Sex and gender differences in nephrology

Springer 4

Volumn 9780857298324, Issue , 2012, Pages 83-100

  Gallieni, Maurizio ^a   Mezzina, Nicoletta ^a   Pinerolo, Cristina ^b   Granata, Antonio ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

^b SAN CARLO BORROMEO HOSPITAL   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CATANIA   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84926400249     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-85729-832-4_7     Document Type: Chapter

References (127)

1. Levey AS, Atkins R, Coresh J, et al. Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives - a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes. Kidney Int. 2007;72:247-259.
2. Levey AS, Eckardt KU, Tsukamoto Y, et al. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2005;67:2089-2100.
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated risk factors - United States, 1999-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007;56:161-165.
4. Silbiger S, Neugarten J. Gender and human chronic renal disease. Gend Med. 2008;5(Suppl A):S3-S10.
5. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2007 Annual Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2007.
6. US Renal Data System. USRDS 2008 Annual Report: Atlas of Chronic Kidney Disease and End-Stage Renal Disease in the United States. Bethesda: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2008.
7. Eriksen BO, Ingebretsen OC. The progression of chronic kidney disease: a 10-year population-based study of the effects of gender and age. Kidney Int. 2006;69:375-382.
8. Neugarten J, Kasiske B, Silbiger SR, Nyengaard JR. Effects of sex on renal structure. Nephron. 2002;90:139-144.
9. Nyengaard JR, Bendtsen TF. Glomerular number and size in relation to age, kidney weight, and body surface in normal man. Anat Rec. 1992;232:194-201.
10. Slack TK, Wilson DM. Normal renal function: CIN and CPAH in healthy donors before and after nephrectomy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1976;51:296-300.
11. Miller JA, Anacta LA, Cattran DC. Impact of gender on renal response to angiotensin II. Kidney Int. 1999;55:278-285.
12. Sandberg K. Mechanisms underlying sex differences in progressive renal disease. Gend Med. 2008;5:10-23.
13. Baiardi G, Macova M, Armando I, et al. Estrogen upregulates renal angiotensin II AT1 and AT2 receptors in the rat. Regul Pept. 2005;124:7-17.
14. Gallagher PE, Li P, Lenhart JR, et al. Estrogen regulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme mRNA. Hypertension. 1999;33:323-328.
15. Rogers JL, Mitchell AR, Maric C, Sandberg K, Myers A, Mulroney SE. Effect of sex hormones on renal estrogen and angiotensin type 1 receptors in female and male rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292:R794-R799.
16. Neugarten J, Acharya A, Lei J, Silbiger S. Selective estrogen receptor modulators suppress mesangial cell collagen synthesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2000;279:F309-F318.
17. Zdunek M, Silbiger S, Lei J, Neugarten J. Protein kinase CK2 mediates TGF-b 1-stimulated type IV collagen gene transcription and its reversal by estradiol. Kidney Int. 2001;60:2097-2108.
18. Blush J, Lei J, Ju W, et al. Estradiol reverses renal injury in Alb/TGF-b 1 transgenic mice. Kidney Int. 2004;66:2148-2154.
19. Mankhey RW, Wells CC, Bhatti F, Maric C. 17 b-Estradiol supplementation reduces tubulointerstitial fibrosis by increasing MMP activity in the diabetic kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292:R769-R777.
20. Guccione M, Silbiger S, Lei J, Neugarten J. Estradiol upregulates mesangial cell MMP-2 activity via the transcription factor AP-2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002;282:F164-F169.
21. Saboliæ I, Asif AR, Budach WE, Wanke C, Bahn A, Burckhardt G. Gender differences in kidney function. Pflugers Arch. 2007;455:397-429.
22. Anzai N, Enomoto A, Endou H. Renal urate handling: clinical relevance of recent advances. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005;7:227-234.
23. Sturrock RD. Gout, easy to misdiagnose. Br Med J. 2000;320:132-133.
24. Meyers LD, Habicht JP, Johnson CL, Brownie C. Prevalences of anemia and iron deficiency anemia in Black and White women in the United States estimated by two methods. Am J Public Health. 1983;73:1042-1049.
25. Duncan JA, Levin A. Sex, haemoglobin and kidney disease: new perspectives. Eur J Clin Invest. 2005;35(Suppl 3):52-57.
26. Malgor LA, Fisher JW. Effects of testosterone on erythropoietin production in isolated perfused kidneys. Am J Physiol. 1970;218:1732-1736.
27. Moriyama Y, Fisher JW. Effects of testosterone and erythropoietin on erythroid colony formation in human bone marrow cultures. Blood. 1975;45:665-670.
28. Peschle C, Rappaport IA, Sasso GF, Condorelli M, Gordon AS. The role of estrogen in the regulation of erythropoietin production. Endocrinology. 1973;92:358-362.
29. Humpeler E, Vogel S, Schobersberger W, Mairbaurl H. Red cell oxygen transport in man in relation to gender and age. Mech Ageing Dev. 1989;47:229-239.
30. Ifudu O. Patient characteristics determining rHuEPO dose requirements. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17(suppl 5):38-41.
31. Pfeffer MA, Burdmann EA, Chen CY, et al. A trial of darbepoetin alfa in type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2019-2032.
32. Almaden Y, Felsenfeld AJ, Rodriguez M, et al. Proliferation in hyperplastic human and normal rat parathyroid glands: role of phosphate, calcitriol, and gender. Kidney Int. 2003;64:2311-2317.
33. Luisetto G, Bertoli M. Sexual influence on bone metabolism in uremic patients on regular dialytic treatment. Nephron. 1994;67:150-157.
34. Cheng SP, Yang TL, Lee JJ, et al. Gender differences among patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism undergoing parathyroidectomy. J Surg Res. 2009;168(1):82-87. Epub 2009 Aug. 22.
35. Malberti F, Marcelli D, Conte F, et al. Parathyroidectomy in patients on renal replacement therapy: an epidemiological study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:1242-1248.
36. Naveh-Many T, Almogi G, Livni N, Silver J. Estrogen receptors and biologic response in rat parathyroid tissue and C cells. J Clin Invest. 1992;90:2434-2438.
37. Prince RL. Estrogen effects on calciotrophic hormones and calcium homeostasis. Endocr Rev. 1994;15:301-309.
38. Meema HE, Oreopoulos DG, Uldall PR. The influence of age and sex on bone resorption of secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal osteodystrophy. Calcif Tissue Int. 1984;36:25-30.
39. Perucca J, Bouby N, Valeix P, Bankir L. Sex difference in urine concentration across differing ages, sodium intake, and level of kidney disease. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2007;292:R700-R705.
40. Stachenfeld NS, Splenser AE, Calzone WL, Taylor MP, Keefe DL. Sex differences in osmotic regulation of AVP and renal sodium handling. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91:1893-1901.
41. Gill NK, Piccione EA, Vido DA, Clark BA, Shannon RP. Gender as a risk factor for contrast nephropathy: effects of hydration and N-acetylcysteine. Clin Cardiol. 2004;27:554-558.
42. Mueller C, Buerkle G, Perruchoud AP, Buettner HJ. Female sex and risk of contrast nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention. Can J Cardiol. 2004;20:505-509.
43. Szekacs B, Vajo Z, Varbiro S, et al. Postmenopausal hormone replacement improves proteinuria and impaired creatinine clearance in type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. BJOG. 2000;107:1017-1021.
44. Shifren JL, Schiff I. Role of hormone therapy in the management of menopause. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;115:839-855.
45. Hadjadj S, Gourdy P, Zaoui P, RADIAN Study Group, et al. Effect of Raloxifene - a selective oestrogen receptor modulator - on kidney function in post-menopausal women with type 2 diabetes: results from a randomized, placebo controlled pilot trial. Diabet Med. 2007;24:906-910.
46. Kausz AT, Obrador GT, Arora P, Ruthazer R, Levey AS, Pereira BJ. Late initiation of dialysis among women and ethnic minorities in the United States. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:2351-2357.
47. Depner TA. Prescribing hemodialysis: the role of gender. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2003;10:71-77.
48. Cooper BA, Branley P, Bulfone L, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of early versus late initiation of dialysis. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:609-619.
49. Allon M, Ornt D, Schwab S, et al. Factors associated with the prevalence of A-V fistulas in hemodialysis patients in the HEMO Study. Kidney Int. 2000;58:2178-2185.
50. Marcus RJ, Marcus DA, Sureshkumar KK, Hussain SM, McGill RL. Gender differences in vascular access in hemodialysis patients in the United States: developing strategies for improving access outcome. Gend Med. 2007;4:193-204.
51. Miller CD, Robbin ML, Allon M. Gender differences in outcomes of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2003;63:346-352.
52. Jindal RM, Ryan JJ, Sajjad I, Murthy MH, Baines LS. Kidney transplantation and gender disparity. Am J Nephrol. 2005;25:474-483.
53. Bloembergen WE, Port FK, Mauger EA, Briggs JP, Leichtman AB. Gender discrepancies in living related renal transplant donors and recipients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1996;7:1139-1144.
54. Kayler LK, Meier-Kriesche HU, Punch JD, et al. Gender imbalance in living donor renal transplantation. Transplantation. 2002;73:248-252.
55. Tuohy KA, Johnson S, Khwaja K, Pavlakis M. Gender disparities in the live kidney donor evaluation process. Transplantation. 2006;82:1402-1407.
56. Nyberg G, Blohmé I, Nordén G. Gender differences in a kidney transplant population. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997;12:559-563.
57. Khajehdehi P. Living non-related versus related renal transplantation - its relationship to the social status, age and gender of recipients and donors. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14:2621-2624.
58. Taheri S, Alavian SM, Einollahi B, Nafar M. Gender bias in Iranian living kidney transplantation program: a national report. Clin Transplant. 2010;24:528-534.
59. Bloembergen WE, Mauger EA, Wolfe RA, Port FK. Association of gender and access to cadaveric renal transplantation. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;30:733-738.
60. Garg PP, Furth SL, Fivush BA, Powe NR. Impact of gender on access to the renal transplant waiting list for pediatric and adult patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:958-964.
61. Alexander GC, Sehgal AR. Barriers to cadaveric renal transplantation among blacks, women, and the poor. JAMA. 1998;280:1148-1152.
62. Morissette P, Albert C, Busque S, St-Louis G, Vinet B. In vivo higher glucuronidation of mycophenolic acid in male than in female recipients of a cadaveric kidney allograft and under immunosuppressive therapy with mycophenolate mofetil. Ther Drug Monit. 2001;23:520-525.
63. Pescovitz MD, Guasch A, Gaston R, et al. Equivalent pharmacokinetics of mycophenolate mofetil in African-American and Caucasian male and female stable renal allograft recipients. Am J Transplant. 2003;3:1581-1586.
64. Seliger SL, Davis C, Stehman-Breen C. Gender and the progression of renal disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2001;10:219-225.
65. Neugarten J, Acharya A, Silbiger SR. Effect of gender on the progression of nondiabetic renal disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:319-329.
66. Maric C. Sex, diabetes and the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2009;296:F680-F688.
67. Hannedouche T, Chauveau P, Kalou F, Albouze G, Lacour B, Jungers P. Factors affecting progression in advanced chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol. 1993;39:312-320.
68. Sehgal AR. Outcomes of renal replacement therapy among blacks and women. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(4 Suppl 1):S148-S152.
69. Sehgal AR. Impact of quality improvement efforts on race and sex disparities in hemodialysis. JAMA. 2003;289:996-1000.
70. Moosa MR. Impact of age, gender and race on patient and graft survival following renal transplantation - developing country experience. S Afr Med J. 2003;93:689-695.
71. Sanfey H. Gender-specific issues in liver and kidney failure and transplantation: a review. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14:617-626.
72. Meier-Kriesche HU, Ojo AO, Leavey SF, et al. Gender differences in the risk for chronic renal allograft failure. Transplantation. 2001;71:429-432.
73. Øien CM, Reisaeter AV, Leivestad T, Dekker FW, Line PD, Os I. Living donor kidney transplantation: the effects of donor age and gender on short- and long-term outcomes. Transplantation. 2007;83:600-606.
74. Zeier M, Döhler B, Opelz G, Ritz E. The effect of donor gender on graft survival. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13:2570-2576.
75. Cowie CC, Eberhardt MS. Sociodemographic characteristics of persons with diabetes. In: National Diabetes Data Group, ed. Diabetes in America. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 1995:85-116.
76. Wilf-Miron R, Peled R, Yaari E, et al. Disparities in diabetes care: role of the patient's socio-demographic characteristics. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:729.
77. Larkin ME, Backlund JY, Cleary P, et al. Disparity in management of diabetes and coronary heart disease risk factors by sex in DCCT/EDIC. Diabet Med. 2010;27:451-458.
78. Kautzky-Willer A, Kamyar MR, Gerhat D, et al. Sex-specific differences in metabolic control, cardiovascular risk, and interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Gend Med. 2010;7:571-573.
79. Avogaro A, Giorda C, Maggini M, et al. Incidence of coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetic men and women: impact of microvascular complications, treatment, and geographic location. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:1241-1247.
80. Mangili R, Deferrari G, Di Mario U, Italian Microalbuminuria Study Group, et al. Arterial hypertension and microalbuminuria in IDDM: the Italian microalbuminuria study. Diabetologia. 1994;37:1015-1024.
81. Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE, et al. Prevalence of complications of IDDM by sex and duration. Diabetes. 1990;39:1116-1124.
82. Breyer JA, Bain RP, Evans JK, et al. Predictors of the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with insulindependent diabetes and overt diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 1996;50:1651-1658.
83. Cherney DZ, Sochett EB, Miller JA. Gender differences in renal responses to hyperglycemia and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in diabetes. Kidney Int. 2005;68:1722-1728.
84. Hollenberg NK, Price DA, Fisher NDL, et al. Glomerular hemodynamics and the renin-angiotensin system in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Kidney Int. 2003;63:172-178.
85. Munger K, Baylis C. Sex differences in renal hemodynamics in rats. Am J Physiol. 1998;254:F223-F231.
86. Maric C, Sullivan S. Estrogens and the diabetic kidney. Gend Med. 2008;5(Suppl A):S103-S113.
87. Mankhey RW, Bhatti F, Maric C. 17beta-Estradiol replacement improves renal function and pathology associated with diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2005;288:F399-F405.
88. Schneider MP, Ritt M, Raff U, Ott C, Schmieder RE. Gender is related to alterations of renal endothelial function in type 2 diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:3354-3359.
89. Tien KJ, Hsiao JY, Hsu SC, et al. Gender-dependent effect of ACE I/D and AGT M235T polymorphisms on the progression of urinary albumin excretion in Taiwanese with type 2 diabetes. Am J Nephrol. 2009;29:299-308.
90. Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world - a growing challenge. N Engl J Med. 2007;356:213-215.
91. Biesenbach G, Bodlaj G, Pieringer H. Gender-associated differences in weight gain, insulin requirement and metabolic control in newly insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients with secondary sulfonylurea failure - a one-year observation. Clin Med Endocrinol Diab. 2009;2:75-80.
92. Gross JL, De Azevedo MJ, Silveiro SP, Canani LH, Caramori ML, Zelmanovitz T. Diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. Diabetes Care. 2005;28:164-176.
93. Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria and hypertension with a focus on type 1 and type 2 diabetes. J Intern Med. 2003;254:45-66.
94. Viberti G, Wheeldon NM. Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: blood pressure independent effect. Circulation. 2002;106:672-678.
95. De Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, Keane WF, et al. Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int. 2004;65:2309-2320.
96. Ortega LM, Schultz DR, Lenz O, Pardo V, Contreras GN. Lupus nephritis: pathologic features, epidemiology and a guide to therapeutic decisions. Lupus. 2010;19:557-574.
97. Rus V, Maury EE, Hochberg MC. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, eds. Dubois' Lupus Erythematosus. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2007:34-44.
98. Rahman A, Isenberg DA. Systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:929-939.
99. Liu ZH, Cheng ZH, Gong RJ, Liu H, Liu D, Li LS. Sex differences in estrogen receptor gene polymorphism and its association with lupus nephritis in Chinese. Nephron. 2002;90:174-180.
100. Vachvanichsanong P, Dissaneewate P, McNeil E. Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis does not determine the worst outcome in childhood onset lupus nephritis: a 23-year experience in a single centre. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2009;24:2729-2734.
101. Blum A, Rubinow A, Galun E. Predominance of renal involvement in male patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1991;9:206-207.
102. Ward MM, Studenski S. Systemic lupus erythematosus in men: a multivariate analysis of gender differences in clinical manifestations. J Rheumatol. 1990;17:220-224.
103. Yacoub Wasef SZ. Gender differences in systemic lupus erythematosus. Gender Med. 2004;1:12-17.
104. Stein CM, Olson JM, Gray-McGuire C, Bruner GR, Harley JB, Moser KL. Increased prevalence of renal disease in systemic lupus erythematosus families with affected male relatives. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:428-435.
105. Jelinsky SA, Harris HA, Brown EL, et al. Global transcription profiling of estrogen activity: estrogen receptor regulates gene expression in the kidney. Endocrinology. 2003;144:701-710.
106. Van Griensven M, Bergijk EC, Baelde JJ, De Heer E, Bruijn JA. Differential effects of sex hormones on autoantibody production and proteinuria in chronic graft-versushost disease-induced experimental lupus nephritis. Clin Exp Immunol. 1997;107:254-260.
107. Bagavant H, Deshmukh US, Wang H, Ly T, Fu SM. Role for nephritogenic T cells in lupus glomerulonephritis: progression to renal failure is accompanied by T cell activation and expansion in regional lymph nodes. J Immunol. 2006;177:8258-8265.
108. Shim GJ, Kis LL, Warner M, Gustafsson JA. Autoimmune glomerulonephritis with spontaneous formation of splenic germinal centers in mice lacking the estrogen receptor alpha gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2004;101:1720-1724.
109. Cattran DC, Reich HN, Beanlands HJ, et al. The impact of sex in primary glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2008;23:2247-2253.
110. Wang F, Wang CL, Tan CT, Manivasagar M. Systemic lupus erythematosus in Malaysia: a study of 539 patients and comparison of prevalence and disease expression in different racial and gender groups. Lupus. 1997;6:248-253.
111. Celermajer DS, Thorner PS, Baumal R, Arbus GS. Sex differences in childhood lupus nephritis. Am J Dis Child. 1984;138:586-588.
112. Mok CC, Lau CS, Chan TM, Wong RW. Clinical characteristics and outcome of southern Chinese males with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus. 1999;8:188-196.
113. Hari P, Bagga A, Mahajan P, Dinda A. Outcome of lupus nephritis in Indian children. Lupus. 2009;18:348-354.
114. Soni SS, Gowrishankar S, Adikey GK, Raman A. Sexbased differences in lupus nephritis: a study of 235 Indian patients. J Nephrol. 2008;21:570-575.
115. Fine DM. Pharmacological therapy of lupus nephritis. JAMA. 2005;293:3053-3060.
116. Flanc RS, Roberts MA, Strippoli GF, Chadban SJ, Kerr PG, Atkins RC. Treatment for lupus nephritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;(1):CD002922.
117. Ponticelli C, Glassock RJ, Moroni G. Induction and maintenance therapy in proliferative lupus nephritis. J Nephrol. 2010;23:9-16.
118. Fick GM, Gabow PA. Hereditary and acquired cystic disease of the kidney. Kidney Int. 1994;46:951-964.
119. Kääriäinen H. Polycystic kidney disease in children: a genetic and epidemiological study of 82 Finnish patients. J Med Genet. 1987;24:474-481.
120. Zerres K, Rudnik-Schöneborn S, Deget F, et al. Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease in 115 children: clinical presentation, course and influence of gender. Arbeitsgemeinschaft fur Padiatrische, Nephrologie. Acta Paediatr. 1996;85:437-445.
121. Gretz N, Zeier M, Geberth S, Strauch M, Ritz E. Is gender a determinant for evolution of renal failure? A study in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 1989;14:178-183.
122. Cowley BD Jr, Rupp JC, Muessel MJ, Gattone VH 2nd. Gender and the effect of gonadal hormones on the progression of inherited polycystic kidney disease in rats. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;29:265-272.
123. Concolino G, Lubrano C, Ombres M, Santonati A, Flammia GP, Di Silverio F. Acquired cystic kidney disease: the hormonal hypothesis. Urology. 1993;41:170-175.
124. Choukroun G, Itakura Y, Albouze G, et al. Factors influencing progression of renal failure in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1995;6:1634-1642.
125. Gabow PA, Johnson AM, Kaehny WD, Lezotte DC, Duley IT, Jones RH. Factors affecting the progression of renal disease in autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 1992;41:1311-1319.
126. Ishikawa I, Maeda K, Nakai S, Kawaguchi Y. Gender difference in the mean age at the induction of hemodialysis in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35:1072-1075.
127. Stiasny B, Ziebell D, Graf S, Hauser IA, Schulze BD. Clinical aspects of renal transplantation in polycystic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol. 2002;58:16-24.