Germany: From a modest feed-in law to a framework for transition

Switching to Renewable Power: A Framework for the 21st Century

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 122-158

  Jacobsson, Staffan ^a   Lauber, Volkmar ^b  

^a CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Sweden)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SALZBURG   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925814279     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781849772822     Document Type: Chapter

References (167)

1. Advocate General Jacobs (2000) ‘Opinion of Advocate General Jacobs delivered on 26 October 2000, Case C-379-98, PreussenElektra AG v Schleswag AG’, European Court of Justice
2. Afuah, A. and Utterback, J. (1997) ‘Responding to structural industry changes: A technological evolution perspective’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol 6, no 1, pp183–202
3. Ahmels, H.-P. (1999) Interview with Dr Hans-Peter Ahmels, BWE, 8 October
4. Andersen, M. S. (1997) ‘Denmark: The shadow of the green majority’, in Andersen, M. S. and Liefferink, D. (eds) European Environmental Policy: The Pioneers, Manchester, Manchester University Press, pp251–286
5. ASE (1998) ‘ASE initiates first industrial-scale manufacturing of innovative ribbon silicon solar cells in Alzenau, Germany’, Press release, August 31
6. Bechberger, M. (2000) ‘Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz: Eine Analyse des Politik- Formulierungsprozesses’, FFU-report, 00-06, Berlin, Free University of Berlin
7. Bechberger, M. and Reiche, D. (2004) ‘Renewable energy policy in Germany: Pioneering and exemplary regulations’, Energy for Sustainable Development, vol 8, no 1, pp25–35
8. Bergek, A. (2002) ‘Responses to a technological opportunity: The case of black liquor gasification in Sweden’, mimeo, Göteborg, Department of Industrial Dynamics, Chalmers University of Technology
9. Bergek, A. and Jacobsson, S. (2003) ‘The emergence of a growth industry: A comparative analysis of the German, Dutch and Swedish wind turbine industries’, in Metcalfe, S. and Cantner, U. (eds) Change, Transformation and Development, Heidelberg, Physica-Verlag, pp197–228
10. Bonaccorsi, A. and Giuri, P. (2000) ‘When shakeout doesn’t occur. The evolution of the turboprop engine industry’, Research Policy, vol 29, pp847–870
11. Bönning, C. (2000) ‘Investitionssicherheit für Betreiber einer Anlage zur Erzeugung von Strom aus erneuerbaren Energien durch das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz?’, Zeitschrift für neues Energierecht, vol 4, no 4, pp268–271
12. Brauch, H. G. (1997) ‘Markteinführung und Exportförderung Erneuerbarer Energien in der Triade: Politische Optionen und Hindernisse’, in Brauch, H. G. (ed) Energiepolitik, Berlin, Springer, pp539–566
13. Brechin, S. R. (2003) ‘Comparative public opinion and knowledge on global climatic change and the Kyoto Protocol: The US versus the world?’, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, vol 23, no 10, pp106–134
14. Breshanan, T., Gambardella, A. and Saxenian, A.-L. (2001) ‘“Old economy” inputs for “new economy” outcomes: Cluster formation in the new Silicon Valleys’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol 10, no 4, pp835–860
15. Bröer, G. (2003) ’Härtefälle ohne harte Fakten’, Solarthemen, vol 171, 2 of 6 November
16. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (2003) Erneuerbare Energien in Zahlen – Stand: März 2003, Berlin
17. Bundesregierung (2002a) Umweltbericht, Berlin
18. Bundesregierung (2002b) Perspektiven für Deutschland: Unsere Strategie für eine nachhaltige Entwicklung, Berlin
19. Bundesverband Solarindustrie (2000) Solar Who’s Who? The Compendium of the German Solar Industry, Munich, Bundesverband Solarindustrie
20. Bundesverfassungsgericht (1994) BVerfGE 91, 186 – Kohlepfennig
21. BWE (2000) Statistik Windenergie in Deutschland. www.wind-energie.de/statistik/ deutschland.html
22. Carlsson, B. and Jacobsson, S. (1997) ‘In search of a useful technology policy – General lessons and key issues for policy makers’, in Carlsson, B. (ed) Technological Systems and Industrial Dynamics, Boston, Kluwer Press, pp299–315
23. Carlsson, B. and Jacobsson, S. (1997a) ‘Variety and technology policy – How do technological systems originate and what are the policy conclusions?’, in Edquist, C. (ed) Systems of Innovation: Technologies, Institutions and Organizations, London, Pinter, pp266–297
24. Carlsson B. and Jacobsson, S. (2004) ‘Policy making in a complex and nondeterministic world’, mimeo, Industrial Dynamics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg and Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western University, Cleveland
25. Carrol, G. (1997) ‘Long-term evolutionary changes in organisational populations: Theory, models and empirical findings in industrial demography’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol 6, no 1, pp119–143
26. Davies, A. (1996) ‘Innovation in large technical systems: The case of telecommunications’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol 5, no 4, pp1143–1180
27. De Fontenay, C. and Carmell, E. (2001), ‘Israel’s Silicon Wadi: The forces behind cluster formation’, SIEPR Discussion Paper No 00-40, Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research
28. Deutscher Bundestag (1987) Drucksache 11/1175
29. Deutscher Bundestag (1988a) Drucksache 11/2029
30. Deutscher Bundestag (1988b) Drucksache 11/2684
31. Deutscher Bundestag (1989) Drucksache 11/4048
32. Deutscher Bundestag (1990a) Drucksache 11/6408
33. Deutscher Bundestag (1990b) Drucksache 11/7169
34. Deutscher Bundestag (1990c) Parliamentary record of plenary debate of 13 September 1990, pp17750–17756
35. Deutscher Bundestag (2000a) Wortprotokoll der öffentlichen Anhörung zum Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Förderung der Stromerzeugung aus erneuerbaren Energien, Drucksache 14/2341
36. Deutscher Bundestag (2000b) Parliamentary record of plenary debate 14/91 of 25 February 2000, pp8427–8461
37. Deutscher Bundestag (2003) Drucksache 15/860
38. Deutscher Bundestag (2004) Drucksache 15/2370
39. DEWI (1998) ‚’Wind energy information brochure’, Wilhelmshaven, German Wind Energy Institute
40. Durstewitz, M. (2000) ‘250 MW Wind’ programme, ISET, Kassel University
41. Durstewitz, M. (2000a) Private communication with Michael Durstewitz, ISET, Kassel University
42. Eichert, M. (2001) Interview with Marcus Eichert, Scientific Adviser to Volker Jung, member of the German Parliament (SPD), 4 October
43. Ericsson, W. and Maitland, I. (1989) ‘Healthy industries and public policy’, in Dutton, M. E. (ed) Industry Vitalization, New York, Pergamon Press
44. European Commission (2003) External Costs. Research results on socio-environmental damages due to electricity and transport, Brussels
45. EurObserv’ER (2005) ‘Photovoltaic energy barometer, www.energiesrenouvelables. org/observ-er/stat_baro/comm/baro166.pdf, accessed 12 June 2005
46. Eurosolar (2003a) ‘EUROSOLAR-memorandum zur energieforschung’, Solarzeitalter, vol 15, no 2, pp8–12
47. Eurosolar (2003b) ’Aufbruch in eine neue Zeit – Chancen der erneuerbaren Energien nutzen’, Erklärung des “Aktionsbündnis erneuerbare Energien”, Solarzeitalter, vol 15, no 3, pp12–13
48. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (2000), Act on Granting Priority to Renewable Energy Sources, Berlin; also published 2001 in Solar Energy Policy, vol 70, no 6, pp489–504
49. Feldman, M. and Schreuder, Y. (1996) ‘Initial advantage: The origins of the geographic concentration of the pharmaceutical industry in the mid-Atlantic region’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol 5, no 3, pp839–862
50. Fischedick, M, Hanke, T., Kristof, K., Leuchtenböhmer, S. and Thomas, S. (2002) ‘Da ist noch viel mehr drin, Herr Minister! Nachhaltige energiepolitik für Deutschland’, Wuppertal Spezial, vol 22, Wuppertal
51. Freeman, C. and Louca, F. (2002) As Time Goes By. From the Industrial Revolutions to the Information Revolution, Oxford, Oxford University Press
52. Frey, B. (2003) ‘Sparen bei der Forschung’, Solarthemen, vol 164, 24 July, p1
53. Ganseforth, M. (1996) ‘Politische Umsetzung der Empfehlungen der beiden Klima- Kommissionen (1987-1994) – eine Bewertung’, in Brauch, H. G. (ed) Klimapolitik, Berlin, Springer, pp215–224
54. Garrad, H./Greenpeace (2004) Sea Wind Europe, www.greenpeace.org.uk/- seawindeurope, accessed 10 January 2005
55. Geels, F.W. (2002) ‘Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: A multi-level perspective and a case study’, Research Policy, vol 31, no 8–9, pp1257–1274
56. Genennig, B. et al (2002) ‘Evaluierung des 100,000-Dächer-Solarstrom-Programms’, report to Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, Forschungs- und Planungs GmbH Umweltinstitut Leipzig and Institut für Energetik und Umwelt GmbH, both Leipzig
57. Haas, R. et al (2004) ‘How to promote renewable energy systems successfully and effectively’, Energy Policy, vol 32, pp833–839
58. Hemmelskamp, J. (1998) Wind Energy Policies and their Impact on Innovation – An International Comparison, Institute for Prospective Technology Studies, Seville, Spain
59. Hemmelskamp, J. (1999) Umweltpolitik und Technischer Fortschritt, Heidelberg, Physica
60. Heymann, M. (1995) Die Geschichte der Windenergienutzung 1890–1990, Frankfurt, Campus
61. Heymann, M. (1999) ‘Der Riese und der Wind. Zum schwierigen Verhältnis der RWE zur windenergie’, in Maier, H. (ed) Elektrizitätswirtschaft zwischen Umwelt, Technik und Politik. Aspekte aus 100 Jahren RWE-Geschichte, Freiberg, Akademische Buchhandlung, pp217–236
62. Hirschl, B., Hoffmann, E., Zapfel, B., Hoppe-Kilpper, M., Durstewitz, M. and Bard, J. (2002) ‘Markt- und Kostenentwicklung erneuerbarer Energien. 2 Jahre EEG – Bilanz und Ausblick’, Berlin, Erich Schmidt Verlag
63. Hirshman, W. P. (2004) ‘Evaluating the trend’, Photon International, December, pp52–54
64. Hoffmann, W. (2001) Interview with Winfred Hoffmann, ASE, 5 March
65. Huber, M. (1997) ‘Leadership and unification: Climate change policies in Germany’, in Collier, U. and Löfstedt, R. (eds) Cases in Climate Change Policy: Political Reality in the European Unity, London, Earthscan, pp65–86
66. Hustedt, M. (1997) Parliamentary record of plenary debate 13/208 of 28 November 1997, p18975
67. Hustedt, M. (1998) ‘Windkraft – Made in Germany’, in Alt, F., Claus, J. and Scheer, H. (eds) Windiger Protest. Konflikte um das Zukunftspotential der Windkraft, Bochum, Ponte Press, pp163–168
68. IEA (1999) International Energy Agency. Annual Report 1999, Implementing Agreement on Photovoltaic Power Systems, Paris, IEA
69. IEA (2001) Key World Energy Statistics from the IEA. Paris, OECD/IEA
70. IEA (2002) Energy Policies of IEA Countries. Germany, 2002 Review, Paris, IEA
71. IEA (2003a) ‘Energy Technology R&D Statistics’, www.iea.org/stats/files/rd.htm, accessed 20 October 2003
72. IEA (2003b) ‘IEA-PVPS website’, www.iea-pvps.org, accessed 21 November, 2003
73. IEA (2004) IEA PVPS, www.oja-services.nl/iea-pvps/isr/22.htm, accessed 12 June 2005
74. ISET (1999) ‘WMEP – Jahresauswertung 1998’. Institut für Solare Energieversorgungstechnik (ISET), Verein an der Universität Gesamthochschule Kassel, Kassel
75. Jacobsson S., Andersson, B. and Bangens, L. (2002). ‘Transforming the energy system – the evolution of the German technological system for solar cells’, SPRU Electronic Working Paper Series, no 84
76. Jacobsson, S. and Bergek, A. (2003) ‘Energy Systems Transformation: The Evolution of Technological Systems in Renewable Energy Technology’, mimeo, Department of Industrial Dynamics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
77. Jacobsson, S. and Lauber, V. (2006) ‘The politics and policy of energy system transformation – explaining the German diffusion of renewable energy technology’, Energy Policy, forthcoming
78. Jahn, D. (1992) ‘Nuclear Power, energy policy and new politics in Sweden and Germany’, Environmental Politics, vol 1, no 3, pp383–417
79. Jänicke, M. (2002) ‘Atomausstieg und Klimaschutzpolitik in Deutschland – 8 Thesen’, in Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (ed) Energiewende: Atomausstieg und Klimaschutz. Dokumentation der Fachtagung vom 15 und 16 Februar 2002, Berlin, pp5–9
80. Janzing, B. (2004) ‘Subventions debatte – Wind billiger als Kohle’, Solarthemen, vol 175, 15 January 2004, p6
81. Johnson, A. and Jacobsson, S. (2001) ‘Inducement and blocking mechanisms in the development of a new industry: the case of renewable energy technology in Sweden’, in Coombs, R., Green, K., Richards, A. and Walsh, W. (eds), Technology and the Market, Demand, Users and Innovation, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, pp89–111
82. Karlsch, R. and Stokes, R. G. (2003) Faktor Öl: Die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland, Hamburg, Hoffmann & Campe
83. Keck, O. (1980) ‘Government policy and technical choice in the West German reactor programme’, Research policy, vol 9, pp302–356
84. Kemp R., Schot, J. and Hoogma, R. (1998) ‘Regime shifts to sustainability through processes of niche formation: The approach of strategic niche management’, Technology Analysis and Strategic Management, vol 10, no 2, pp175–195
85. Kitschelt, H. (1980) Kernenergiepolitik, Frankfurt, Campus
86. Klepper, S. (1997) ‘Industry life cycles’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol 6, no 1, pp145–181
87. Knight, S. (2003) ‘Heat goes out of threat to cut support’, Windpower Monthly, vol 19, no 10, pp38–39
88. Kords, U. (1993) Die Entstehungsgeschichte des Stromeinspeisegesetzes vom 5. 10. 1990, MA thesis in political science, Free University of Berlin
89. Kords, U. (1996) ‘Tätigkeit und Handlungsempfehlungen der beiden Klima-Enquete- Kommissionen des Deutschen Bundestages (1987–1994)’, in Brauch, H. G. (ed) Klimapolitik, Berlin, Springer, pp203–214
90. Kreutzmann, A. (2005) ‘Complaints at the highest level. The growth of the German PV industry slows on account of lack of silicon’, Photon International, January, pp12–17
91. Lauber, V. (2001) ‘Regulierung von Preisen und Beihilfen für Elektrizität aus erneuerbaren Energieträgern durch die Europäische Union’, Zeitschrift für Neues Energierecht, vol 5, no 1, pp35–43
92. Lauber, V. (2004) ‘REFIT and RPS in a harmonised Community framework’, Energy Policy, vol 32, no 12, pp1405–1414
93. Lauber, V. and Mez, L. (2004) ‘Three decades of renewable electricity policy in Germany’, Energy & Environment, vol 15, no 4, pp599–623
94. Lauber, V. and Pesendorfer, D. (2004) ‘Success through continuity: Renewable electricity policies in Germany’, in de Lovinfosse, I. and Varone, F. (eds) Renewable Electricity Policies in Europe, Louvain-la_Neuve, Presses Universitaires de Louvain, pp121–182
95. Lauber, V. and Toke, D. (2005) ‘Einspeisetarife und quoten-/zertifikatssyteme: Erwartungen der Europäischen Kommission und Erfahrungen aus dem Vergleich zwischen Großbritannien und Deutschland’, paper, Vierte Internationale Energiewirtschaftstagung, Vienna, 16–18 February
96. Levinthal, D. A. (1998) ‘The slow pace of rapid technological change: Gradualism and punctuation in technological change’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol 7, no 2, pp217–247
97. Lieberman, M. and Montgomery, C. (1988), ‘First mover advantages’, Strategic Management Journal, vol 9, pp41–58
98. Mades, U. (2001) Interview with Uwe Mades, RWE Power, 7 March
99. Marsh, D. and Smith, M. A. (2000) ‘Understanding policy networks: Towards a dialectical approach’, Political Studies, vol 48, no 1, pp4–21
100. Marshall, A. (1920) Principles of Economics, 8th edition, London, Macmillan
101. Maskell, P. (2001) ‘Towards a knowledge-based theory of the geographical cluster’, Industrial and Corporate Change, vol 10, no 4, pp921–943
102. Maycock, P. D. (2000) Renewable Energy World, vol 3, no 4, pp59–74
103. Mener, G. (2000) Zwischen Labor und Markt. Geschichte der Sonnenenergienutzung in Deutschland und den USA, 1860–1986, Baldham, LK Verlag
104. Meyer-Abich, K. M. and Schefold, B. (1986) Die Grenzen der Atomwirtschaft, 3rd edn, Munich, Beck
105. Mez, L. (2003a) ‘Ökologische Modernisierung und Vorreiterrolle in der Energie- und Umweltpolitik? Eine vorläufige bilanz’, in Egle, C., Ostheim, T. and Zahrnhöfer, R. (eds) Das rot-grüne Projekt. Eine Bilanz der Regierung Schröder 1998–2002, Wiesbaden, Westdeutscher Verlag, pp329–350
106. Mez, L. (2003b) ‘New corporate strategies in the German electricity supply sector’, in Glachant, J. M. and Finon, D. (eds) Competition in European Electricity Markets. A Cross-Country Comparison, Cheltenham, UK, Edward Elgar, pp193–216
107. Mez, L., Piening, A. (1999) ‘Ansatzpunkte für eine Kampagne zum Atomausstieg in Deutschland’, FFU-Report, 99-6, Berlin, Forschungsstelle für Umweltpolitik
108. Molly, J. P. (1999) Interview with J. P. Molly, DEWI, 7 October
109. Myrdal, G. (1957) Economic Theory and Underdeveloped Regions, London, Ducksworth
110. Neuner, R. (2001) Interview with Mr Roland Neuner, Lafarge Brass Roofing Accessories, 5 March
111. Nickel, J. (2004) ‘Neue EU-Studie mit alten Zahlen’, Photon, January 2004, pp14–15
112. Nitsch, J. (2002) ‘Die entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien bis 2050’, in Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (ed) Energiewende: Atomausstieg und Klimaschutz, Dokumentation der Fachtagung vom 15 und 16 Februar 2002, Berlin, pp95–110
113. Paul, N. (2003) ‘The Schleswig-Holstein story’, Renewable Energy World, September– October 2003, pp34–45
114. Pfeiffer, C. (2001) Interview with Carsten Pfeiffer, Scientific Adviser to Hans-Josef Fell of the German Parliament (the Greens), 4 October
115. Porter, M. (1998) ‘Clusters and competition. New agendas for companies, governments and institutions’, in Porter, M. (ed) On Competition, Boston, A Harvard Business Review Book, pp197–287
116. PV TRAC (2004) ‘A vision for PV technology in 2030 and beyond’, http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/energy/photovoltiacs/vision_report_en.htm, accessed 15 January 2005
117. Räuber, A. (2002) ‘Strategies in Photovoltaic Research and Development – R&D and History’, in Bubenzer, A. and Luther, J. (eds) Photovoltaic Guidebook for Decision Makers, Heidelberg, Springer, pp215–241
118. Rechsteiner, R. (2003) Grün gewinnt. Die letzte Ölkrise und danach, Zurich, Orell- Füssli
119. Reeker, C. (1999) Interview with Carlo Reeker, BWE, 11 October
120. Rhodes, R. A. W. (2001) Understanding Governance. Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability, Buckingham, Open University Press
121. Richter, M. (1998) ‘Zwischen Konzernen und Kommunen: Die Strom- und Gaswirtschaft’, in Czada, R. and Lehmbruch, G. (eds), Transformationspfade in Deutschland, Frankfurt, Campus, pp113–141
122. Ristau, O. (1998) Die Solare Standortfrage, Solarthemen, Bad Oeynhausen
123. Rosenberg, N. (1976) Perspectives on Technology, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
124. Rotmans, J., Kemp, R. and van Asselt, M. (2001) ‘More evolution than revolution. Transition management in public policy’, Foresight, vol 3, no 1, February, pp15–31
125. Sabatier, P.A. (1998) ‘The advocacy coalition framework: revisions and relevance for Europe’, Journal of European Public Policy, vol 5, no 1, pp98–130
126. Salje, P. (1998) Stromeinspeisungsgesetz, Cologne, Heymann
127. Sandtner, W., Geipel, H. and Lawitzka, H. (1997) ‘Forschungsschwerpunkte der Bundesregierung in den Bereichen erneuerbarer Energien und rationeller energienutzung’, in Brauch. H. G. (ed) Energiepolitik, Berlin, Springer, pp255–271
128. Schafhausen, F. (1996) ’Klimavorsorgepolitik der Bundesregierung’, in Brauch, H. G. (ed) Klimapolitik, Berlin, Springer, pp237–249
129. Scheer, H. (2001) Interview with Herman Scheer, Member of the German parliament and president of Eurosolar, 5 October
130. Schiebelsberger, B. (2001) Interview with Bruno Schiebelsberger, on, 9 May
131. Schmela, M. (2001) ‘At Staffelstein, the glass is half empty’, Photon International, April, p14
132. Schmela, M. (2003) ‘A bullish PV year’, Photon International, March, pp42–48
133. Schmitt, D. (1983) ‘West German energy policy’, in Kohl, W. (ed) After the Second Oil Crisis, Lexington, Lexington Books, pp137–157
134. Schult, C. and Bargel, A. (2000) Interview with Christian Schult and Angelo Bargel, Husumer Schiffswerft, 12 January
135. Schulz, W. (2000) ‘Promotion of renewable energy in Germany’, in Jasinski, P. and Pfaffenberger, W. (eds) Energy and Environment: Multiregulation in Europe, Aldershot, Ashgate, pp128–134
136. Scitovsky, T. (1954) ‘Two concepts of external economies’, Journal of Political Economy, vol 62, pp143–151
137. Siemer, J. (2003) ’Aktion umverteilen’, Photon, June, p 42
138. Smith, A. (1776) The Wealth of Nations, London
139. Smith, M. A. (2000) ‘Policy networks and advocacy coalitions explaining policy change and stability in UK industrial pollution policy?’, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, Vol 18, pp95–118
140. Solarenergie-Förderverein (1996) ’RWE befragt seine Kunden’, www.sfv.de/ lokal/mails/infos/soinf178.htm, accessed in October 2003
141. Solarenergie-Förderverein (2002) ‘Die kostendeckende Vergütung’, www.sfv.de/briefe/brief96_3/sob96302.htm and/www.sfv.de/lokal/mails/wvt/kvhistor.htm, both accessed in October 2003
142. Staiss, F. (ed) (2002) Jahrbuch Erneuerbare Energie 2001, Radebeul, Bieberstein
143. Staiss, F. (ed) (2003) Jahrbuch Erneuerbare Energien 02/03, Radebeul, Bieberstein
144. Staiss, F. and Räuber, A. (2002) ‘Strategies in Photovoltaic Research and Development – Market Introduction Programs’, in Bubenzer, A. and Luther, J. (eds) Photovoltaics Guidebook for Decision-Makers, Heidelberg, Springer, pp243–256
145. Statistik der Kohlenwirtschaft (2003), www.kohlenstatistik.de, accessed 15 January 2003
146. Stigler, G. (1951) ‘The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market’, The Journal of Political Economy, vol 59, no 3, pp185–193
147. Stryi-Hipp, G. (2001) ‘Shine on Deutschland’, New Energy, April, pp40–41
148. Tacke, F. (2000) Interview with Franz Tacke, founder and former managing director Tacke Windenergie, 9 March
149. UBA (Umweltbundesamt)/Wuppertal Institut für Klima, Umwelt, Energie (2004) ‘Braunkohle – ein subventionsfreier Energieträger?’, www.umweltbundesamt.de, accessed December 2004
150. UNDP (2000) World Energy Assessment. Energy and the challenge of sustainability, Advance copy, United Nations Development Programme
151. Unruh, G. C. (2000) ‘Understanding carbon lock-in’, Energy Policy, vol 28, no 12, pp817–830
152. Utterback, J. M. (1994) Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation: How Companies Can Seize Opportunities in the Face of Technological Change, Boston, Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press
153. Utterback, J. M. and Abernathy, W. J. (1975) ‘A dynamic model of process and product innovation’, Omega, vol 3, pp639–656
154. Van de Ven, A. and Garud, R. (1989) ‘A Framework for Understanding the Emergence of New Industries’, Research on Technological Innovation, Management and Society, vol 4, pp195–225
155. von Fabeck, W. (1998) ‘Anmerkungen zu Gert Apfelstedt’, Zeitschrift für neues Energierecht, vol 2, no 1, p42
156. von Fabeck, W. (2001) Interview with Wolf von Fabeck, Förderverein Solarenergie, 7 March
157. Wachendorf, H. G. (1994) ‘Kohleverstromung in Deutschland’, Elektrizitätswirtschaft, vol 93, no 12, pp672–680
158. Windheim, R. (2000a) Interview with Dr Rolf Windheim, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 7 March
159. Windheim, R. (2000b) Data supplied by Dr Rolf Windheim, Forschungszentrum Jülich, on projects funded within the federal R&D wind energy programme
160. Witt, A. (1999a) ‘“Zukunftspfennig” statt Gesetz?’, Solarthemen, vol 55, 15 January, p1
161. Witt, A. (1999b) ‘Ein Bonner Possenstück’, Solarthemen, vol 56, 29 January, p1
162. Witt, A. (1999c) ’100 000-Dächer Programm für alle?’, Solarthemen, vol 57, 12 February, p1
163. Witt, A. (2003) ‘Ausnahmen für Industrie’, Solarthemen, vol 157, 10 April, p3
164. Wolf, M. (1974) ‘Historic development of photovoltaic power generation’, International Conference on Photovoltaic Power Generation, Hamburg, 25–27 September, pp49–65
165. Young, A. (1928) ‘Increasing Returns and Economic Progress’, Economic Journal, vol 38, pp527–542
166. Zängl, W. (1989) Deutschlands Strom. Die Politik der Elektrifizierung von 1966 bis heute, Frankfurt, Campus
167. Zijlstra, S. (2001) ‘Interview with Mr. Sjouke Zijlstra’, Shell Solar Deutschland, March 8