Medical therapy of cushing's disease: Where are we now?

Frontiers of Hormone Research

Volumn 38, Issue , 2010, Pages 165-173

  Alexandraki, Krystallenia I ^a   Grossman, Ashley B ^a  

^a ST BARTHOLOMEW S HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BROMOCRIPTINE; CABERGOLINE; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; FLUCONAZOLE; KETOCONAZOLE; METYRAPONE; MIFEPRISTONE; MITOTANE; OCTREOTIDE; PASIREOTIDE; PIOGLITAZONE; RETINOIC ACID; RETINOIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SOMATOSTATIN DERIVATIVE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; BLEEDING; CLINICAL TRIAL; CUSHING DISEASE; DIARRHEA; DIZZINESS; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG DOSE INCREASE; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENDOMETRIUM HYPERPLASIA; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GYNECOMASTIA; HIRSUTISM; HUMAN; HYDROCORTISONE RELEASE; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERCORTISOLISM; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOPHYSIS ADENOMA; HYPOPHYSIS TUMOR; HYPOURICEMIA; IMPOTENCE; LIBIDO; LIVER DYSFUNCTION; LOOSE FECES; MENSTRUATION; NAUSEA; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RASH; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; STEROIDOGENESIS; TERATOGENICITY;

DOPAMINE AGONISTS; HUMANS; HYDROCORTISONE; KETOCONAZOLE; METYRAPONE; MIFEPRISTONE; MITOTANE; PITUITARY ACTH HYPERSECRETION; SOMATOSTATIN;

EID: 84926112105     PISSN: 03013073     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1159/000318507     Document Type: Review

References (50)

1. Makras P, Toloumis G, Papadogias D, Kaltsas GA, Besser M: The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of endogenous Cushing's syndrome. Hormones 2006;5:231-250.
2. Biller BM, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, Melmed S, Bertagna X, Bertherat J, Buchfelder M, Colao A, Hermus AR, Hofland LJ, Klibanski A, Lacroix A, Lindsay JR, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Petersenn S, Sonino N, Stalla GK, Swearingen B, Vance ML, Wass JA, Boscaro M: Treatment of adrenocorti-cotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93: 2454-2462.
3. Nieman LK: Medical therapy of Cushing's disease. Pituitary 2002;5:77-82.
4. Morris D, Grossman A: The medical management of Cushing's syndrome. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002; 970:119-133.
5. Carballeira A, Fishman LM, Jacobi JD: Dual sites of inhibition by metyrapone of human adrenal ste-roidogenesis: correlation of in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976;42:687-695.
6. Verhelst JA, Trainer PJ, Howlett TA, Perry L, Rees LH, Grossman AB, Wass JA, Besser GM: Short-and long-term responses to metyrapone in the medical management of 91 patients with Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol 1991;35:169-178.
7. Child DF, Burke C W, Burley DM, Rees LH, Fraser TR: Drug control of Cushing's syndrome: combined aminoglutethimide and metyrapone therapy. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1976;82:330-341.
8. Orth DN: Metyrapone is useful only as adjunctive therapy in Cushing's disease (editorial). Ann Intern Med 1978;89:128-130.
9. Jeffcoate WJ, Rees LH, Tomlin S, Jones AE, Edwards CR, Besser GM: Metyrapone in long-term management of Cushing's disease. Br Med J 1977;2:215-217.
10. Engelhardt D, Weber MM, Miksch T, Abedinpour F, Jaspers C: The influence of ketoconazole on human adrenal steroidogenesis: incubation studies with tissue slices. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991;35:163-168.
11. Jimenez Reina L, Leal-Cerro A, Garcia J, Garcia-Luna P P, Astorga R, Bernal G: In vitro effects of ketoconazole on corticotrope cell morphology and ACTH secretion of two pituitary adenomas removed from patients with Nelson's syndrome. Acta Endo-crinol (Copenh) 1989;121:185-190.
12. Loose DS, Stover EP, Feldman D: Ketoconazole binds to glucocorticoid receptors and exhibits glu-cocorticoid antagonist activity in cultured cells. J Clin Invest 1983;72:404-408.
13. Pardes E, De Yampey JE, Moses DF, De Nicola AF: Regulation of glucocorticoid receptors in human mononuclear cells: effects of glucocorticoid treatment, Cushing's disease and ketoconazole. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1991;39:233-238.
14. Castinetti F, Morange I, Jaquet P, Conte-Devolx B, Brue T: Ketoconazole revisited: a preoperative or postoperative treatment in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;158:91-99.
15. Sonino N, Boscaro M, Paoletta A, Mantero F, Ziliotto D: Ketoconazole treatment in Cushing's syndrome: experience in 34 patients. Clin Endo-crinol (Oxf) 1991;35:347-352.
16. Vignati F, Loli P: Additive effect of ketoconazole and octreotide in the treatment of severe adreno-corticotropin-dependent hypercortisolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2885-2890.
17. Gross BA, Mindea SA, Pick AJ, Chandler J P, Batjer HH: Medical management of Cushing disease. Neu-rosurg Focus 2007;23:E10.
18. Lamberts S W, Bons EG, Bruining HA, de Jong FH: Differential effects of the imidazole derivatives eto-midate, ketoconazole and miconazole and of metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by human adrenocortical cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;240:259-264.
19. Drake WM, Perry LA, Hinds CJ, Lowe DG, Reznek RH, Besser GM: Emergency and prolonged use of intravenous etomidate to control hypercortisolemia in a patient with Cushing's syndrome and peritonitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3542-3544.
20. Riedl M, Maier C, Zettinig G, Nowotny P, Schima W, Luger A: Long term control of hypercortisolism with fluconazole: case report and in vitro studies. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:519-524.
21. Schteingart DE, Tsao HS, Taylor CI, McKenzie A, Victoria R, Therrien BA: Sustained remission of Cushing's disease with mitotane and pituitary irradiation. Ann Intern Med 1980;92:613-619.
22. Luton J P, Mahoudeau JA, Bouchard P, Thieblot P, Hautecouverture M, Simon D, Laudat MH, Touitou Y, Bricaire H: Treatment of Cushing's disease by O,p'DDD: survey of 62 cases. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:459-464.
23. Trainer PJ, Besser M: Cushing's syndrome: therapy directed at the adrenal glands. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1994;23:571-584.
24. Lim MC, Tan YO, Chong PY, Cheah JS: Treatment of adrenal cortical carcinoma with mitotane: outcome and complications. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1990;19:540-544.
25. Johanssen S, Allolio B: Mifepristone (RU 486) in Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2007;157: 561-569.
26. Chu J W, Matthias D F, Belanoff J, et al: Successful long-term treatment of refractory Cushing's disease with high-dose mifepristone (RU 486). J Clin Endo-crinol Metab 2001;86:3568-3573.
27. Stefaneanu L, Kovacs K, Horvath E, Buchfelder M, Fahlbusch R, Lancranjan L: Dopamine D2 receptor gene expression in human adenohypophysial adenomas. Endocrine 2001;14:329-336.
28. Pivonello R, Ferone D, de Herder W W, Kros JM, De Caro ML, Arvigo M, Annunziato L, Lombardi G, Colao A, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW: Dopamine receptor expression and function in corticotroph pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89: 2452-2462. (Pubitemid 38619889)
29. Alexandraki KI, Grossman AB: Pituitary-targeted medical therapy of Cushing's disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008 17:669-677.
30. Cronin MJ, Cheung CY, Wilson CB, Jaffe RB, Weiner RI: [3H]Spiperone binding to human anterior pituitaries and pituitary adenomas secreting prolactin, growth hormone, and adrenocorticotro-pic hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980;50:387-391.
31. Pirker W, Riedl M, Luger A, Czech T, Rössler K, Asenbaum S, Angelberger P, Kornhuber J, Deecke L, Podreka I, Brücke T: Dopamine D2 receptor imaging in pituitary adenomas using iodine-123-epide-pride and SPECT. J Nucl Med 1996;37:1931-1937.
32. Bevan JS, Webster J, Burke C W, Scanlon MF: Dopamine agonists and pituitary tumor shrinkage. Endocr Rev 1992;13:220-240.
33. Adachi M, Takayanagi R, Yanase T, Sakai Y, Ikuyama S, Nakagaki H, Osamura Y, Sanno N, Nawata H: Cyclic Cushing's disease in long-term remission with a daily low dose of bromocriptine. Intern Med 1996;35:207-211.
34. Miller J W, Crapo L: The medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Endocr Rev 1993;14:443-458.
35. Pivonello R, De Martino MC, Cappabianca P, De Leo M, Faggiano A, Lombardi G, Hofland LJ, Lamberts S W, Colao A: The medical treatment of Cushing's disease: effectiveness of chronic treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline in patients unsuccessfully treated by surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:223-230.
36. Kars M, Pereira AM, Bax JJ, Romijn JA: Cabergoline and cardiac valve disease in prolactinoma patients: additional studies during long-term treatment are required. Eur J Endocrinol 2008;159:363-367.
37. Nielsen S, Mellemkjaer S, Rasmussen LM, Ledet T, Olsen N, Bojsen-Møller M, Astrup J, Weeke J, Jørgensen JO: Expression of somatostatin receptors on human pituitary adenomas in vivo and ex vivo. J Endocrinol Invest 2001;24:430-437.
38. Hofland LJ, van der Hoek J, Feelders R, van Aken MO, van Koetsveld PM, Waaijers M, Sprij-Mooij D, Bruns C, Weckbecker G, de Herder W W, Beckers A, Lamberts SW: The multi-ligand somatostatin analogue SOM230 inhibits ACTH secretion by cultured human corticotroph adenomas via somatostatin receptor type 5. Eur J Endocrinol 2005;152:645-654.
39. Batista DL, Zhang X, Gejman R, Ansell PJ, Zhou Y, Johnson SA, Swearingen B, Hedley-Whyte ET, Stra-takis CA, Klibanski A: The effects of SOM230 on cell proliferation and adrenocorticotropin secretion in human corticotroph pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006;91:4482-4488.
40. Lamberts SW, Uitterlinden P, Klijn JM: The effect of the long-acting somatostatin analogue SMS 201-995 on ACTH secretion in Nelson's syndrome and Cushing's disease. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1989; 120:760-766.
41. Schmid HA, Schoeffter P: Functional activity of the multiligand analog SOM230 at human recombinant somatostatin receptor subtypes supports its usefulness in neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrino-logy 2004;80(suppl 1):47-50.
42. van der Hoek J, Waaijers M, van Koetsveld PM, Sprij-Mooij D, Feelders RA, Schmid HA, Schoeffter P, Hoyer D, Cervia D, Taylor JE, Culler MD, Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ: Distinct functional properties of native somatostatin receptor subtype 5 compared with subtype 2 in the regulation of ACTH release by corticotroph tumor cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2005;289:E278-E287.
43. Boscaro M, Ludlam WH, Atkinson B, Glusman JE, Petersenn S, Reincke M, Snyder P, Tabarin A, Biller BM, Findling J, Melmed S, Darby CH, Hu K, Wang Y, Freda PU, Grossman AB, Frohman LA, Bertherat J: Treatment of pituitary dependent Cushing's disease with the multi-receptor ligand somatostatin analog pasireotide (SOM230): a multicenter, phase II trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:115-122.
44. Cukier K, Tewari R, Kurth F, Schmid HA, Lai C, Torpy DJ: Significant response to pasireotide (SOM230) in the treatment of a patient with persistent, refractory Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;71:305-307.
45. De Bruin C, Pereira AM, Feelders RA, Romijn JA, Roelfsema F, Sprij-Mooij DM, van Aken MO, van der Lelij AJ, de Herder WW, Lamberts SW, Hofland LJ: Co-expression of dopamine and somatostatin receptor subtypes in corticotroph adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009;94:1118-1124.
46. Ren SG, Kim S, Taylor J, Dong J, Moreau J P, Culler MD, Melmed S: Suppression of rat and human growth hormone and prolactin secretion by a novel somatostatin/dopaminergic chimeric ligand. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:5414-5421.
47. Heaney AP, Fernando M, Melmed S: PPAR-gamma receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1381-1388.
48. Emery MN, Leontiou C, Bonner SE, Merulli C, Nanzer AM, Musat M, Galloway M, Powell M, Nikookam K, Korbonits M, Grossman AB: PPAR-gamma expression in pituitary tumours and the functional activity of the glitazones: evidence that any anti-proliferative effect of the glitazones is independent of the PPAR-gamma receptor. Clin Endo-crinol (Oxf) 2006;65:389-395.
49. Páez-Pereda M, Kovalovsky D, Hopfner U, Theo-doropoulou M, Pagotto U, Uhl E, Losa M, Stalla J, Grübler Y, Missale C, Arzt E, Stalla GK: Retinoic acid prevents experimental Cushing syndrome. J Clin Invest 2001;108:1123-1131.
50. Castillo V, Giacomini D, Páez-Pereda M, Stalla J, Labeur M, Theodoropoulou M, Holsboer F, Grossman AB, Stalla GK, Arzt E: Retinoic acid as a novel medical therapy for Cushing's disease in dogs. Endocrinology 2006;147:4438-4444.