and its relation to neurodegenerative diseases. Neurochem Int 2007; 51(2-4): 105-11.
39. Belin AC, Westerlund M: Parkinson's disease: a genetic perspective. FEBS J 2008; 275(7): 1377-83.
40. Papa L, Akinyi L, Liu MC, et al: Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase is a novel biomarker in humans for severe traumatic brain injury. Critical Care Med 2010; 38(1): 138-44.
41. Papa L, Lewis LM, Silvestri S, et al: Serum levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase distinguish mild traumatic brain injury from trauma controls and are elevated in mild and moderate traumatic brain injury patients with intracranial lesions and neurosurgical intervention. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72(5): 1335-44.
42. Berger RP, Hayes RL, Richichi R, Beers SR, Wang KK: Serum concentrations of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 and alphaII-spectrin breakdown product 145 kDa correlate with outcome after pediatric TBI. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29(1): 162-7.
43. Kochanek PM, Berger RP, Bayir H, Wagner AK, Jenkins LW, Clark RS: Biomarkers of primary and evolving damage in traumatic and ischemic brain injury: diagnosis, prognosis, probing mechanisms, and therapeutic decision making. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14(2): 135-41.
44. D'Aversa TG, Eugenin EA, Lopez L, Berman JW: Myelin basic protein induces inflammatory mediators from primary human endothelial cells and blood-brain barrier disruption: implications for the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2013; 39(3): 270-83.
45. Berger RP, Bazaco MC, Wagner AK, Kochanek PM, Fabio A: Trajectory analysis of serum biomarker concentrations facilitates outcome prediction after pediatric traumatic and hypoxemic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32(5-6): 396-405.
46. Ode F Jr, Moore CS, Kennedy TE, Antel JP, Bar-Or A, Dhaunchak AS: MicroRNA dysregulation in multiple sclerosis. Front Genet 2012; 3: 311.
47. Guerau-de-Arellano M, Smith KM, Godlewski J, et al: Micro-RNA dysregulation in multiple sclerosis favours pro-inflammatory T-cell-mediated autoimmunity. Brain 2011; 134(Pt 12): 3578-89.
48. Redell JB, Moore AN, Ward NH 3rd, et al: Human traumatic brain injury alters plasma microRNA levels. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27(12): 2147-56.
49. Saatman KE, Duhaime AC, Bullock R, Maas AI, Valadka A, Manley GT: Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies. J Neurotrauma 2008; 25(7): 719-38.
50. Topolovec-Vranic J, Pollmann-Mudryj MA, Ouchterlony D, et al: The value of serum biomarkers in prediction models of outcome after mild traumatic brain injury. J Trauma 2011; 71(5 Suppl 1): S478-86.
51. Diaz-Arrastia R, Wang KK, Papa L, et al: Acute biomarkers of traumatic brain injury: relationship between plasma levels of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). J Neurotrauma 2013; 31(1): 19-25.
52. Practice parameter: the management of concussion in sports (summary statement). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee. Neurology 1997; 48(3): 581-5.
53. Fox WC, Park MS, Belverud S, Klugh A, Rivet D, Tomlin JM: Contemporary imaging of mild TBI: the journey toward diffusion tensor imaging to assess neuronal damage. Neurol Res 2013; 35(3): 223-32.
54. Center DaVBI. Neuroimaging following mild traumatic brain Injury in teh non-deployed setting. Available at http://wwwdvbicorg/sites/default/files/2013_NeuroimagingRecs_CR_070813_1350pdf; accessed December 11, 2013.
55. Gultekin SH, Smith TW: Diffuse axonal injury in craniocerebral trauma. A comparative histologic and immunohistochemical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1994; 118(2): 168-71.
56. Bramlett HM, Dietrich WD: Quantitative structural changes in white and gray matter 1 year following traumatic brain injury in rats. Acta neuropathol 2002; 103(6): 607-14.
57. Hulkower MB, Poliak DB, Rosenbaum SB, Zimmerman ME, Lipton ML: A decade of dti in traumatic brain injury: 10 years and 100 articles later. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34(11): 2064-74.
58. Gardner A, Kay-Lambkin F, Stanwell P, et al: A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging findings in sports-related concussion. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29(16): 2521-38.
59. Scheid R, Ott DV, Roth H, Schroeter ML, von Cramon DY, et al: Comparative magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 and 3 Tesla for the evaluation of traumatic microbleeds. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24(12): 1811-6.
60. Beauchamp MH, Beare R, Ditchfield M, et al: Susceptibility weighted imaging and its relationship to outcome after pediatric traumatic brain injury. Cortex 2013; 49(2): 591-8.
61. Ross BD, Ernst T, Kreis R, et al: 1H MRS in acute traumatic brain injury. JMRI 1998; 8(4): 829-40.
62. Vagnozzi R, Signoretti S, Cristofori L, et al: Assessment of metabolic brain damage and recovery following mild traumatic brain injury: a multicentre, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study in concussed patients. Brain 2010; 133(11): 3232-42.
63. Lin AP, Liao HJ, Merugumala SK, Prabhu SP, Meehan WP 3rd, Ross BD: Metabolic imaging of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Imaging Behav 2012; 6(2): 208-23.
64. Geets W, de Zegher F: EEG and brainstem abnormalities after cerebral concussion. Short term observations. Acta Neurol Belg 1985; 85(5): 277-83.
65. Moeller JJ, Tu B, Bazil CW: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of ambulatory electroencephalography during mild traumatic brain injury. Arch Neurol 2011; 68(12): 1595-8.
66. von Bierbrauer A, Weissenborn K, Hinrichs H, Scholz M, Kunkel H: [Automatic (computer-assisted) EEG analysis in comparison with visual EEG analysis in patients following minor cranio-cerebral trauma (a follow-up study)]. EEG-EMG Zeitschrift fur Elektroenzephalographie, Elektromyographie und verwandte Gebiete. 1992; 23(3): 151-7. Epub 1992/09/01. Die automatische (computergestutzte) EEG-Analyse im Vergleich zur visuellen EEG-Analyse bei Patienten nach leichtem Schadelhirntrauma (Verlaufsuntersuchung).
67. Haneef Z, Levin HS, Frost JD Jr, Mizrahi EM: Electroencephalography and quantitative electroencephalography in mild traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2013; 30(8): 653-6.
68. enGrant Scientific: Search of the terms "tbi," "traumatic brain injury," "eeg," and "encephalography." Available at http://search.engrant.com/; accessed January 1, 2014.
69. Pellerin C: Army Research Drives Brain Injury Science. American Forces Press Service, 2012. Available at http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=121536; accessed January 31, 2014.
70. Group MoCmW. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for management of concussion/mild traumatic brain injury. JRRD 2009; 46(6): CP1-68.
71. Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center. Severity Rating for TBI. Available at http://www.dvbic.org/sites/default/files/uploads/Severity-Rating-for-TBI.pdf; accessed July 18, 2013.