Personality structure in the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus), scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris grampia), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), snow leopard (Panthera uncia), and African lion (Panthera leo): A comparative study

Journal of Comparative Psychology

Volumn 128, Issue 4, 2014, Pages 414-426

  Gartner, Marieke Cassia ^a   Powell, David M ^b,c   Weiss, Alexander ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY   (United States)

^c Department of Mammalogy ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

Animals; Felids; Personality; Phylogeny

Indexed keywords

AGE; ANIMAL; CAT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FELIDAE; FEMALE; LION; MALE; PERSONALITY; PHYSIOLOGY; SEX DIFFERENCE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE;

AGE FACTORS; ANIMALS; CATS; FELIDAE; FEMALE; LIONS; MALE; PERSONALITY; SEX FACTORS; SPECIES SPECIFICITY;

EID: 84925696663     PISSN: 07357036     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0037104     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Beaumont, M., Barratt, E. M., Gottelli, D., Kitchener, A. C., Daniels, M. J., Pritchard, J. K., & Bruford, M. W. (2001). Genetic diversity and introgression in the Scottish wildcat. Molecular Ecology, 10, 319-336. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2001.01196.x
2. Bouchard, T. J. Jr., & Loehlin, J. C. (2001). Genes, evolution, and personality. Behavior Genetics, 31, 243-273. doi:10.1023/A:1012294324713
3. Bremner-Harrison, S., Prodohl, P. A., & Elwood, R. W. (2004). Behavioural trait assessment as a release criterion: Boldness predicts early death in a reintroduction programme of captive-bred swift fox (Vulpes velox). Animal Conservation, 7, 313-320. doi:10.1017/S1367943004001490
4. Cameron-Beaumont, C., Lowe, S. E., & Bradshaw, J. W. S. (2002). Evidence suggesting preadaptation to domestication throughout the small Felidae. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 75, 361-366. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2002.tb02077.x
5. Capitanio, J. P., Abel, K., Mendoza, S. P., Blozis, S. A., McChesney, M. B., Cole, S. W., & Mason, W. A. (2008). Personality and serotonin transporter genotype interact with social context to affect immunity and viral set-point in simian immunodeficiency virus disease. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22, 676-689. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2007.05.006
6. Carere, C., & Locurto, C. (2011). Interaction between animal personality and animal cognition. Current Zoology, 57, 491-498.
7. Clubb, R., & Mason, G. (2003). Captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores. Nature, 425, 473-474. doi:10.1038/425473a
8. Coleman, S. L., & Mellgren, R. L. (submitted). A comparison of personality traits in captive big cats. Journal of Comparative Psychology.
9. Costa, P. T. Jr., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Four ways five factors are basic. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 653-665. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I
10. Costa, P. T. Jr., Terracciano, A., & McCrae, R. R. (2001). Gender differences in personality traits across cultures: Robust and surprising findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81, 322-331. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.81.2.322
11. de Winter, J. C. F., Dodou, D., & Wieringa, P. A. (2009). Exploratory factor analysis with small sample sizes. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44, 147-181. doi:10.1080/00273170902794206
12. Digman, J. M. (1990). Personality structure: Emergence of the Five-Factor Model. Annual Review of Psychology, 41, 417-440. doi:10.1146/ annurev.ps.41.020190.002221
13. Driscoll, C. A., Menotti-Raymond, M., Roca, A. L., Hupe, K., Johnson, W. E., Geffen, E., . . . Macdonald, D. W. (2007). The Near Eastern origin of cat domestication. Science, 317, 519-523. doi:10.1126/science .1139518
14. Feaver, J., Mendl, M., & Bateson, P. (1986). A method for rating the individual distinctiveness of domestic cats. Animal Behaviour, 34, 1016-1025. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80160-9
15. Fischer, R., & Fontaine, J. R. J. (2011). Methods for investigating structural equivalence. In D. Matsumoto & F. J. R. Van de Vijver (Eds.), Cross-cultural research methods in psychology (pp. 179-215). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
16. Freeman, H. D., & Gosling, S. D. (2010). Personality in nonhuman primates: A review and evaluation of past research. American Journal of Primatology, 72, 653-671. doi:10.1002/ajp.20833
17. Gartner, M. C., & Powell, D. (2012). Personality assessment in snow leopards (Uncia uncia). Zoo Biology, 31, 151-165. doi:10.1002/zoo .20385
18. Gartner, M. C., & Weiss, A. (2013a). Personality in felids: A review. Journal of Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 144, 1-13. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2012.11.010
19. Gartner, M. C., & Weiss, A. (2013b). Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris grampia) personality and subjective well-being: Implications for captive management. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147, 261-267.
20. Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five factor structure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1216-1229.
21. Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Gosling, S. D. (2001). From mice to men: What can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 45-86. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.1.45
23. Gosling, S. D., & Graybeal, A. (2007). Tree thinking A new paradigm for integrating comparative data in psychology. The Journal of General Psychology, 134, 259-277. doi:10.3200/GENP.134.2.259-278
24. Gosling, S. D., & John, O. P. (1999). Personality dimensions in nonhuman animals: A cross-species review. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 8, 69-75. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00017
25. Hare, B., Wobber, V., & Wrangham, R. (2012). The self-domestication hypothesis: Evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression. Animal Behaviour, 83, 573-585. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav .2011.12.007
26. Hendry, A. P., & Kinnison, M. T. (1999). The pace of modern life: Measuring rates of contemporary microevolution. Evolution, 53, 1637-1653. doi:10.2307/2640428
27. Horn, J. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor-analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-185. doi:10.1007/BF02289447
28. Johnson, W. E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E., & O'Brien, S. J. (2006). The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: A genetic assessment. Science, 311, 73-77. doi: 10.1126/science.1122277
29. Jones, A. C., & Gosling, S. D. (2005). Temperament and personality in dogs (Canis familiaris): A review and evaluation of past research. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 95, 1-53. doi:10.1016/j.applanim .2005.04.008
30. Jung, S., & Lee, S. (2011). Exploratory factor analysis for small samples. Behavior Research Methods, 43, 701-709. doi:10.3758/s13428-011-0077-9
31. Jung, S., & Takane, Y. (2008). Regularized common factor analysis. In K. Shigemasu, A. Okada, T. Imaizumi, & T. Hoshino (Eds.), New trends in psychometrics (pp. 141-149). Tokyo: Universal Academy Press.
32. King, J. E., & Figueredo, A. J. (1997). The five-factor model plus dominance in chimpanzee personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 257-271. doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2179
33. King, J. E., & Landau, V. I. (2003). Can chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) happiness be estimated by human raters? Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 1-15. doi:10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00527-5
34. King, J. E., & Weiss, A. (2011). Personality from the perspective of a primatologist. In A. Weiss, J. E. King, & L. Murray (Eds.), Personality and temperament in nonhuman primates (pp. 77-99). New York, NY: Springer.
35. King, J. E., Weiss, A., & Sisco, M. M. (2008). Aping humans: Age and sex effects in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and human (Homo sapiens) personality. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 122, 418-427.
36. Konečná, M., Weiss, A., Lhota, S., & Wallner, B. (2012). Personality in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus): Temporal stability and social rank. Journal of Research in Personality, 46, 581-590. doi:10.1016/j.jrp .2012.06.004
37. Lee, P. C., & Moss, C. J. (2012). Wild female African elephants (Loxodonta africana) exhibit personality traits of leadership and social integration. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 126, 224-232. doi: 10.1037/a0026566
38. Liberg, O., Sandell, M., Pontier, D., & Natoli, E. (2000). Density, spatial organisation and reproductive tactics in the domestic cat and other felids. In D. C. Turner & P. Bateson (Eds.), The domestic cat: The biology of its behaviour (2nd ed., pp. 119-147). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
39. Macdonald, D. W., & Barrett, P. (1993). Mammals of Britain and Europe. London: Harper Collins Publishers.
40. Macdonald, D. W., Yamaguchi, N., & Kerby, G. (2000). Group-living in the domestic cat: Its sociobiology and epidemiology. In D. C. Turner & P. Bateson (Eds.), The domestic cat: The biology of its behaviour (2nd ed., pp. 95-118). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
41. McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1987). Validation of the five-factor model of personality across instruments and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 81-90. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
42. McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T. Jr., Pedroso de Lima, M., Simões, A., Ostendorf, F., . . . Piedmont, R. L. (1999). Age differences in personality across the adult life span: Parallels in five cultures. Developmental Psychology, 35, 466-477. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.466
43. McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., & 78 Members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project. (2005). Universal features of personality traits from the observer's perspective: Data from 50 cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 547-561. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.88.3.547
44. McCrae, R. R., Zonderman, A. B., Costa, P. T. Jr., Bond, M. H., & Paunonen, S. V. (1996). Evaluating replicability of factors in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory: Confirmatory factor analysis versus Procrustes rotation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 552-566. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.552
45. McDougall, P. T., Réale, D., Sol, D., & Reader, S. M. (2006). Wildlife conservation and animal temperament: Causes and consequences of evolutionary change for captive, reintroduced, and wild populations. Animal Conservation, 9, 39-48. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.2005.00004.x
46. Morton, F. B., Lee, P. C., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., Brosnan, S. F., Thierry, B., Paukner, A., . . . Weiss, A. (2013). Personality structure in brown capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella): Comparison with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), orangutans (Pongo ssp.), and Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Comparative Psychology. doi:10.1037/a0031723
47. Mosser, A., & Packer, C. (2009). Group territoriality and the benefits of sociality in the African lion. Panthera leo Animal Behaviour, 78, 359-370. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.04.024
48. Natoli, E., Say, L., Cafazzo, S., Bonanni, R., Schmid, M., & Pontier, D. (2005). Bold attitude makes male urban feral domestic cats more vulnerable to feline immunodeficiency virus. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 29, 151-157. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2004.06.011
49. Nowell, K., & Jackson, P. (Eds.). (1996). Wild cats: Status survey and conservation plan. Cambridge, United Kingdom: IUCN Publications.
50. O'connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32, 396-402. doi:10.3758/BF03200807
51. Phillips, C., & Peck, D. (2007). The effects of personality of keepers and tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) on their behaviour in an interactive zoo exhibit. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 106, 244-258. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.01.007
52. Powell, D. M., & Gartner, M. C. (2011). Applications of personality to the management and conservation of nonhuman animals. In M. Inoue-Murayama, S. Kawamura, & A. Weiss (Eds.), From genes to animal behavior: Social structures, personalities, communication by color (pp. 185-199). Tokyo: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-4-431-53892-9_8
53. Price, E. O. (Ed.). (2002). Animal domestication and behaviour. Oxon, United Kingdom: CABI International. doi:10.1079/9780851995977.0000
54. R Core Team. (2012). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/
55. Réale, D., Garant, D., Humphries, M. M., Bergeron, P., Careau, V., & Montiglio, P.-O. (2010). Personality and the emergence of the pace-oflife syndrome concept at the population level. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 365, 4051-4063. doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0208
56. Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Bogg, T. (2005). Conscientiousness and health across the life course. Review of General Psychology, 9, 156-168. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.2.156
57. Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006). Patterns of mean-level change in personality traits across the life course: A metaanalysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 1-25. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1
58. Sakamoto, S., Kijima, N., & Tomoda, A. (1998). Factor structures of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) for undergraduates. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54, 477-487. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-4679(199806)54:4_477::AID-JCLP9_3.0.CO;2-K
59. Schönemann, P. H. (1966). A generalized solution of the orthogonal Procrustes problem. Psychometrika, 31, 1-10. doi:10.1007/BF02289451
60. Shrout, P. E., & Fleiss, J. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420-428. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.420
61. Sih, A., & Watters, J. V. (2005). The mix matters: Behavioural types and group dynamics in water striders. Behaviour, 142, 1417-1431. doi: 10.1163/156853905774539454
62. Stoinski, T. S., Lukas, K. E., Kuhar, C. W., & Maple, T. L. (2004). Factors influencing the maintenance of all-male in captivity formation and gorilla groups. Zoo Biology, 23, 189-203. doi:10.1002/zoo.20005
63. Uher, J., Asendorpf, J. B., & Call, J. (2008). Personality in the behaviour of great apes: Temporal stability, cross-situational consistency and coherence in response. Animal Behaviour, 75, 99-112. doi:10.1016/j .anbehav.2007.04.018
64. Watters, J. V., & Powell, D. M. (2012). Measuring animal personality for use in population management in zoos: Suggested methods and rationale. Zoo Biology, 31, 1-12. doi:10.1002/zoo.20379
65. Wei, L., Wu, X. B., Zhu, L. X., & Jiang, Z. G. (2011). Mitogenomic analysis of the genus Panthera. Science China Life Sciences, 54, 917-930. doi:10.1007/s11427-011-4219-1
66. Weiss, A., & Adams, M. J. (2008). Species of nonhuman personality assessment. European Journal of Personality, 22, 472-474.
67. Weiss, A., & Adams, M. J. (2013). Differential behavioral ecology: The structure, life history, and evolution of primate personality. In C. Carere & D. Maestripieri (Eds.), Animal personalities: Behavior, physiology, and evolution (pp. 96-123). Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226922065.003.0005
68. Weiss, A., Adams, M. J., Widdig, A., & Gerald, M. S. (2011). Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) as living fossils of hominoid personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 125, 72-83. doi:10.1037/a0021187
69. Weiss, A., Gartner, M., Gold, K., & Stoinski, T. (2013). Extraversion predicts longer survival in gorillas: An 18-year longitudinal study. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 280. doi:10.1098/rspb.2012.2231
70. Weiss, A., Inoue-Murayama, M., Hong, K. W., Inoue, E., Udono, T., Ochiai, T., . . . King, J. E. (2009). Assessing chimpanzee personality and subjective well-being in Japan. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 283-292. doi:10.1002/ajp.20649
71. Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Figueredo, A. J. (2000). The heritability of personality factors in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Behavior Genetics, 30, 213-221. doi:10.1023/A:1001966224914
72. Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Hopkins, W. D. (2007). A cross-setting study of chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) personality structure and development: Zoological parks and Yerkes National Primate Research Center. American Journal of Primatology, 69, 1264-1277. doi:10.1002/ajp.20428
73. Weiss, A., King, J. E., & Perkins, L. (2006). Personality and subjective well-being in orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90, 501-511. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.90.3.501
74. West, M. (1974). Social play in the domestic cat. American Zoologist, 14, 427-436.
75. Wielebnowski, N. C. (1999). Behavioral differences as predictors of breeding status in captive cheetahs. Zoo Biology, 18, 335-349. doi:10.1002/ (SICI)1098-2361(1999)18:4_335::AID-ZOO8_3.0.CO;2-X
76. Wielebnowski, N. C., Fletchall, N., Carlstead, K., Busso, J. M., & Brown, J. L. (2002). Noninvasive assessment of adrenal activity associated with husbandry and behavioral factors in the North American clouded leopard population. Zoo Biology, 21, 77-98. doi:10.1002/zoo.10005
77. Wrigley, C. S., & Neuhaus, J. O. (1955). The matching of two sets of factors. American Psychologist, 10, 418-419.