Assessing tourism's global environmental impact 1900–2050

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

Volumn 23, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 639-659

  Gössling, Stefan ^a,b,c   Peeters, Paul ^d,e,f  

^a LUND UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b LINNAEUS UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c WESTERN NORWAY RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Norway)

^d NHTV BREDA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES   (Netherlands)

^e DELFT UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Netherlands)

^f WAGENINGEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Energy; Food; Fresh water; Greenhouse gas emissions; Land use; Scenarios; Tourism

Indexed keywords

CARBON EMISSION; CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR; ECOTOURISM; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; INTERNATIONAL TOURISM; RESOURCE USE; SUSTAINABILITY; TOURISM ECONOMICS;

EID: 84926407955     PISSN: 09669582     EISSN: 17477646     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1008500     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Aleklett, K., Höök, M., Jakossbsson, K., Lardelli, M., Snowden, S., & Söderbergh, B. (2010). The peak of the oil age – analyzing the world oil production reference scenario in world energy outlook 2008. Energy Policy, 38, 1398–1414.
2. Bingham, S., McNeil, N.I., & Cummimgs, J.H. (1981). The diet of individuals: A study of a randomly chosen cross section of British adults in a Cambridgeshire village. British Journal of Nutrition, 45, 23–35.
3. Bohdanowicz, P., & Martinac, I. (2007). Determinants and benchmarking of resource consumption in hotels – case study of Hilton International and Scandic in Europe. Energy and Buildings, 39, 82–95.
4. Buckley, R.C. 2012. Sustainable tourism: Research and reality. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 528–546.
5. Cai, Z., Yang, Q., Zhang, B., Chen, H., Chen, B., & Chen, G. (2009). Water resources in unified accounting for natural resources. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 14(9), 3693–3704.
6. Caterinicchio, R.P., & Davies, R.H. (1983). Developing a client-focused allocation statistic of inpatient nursing resource use: An alternative to the patient day. Social Science and Medicine, 17(5): 259–272.
7. Chambers, R., & Conway, G.R. (1991). Sustainable rural livelihoods: Practical concepts for the 21st century (IDS Discussion Paper 296). Accessed 28 June 2014 from https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/Dp296.pdf
8. Chapagain, A.K., & Hoekstra, A.Y. (2007). The water footprint of coffee and tea consumption in The Netherlands. Ecological Economics, 64(1), 109–118.
9. Chapagain, A.K., & Hoekstra, A.Y. (2008). The global component of freshwater demand and supply: An assessment of virtual water flows between nations as a result of trade in agricultural and industrial products. Water International, 33(1), 19–32.
10. Clarke, R., & King, J. (2004). The atlas of water. London: Earthscan.
11. Costanza, R., de Groot, R., Sutton, P., van der Ploeg, S., Anderson, S.J., Kubiszewski, I., Farber, S., & Turner, R.K. (2014). Changes in the global value of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 26, 152–158.
12. De Boer, W.F., & Baquete, D.S. 1998. Natural resource use, crop damage and attitudes of rural people in the vicinity of the Maputo Elephant Reserve, Mozambique. Environmental Conservation, 25(3), 208–218.
13. DEFRA. (2013). DEFRA conversion factors. Accessed 22 August 2013 from http://www.co2benchmark.com/DEFRA-conversion-factors
14. Deyá Tortella, B., & Tirado, D. (2011). Hotel water consumption at a seasonal mass tourist destination. The case of the island of Mallorca. Journal of Environmental Management, 92, 2568–2579.
15. Dowrick, S., & Akmal, M. (2005). Contradictory trends in global income inequality: A tale of two biases. Review of Income and Wealth, 51(2), 201–229.
16. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., Spurr, R., & Hoque, S. (2010). Estimating the carbon footprint of Australian tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(5), 1–18.
17. EC. (2011). Aviation and emissions trading [ICAO Council Briefing, 29 September 2011]. Accessed 28 April 2013 from http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/aviation/docs/presentation_icao_en.pdf
18. Ehrlich, P.R., Kareiva, P.M., & Daily, G.C. (2012). Securing natural capital and expanding equity to rescale civilization. Nature, 486, 68–73.
19. Eijgelaar, E., Thaper, C., & Peeters, P. (2010). Antarctic cruise tourism: The paradoxes of ambassadorship, last chance tourism and greenhouse gas emissions. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 337–354.
20. Gerland, P., Raftery, A.E., Sevcikova, H., Li, N., Gu, D., Spoorenberg, T., … Wilmoth, J. (in press). World population stabilization unlikely this century. Science, DOI:10.1126/science.1257469
21. Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J.F., … Toulmin, C. (2010). Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science, 327, 812–818.
22. Goodall, B. and Stabler, M. (2000). Environmental standards and performance measurement in tourism destination development. In G. Richards & D. Hall (Eds.), Tourism and sustainable community development (pp. 63–82). London: Routledge.
23. Gössling, S. (2001). Tourism, environmental degradation and economic transition: Interacting processes in a Tanzanian coastal community. Tourism Geographies, 3(4), 230–254.
24. Gössling, S. (2002). Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environmental Change, 12(4), 283–302.
25. Gössling, S. (2010). Carbon management in tourism: Mitigating the impacts on climate change. London: Routledge.
26. Gössling, S. (in press). New key performance indicators for water management in tourism. Tourism Management, DOI:10.1016/j.tourman.2014.06.018
27. Gössling, S., Borgström-Hansson, C., Hörstmeier, O., & Saggel, S. (2002). Ecological footprint analysis as a tool to assess tourism sustainability. Ecological Economics, 43(2–3), 199–211.
28. Gössling, S., Garrod, B., Aall, C., Hille, J., & Peeters, P. (2011). Food management in tourism. Reducing tourism's carbon “foodprint”. Tourism Management, 32(3), 534–543.
29. Gössling, S., Peeters, P., Ceron, J.-P., Dubois, G., Pattersson, T., & Richardson, R. (2005). The eco-efficiency of tourism. Ecological Economics, 54(4), 417–434.
30. Gössling, S., Peeters, P., Hall, C.M., Dubois, G., Ceron, J.P., Lehmann, L., & Scott, D. (2012). Tourism and water use: Supply, demand, and security. An international review. Tourism Management, 33(1), 1–15.
31. Gössling, S., Hall, C.M., & Scott, D. (2015). Tourism and Water. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
32. Hadjikakou, M., Chenoweth, J., & Miller, G. (2013). Estimating the direct and indirect water use of tourism in the eastern Mediterranean. Journal of Environmental Management, 114, 548–556.
33. Hall, C.M. (2010). Changing paradigms and global change: From sustainable to steady-state tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 35(2), 131–145.
34. Hall, C.M. (2013) Framing behavioural approaches to understanding and governing sustainable tourism consumption: Beyond neoliberalism, “nudging” and “green growth”? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(7), 1091–1109
35. 2 emission factors for fuels used in greenhouse gas inventories and consequences for monitoring and reporting under the EC emissions trading scheme (ETC/ACC Technical Paper, 10). Accessed 22 December 2014, from http://acm.eionet.europa.eu/docs/ETCACC_TechnPaper_2003_10_CO2_EF_fuels.pdf
36. Hoekstra, A.Y., & Chapagain, A.K. (2007). Water footprints of nations: Water use by people as a function of their consumption pattern. Water Resources Management, 21(1), 35–48.
37. Hoekstra, A.Y., & Hung, P.Q. (2002). Virtual water trade:Aquantification of virtual water flows between nations in relation to international crop trade (Value of Water Research Report Series No.11). Delft: UNESCO-IHE.
38. Hoekstra, A.Y., & Mekonnen, M.M. (2012). The water footprint of humanity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(9), 3232–3237.
39. Hudson, S., & Hudson, L. (2010). Golf tourism. Oxford: Foodfellow.
40. IMAGE-team. (2006). The IMAGE 2.2 implementation of the SRES scenarios. A comprehensive analysis of emissions, climate change and impacts in the 21st century (No. CD-ROM 500110001 [former 481508018]). Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment.
41. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2000). Special report on emission scenarios (No. ISBN-10: 0521800811 (web version)): International Panel on Climate Change.
42. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate change 2007: Synthesis report. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
43. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2013). Climate change 2013. The physical science basis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
44. Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. London: Allen Lane.
45. Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 47(2), 263–291.
46. Koutros, S., Lynch, C.F., Ma, X., Lee, W.J., Hoppin, J.A., Christensen, C.H., … Alavanja, M.C.R. (2008). Heterocyclic aromatic amine pesticide use and human cancer risk: Results from the US Agricultural Health Study. International Journal of Cancer, 124(5), 1206–1212.
47. Krippendorf, J. (1993). Interview: Jost Krippendorf. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1(1), 55–60.
48. Lamers, M., & Amelung, B. (2007). The environmental impacts of tourism, to Antarctica. A global perspective. In P.M. Peeters (Ed.), Tourism and climate change mitigation. Methods, greenhouse gas reductions and policies (pp. 51–62). Breda: NHTV.
49. Lee, D.S., Fahey, D.W., Forster, P.M., Newton, P.J., Wit, R.C.N., Lim, L.L., … Sausen, R. (2009). Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century. Atmospheric Environment, 43, 3520–3537.
50. Loreau, M. (1998). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: A mechanistic model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 95, 5632–5636.
51. Mekonnen, M.M., & Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010a). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and derived crop products (Value of Water Research Report Series No.47). UNESCO–IHE.
52. Mekonnen, M.M., & Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010b) The green, blue and grey water footprint of farm animals and animal products (Value of Water Research Report Series No.48). UNESCO–IHE.
53. Moriarty, J.P. (2012). Theorising scenario analysis to improve future perspective planning in tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20(6), 779–800.
54. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Developmentand United Nations Environment Programme. (2011). Climate change and tourism policy in OECD countries. Paris: OECD.
55. Page, S.J., Essex, S., and Causevic, S. (2014). Tourist attitudes towards water use in the developing world: A comparative analysis. Tourism Management Perspectives, 10, 57–67.
56. Peeters, P. (2013). Developing a long-term global tourism transport model using a behavioural approach: Implications for sustainable tourism policy making. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(7), 1049–1069.
57. Peeters, P.M., & Middel, J. (2007). Historical and future development of air transport fuel efficiency. In R. Sausen, A. Blum, D.S. Lee, & C. Brüning (Eds.), Proceedings of an international conference on transport, atmosphere and climate (TAC); Oxford, United Kingdom, 26th to 29th June 2006 (pp. 42–47). Oberpfaffenhoven: DLR Institut für Physic der Atmosphäre.
58. Perch-Nielsen, S., Sesartic, A., & Stucki, M. (2010). The greenhouse gas intensity of the tourism sector: The case of Switzerland. Environmental Science & Policy, 13, 131–140.
59. Pigram, J.J.J. (1995). Resource constraints on tourism: Water resources and sustainability. In R.W. Butler & D. Pearce (Eds.), Change in tourism: People, places, processes (pp. 208–228). London: Routledge.
60. Pratt, S. (2013). Minimising food miles: Issues and outcomes in an ecotourism venture in Fiji. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 21(8), 1148–1165.
61. Randers, J. (2012). 2052: A global forecast for the next forty years. Accessed 25 May 2012 from http://www.clubofrome.org/?p=703
62. Ridoutt, B.G., & Pfister, S. (2010). A revised approach to water footprinting to make transparent the impacts of consumption and production on global freshwater scarcity. Global Environmental Change, 20, 113–120.
63. Rockström, J., Steffen, W., Noone, K., Persson, Å., Chapin III, F.S., Lambin, E., … Foley, J. (2009). Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and Society, 14(2), 32.
64. Roselló-Batie, B., Molá, A., Cladera, A., & Martinez, V. (2010). Energy use, CO2 emissions and waste throughout the life cycle of a sample of hotels in the Balearic Islands. Energy and Buildings, 42, 547–558.
65. Scott, D., Peeters, P., & Gössling, S. (2010). Can tourism deliver its “aspirational” emission reduction targets? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(3), 393–408.
66. Skiresort. (2013). Ski resorts worldwide. Accessed 10 December 2013 from http://www.skiresort.info/ski-resorts/
67. Steffen, W., Persson, Å., Deutsch, L., Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Richardson, K., … Svedin, U. (2011). The anthropocene: From global change to planetary stewardship. Ambio, 40, 739–761.
68. The Royal Society. (2009). Reaping the benefits: Science and the sustainable intensification of global agriculture. London: Author.
69. Tittonell, P., Leffelaar, P.A., Vanlauwe, B., van Wijk, M.T., & Giller, K.E. (2006). Exploring diversity of crop and soil management within smallholder African farms: A dynamic model for simulation of N balances and use efficiencies at field scale. Agricultural Systems, 91(1), 71–101.
70. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2013). World population prospects: The 2012 revision. Accessed 6 December 2013 from http://esa.un.org/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm
71. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (2009). Water in a changing world (United Nations World Water Development Report 3). Accessed 4 September 2013 from http://www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr3/pdf/WWDR3_Water_in_a_Changing_World.pdf
72. United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2010). Historical perspective of world tourism. Accessed 4 February 2014 from http://www.unwto.org/facts/eng/historical.htm.
73. United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2012). UNWTO tourism highlights 2012 edition. Madrid: Author.
74. United Nations World Tourism Organization. (2013). UNWTO annual report 2012. Accessed 6 December 2013 from http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/annual_report_2012.pdf
75. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2008). Light-duty automotive technology and fuel economy trends: 1975 through 2008 (No. EPA420-R-08-015). Washington, DC: Author.
76. US Department of Agriculture. (2002). Profiling food consumption in America. Agriculture fact book 2001–2002. Accessed 11 December 2013 from http://www.usda.gov/factbook/chapter2.htm
77. Vitousek, P.M., Mooney, H.A., Lubchenco, J., & Melillo, J.M. (1997). Human domination of Earth's ecosystems. Science, 277(5325), 494–499.
78. Walnum. (2011). Energy use and CO2 emission from cruise ships A–Adiscussion of methodological issues (Vestlandsforsking Note 2/2011). Accessed 30 January 2014 from http://www.vestforsk.no/filearchive/vf-notat-2-2011-cruise.pdf
79. Worldwatch Institute. (2004). Rising impacts of water use. Accessed 4 September 2013 from http://www.worldwatch.org/topics/consumption/sow/trendsfacts/2004/03/03/