Computerised Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Psychological Distress in Patients with Physical Illnesses: A Systematic Review

Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2015, Pages 20-44

  McCombie, Andrew ^a   Gearry, Richard ^a   Andrews, Jane ^b,c   Mikocka Walus, Antonina ^d   Mulder, Roger ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b ROYAL ADELAIDE HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^d UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cognitive behaviour therapy; Computerized; Disease; Internet; Psychotherapy

Indexed keywords

ARTHRITIS; ARTICLE; BACKACHE; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; BREAST CANCER; CHRONIC PAIN; CINAHL; CLINICAL ASSESSMENT; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COCHRANE LIBRARY; COGNITION; COGNITIVE THERAPY; COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISTRESS SYNDROME; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE INFERTILITY; FEMALE SEXUAL DYSFUNCTION; FIBROMYALGIA; FOLLOW UP; HEADACHE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; IRRITABLE COLON; MALE INFERTILITY; MEDICAL CARE; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MIGRAINE; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL DISEASE; POPULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCINFO; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SCOPUS; SCREENING TEST; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TINNITUS; VIDEOCONFERENCING; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMPUTER ASSISTED THERAPY; INTERNET; MENTAL DISORDERS; MENTAL STRESS; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY;

CHRONIC DISEASE; COGNITIVE THERAPY; HUMANS; INTERNET; MENTAL DISORDERS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; THERAPY, COMPUTER-ASSISTED;

EID: 84925535443     PISSN: 10689583     EISSN: 15733572     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10880-015-9420-0     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. * Abbott, J. -A. M., Kaldo, V., Klein, B., Austin, D., Hamilton, C., Piterman, L.,…Andersson, G. (2009). A cluster randomised trial of an internet-based intervention program for tinnitus distress in an industrial setting. [Randomized controlled trial]. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 38, 162–173.
2. Akobeng, A. K. (2005). Understanding randomised controlled trials. Archives of Disease in Childhood,90, 840–844. doi:10.1136/adc.2004.058222.
3. Andersson, G., Bergström, J., Holländare, F., Ekselius, L., & Carlbring, P. (2004). Delivering cognitive behavioural therapy for mild to moderate depression via the internet: Predicting outcome at 6-month follow-up. Verhaltenstherapie,14, 185–189.
4. Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Berger, T., Almlöv, J., & Cuijpers, P. (2009). What makes internet therapy work? Cognitive behaviour therapy, 38, 55–60. doi:10.1080/16506070902916400.
5. Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Grimlund, A. (2008). Predicting treatment outcome in internet versus face to face treatment of panic disorder. Computers in Human Behavior,24, 1790–1801. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.02.003.
6. * Andersson, G., Stromgren, T., Strom, L., & Lyttkens, L. (2002). Randomized controlled trial of internet-based cognitive behavior therapy for distress associated with tinnitus. [Randomized controlled trial]. PsychosomaticMedicine, 64, 810–816.
7. * Andersson, E., Walen, C., Hallberg, J., Paxling, B., Dahlin, M., Almlov, J.,…Andersson, G. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of guided Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for erectile dysfunction. [Randomized controlled trial]. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8, 2800–2809. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02391.x.
8. Armijo-Olivo, S., Warren, S., & Magee, D. (2009). Intention to treat analysis, compliance, drop-outs and how to deal with missing data in clinical research: A review. Physical Therapy Reviews,14, 36–49. doi:10.1179/174328809x405928.
9. Barlow, D., & Durand, V. (2005). Abnormal psychology: An integrative approach. Belmont: Thomson Wadsworth.
10. Beltman, M. W., Voshaar, R. C., & Speckens, A. E. (2010). Cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression in people with a somatic disease: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Psychiatry,197, 11–19. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.064675.
11. Bennett-Levy, J., & Perry, H. (2009). The promise of online cognitive behavioural therapy training for rural and remote mental health professionals. Australasian Psychiatry, 17, S121–S124. Date of publication: 2009.
12. * Berman, R. L., Iris, M. A., Bode, R., & Drengenberg, C. (2009). The effectiveness of an online mind-body intervention for older adults with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 10, 68–79. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.07.006.
13. Brattberg, G. (2008). Self-Administered EFT (Emotional Freedom Techniques) in individuals with fibromyalgia: A randomized trial. Integrative Medicine,7(4), 30–35.
14. Brown, E., Varghese, F., & McEwen, B. (2004). Association of depression with medical illness: Does cortisol play a role? Biological Psychiatry,55, 1–9. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00473-6.
15. * Buhrman, M., Faltenhag, S., Strom, L., & Andersson, G. (2004). Controlled trial of Internet-based treatment with telephone support for chronic back pain. (Clinical Trial. Comparative Study. Randomized Controlled Trial. Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t). Pain, 111, 368–377.
16. * Buhrman, M., Nilsson-Ihrfeldt, E., Jannert, M., Strom, L., & Andersson, G. (2011). Guided internet-based cognitive behavioural treatment for chronic back pain reduces pain catastrophizing: A randomized controlled trial. [Randomized controlled trial]. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 43, 500–505.
17. Butler, A. C., Chapman, J. E., Forman, E. M., & Beck, A. T. (2006). The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clinical Psychology Review,26, 17–31. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.07.003.
18. Callahan, C. M., Hui, S. L., Nienaber, N. A., Musick, B. S., & Tierney, W. M. (1994). Longitudinal study of depression and health services use among elderly primary care patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,42, 833–838.
19. Carney, R. M., & Freedland, K. E. (2002). Psychological distress as a risk factor for stroke-related mortality. Stroke,33, 5–6.
20. Carter, J. D., Luty, S. E., McKenzie, J. M., Mulder, R. T., Frampton, C. M., & Joyce, P. R. (2011). Patient predictors of response to cognitive behaviour therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy in a randomised clinical trial for depression. Journal of Affective Disorders,128, 252–261. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.07.002.
21. Cartreine, J. A., Ahern, D. K., & Locke, S. E. (2010). A roadmap to computer-based psychotherapy in the United States. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 18, 80–95. doi:10.3109/10673221003707702.
22. * Chiauzzi, E., Pujol, L. A., Wood, M., Bond, K., Black, R., Yiu, E., & Zacharoff, K. (2010). PainACTION-back pain: A self-management website for people with chronic back pain. Pain Medicine, 11, 1044–1058. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00879.x.
23. * Dear, B. F., Titov, N., Perry, K. N., Johnston, L., Wootton, B. M., Terides, M. D.,…Hudson, J. L. (2013). The pain course: A randomised controlled trial of a clinician-guided Internet-delivered cognitive behaviour therapy program for managing chronic pain and emotional well-being. Pain, 154, 942–950.
24. * Devineni, T., & Blanchard, E. B. (2005). A randomized controlled trial of an Internet-based treatment for chronic headache. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43, 277–292. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.01.008.
25. DiMatteo, M. R., Lepper, H. S., & Croghan, T. W. (2000). Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: Meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. [Meta-analysis]. Archives of Internal Medicine,160, 2101–2107.
26. * Everitt, H., Moss-Morris, R., Sibelli, A., Tapp, L., Coleman, N., Yardley, L.,…Little, P. (2013). Management of irritable bowel syndrome in primary care: The results of an exploratory randomised controlled trial of mebeverine, methylcellulose, placebo and a self-management website. BMC Gastroenterology, 13.
27. Gearry, R. B., Richardson, A. K., Frampton, C. M., Dodgshun, A. J., & Barclay, M. L. (2010). Population-based cases control study of inflammatory bowel disease risk factors. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,25, 325–333.
28. Gerhard, A. (2009). Using the Internet to provide cognitive behaviour therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy,47, 175–180. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.01.010.
29. Gill, D., & Hatcher, S. (2000). Antidepressants for depression in medical illness. [Review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4, CD001312.
30. * Haemmerli, K., Znoj, H., & Berger, T. (2010). Internet-based support for infertile patients: A randomized controlled study. [Randomized controlled trial]. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 33, 135–146.
31. * Hedborg, K., & Muhr, C. (2011). Multimodal behavioral treatment of migraine: An Internet-administered, randomized, controlled trial. [Randomized controlled trial. Research support, non-U.S. Gov’t]. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 116, 169–186.
32. Herring, C., Muzyk, A. J., & Jamerson, B. (2010). Treatment of comorbid depression in medical illness. [Letter]. Journal of Pharmacy Practice,23, 274–276.
33. * Hesser, H., Gustafsson, T., Lundén, C., Henrikson, O., Fattahi, K., Johnsson, E.,…Andersson, G. (2012). A randomized controlled trial of internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy in the treatment of tinnitus. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 649–661.
34. Hilvert-Bruce, Z., Rossouw, P. J., Wong, N., Sunderland, M., & Andrews, G. (2012). Adherence as a determinant of effectiveness of internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety and depressive disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy,50, 463–468. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.04.001.
35. Hind, D., O’Cathain, A., Cooper, C. L., Parry, G. D., Isaac, C. L., Rose, A.,…Sharrack, B. (2010). The acceptability of computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of depression in people with chronic physical disease: A qualitative study of people with multiple sclerosis. Psychology & Health, 25, 699–712. doi:10.1080/08870440902842739.
36. * Hunt, M. G., Moshier, S., & Milonova, M. (2009). Brief cognitive-behavioral internet therapy for irritable bowel syndrome. [Randomized controlled trial]. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 797–802.
37. Jarrett, R. B., Eaves, G. G., Grannemann, B. D., & Rush, A. J. (1991). Clinical, cognitive, and demographic predictors of response to cognitive therapy for depression: A preliminary report. Psychiatry Research,37, 245–260.
38. Jayson, D., Wood, A., Kroll, L. E. O., Fraser, J., & Harrington, R. (1998). Which depressed patients respond to cognitive-behavioral treatment? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,37, 35–39.
39. * Jones, L. M., & McCabe, M. P. (2011). The effectiveness of an Internet-based psychological treatment program for female sexual dysfunction. [Randomized controlled trial]. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8, 2781–2792.
40. * Kaldo, V., Levin, S., Widarsson, J., Buhrman, M., Larsen, H. C., & Andersson, G. (2008). Internet versus group cognitive-behavioral treatment of distress associated with tinnitus: A randomized controlled trial. [Randomized controlled trial]. Behavior Therapy, 39, 348–359.
41. Kaltenthaler, E., Brazier, J., De Nigris, E., Tumur, I., Ferriter, M., Beverley, C.,…Sutcliffe, P. (2006). Computerised cognitive behaviour therapy for depression and anxiety update: A systematic review and economic evaluation. [Review]. Health Technology Assessment, 10, iii, xi–xiv, 1–168.
42. Katon, W. (2003). Clinical and health services relationships between major depression, depressive symptoms, and general medical illness. [Review]. Biological Psychiatry,54, 216–226.
43. Katon, W., & Sullivan, M. D. (1990). Depression and chronic medical illness [Review]. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,51, 3–11. discussion 12–14.
44. Kiropoulos, L. A., Klein, B., Austin, D. W., Gilson, K., Pier, C., Mitchell, J., & Ciechomski, L. (2008). Is internet-based CBT for panic disorder and agoraphobia as effective as face-to-face CBT? Journal of Anxiety Disorders,22, 1273–1284. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.008.
45. * Kraaij, V., van Emmerik, A., Garnefski, N., Schroevers, M. J., Lo-Fo-Wong, D., van Empelen, P.,…Maes, S. (2010). Effects of a cognitive behavioral self-help program and a computerized structured writing intervention on depressed mood for HIV-infected people: A pilot randomized controlled trial. [Randomized controlled trial]. Patient Education and Counseling, 80, 200–204.
46. * Kuhl, E. A., Sears, S. F., Vazquez, L. D., & Conti, J. B. (2009). Patient-assisted computerized education for recipients of implantable cardioverter defibrillators: A randomized controlled trial of the PACER program. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 24, 225–231.
47. * Ljotsson, B., Andersson, G., Andersson, E., Hedman, E., Lindfors, P., Andreewitch, S.,…Lindefors, N. (2011). Acceptability, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness of internet-based exposure treatment for irritable bowel syndrome in a clinical sample: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterology, 11, 110.
48. * Ljotsson, B., Falk, L., Vesterlund, A. W., Hedman, E., Lindfors, P., Ruck, C.,…Andersson, G. (2010). Internet-delivered exposure and mindfulness based therapy for irritable bowel syndrome—A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 531–539. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.003.
49. * Ljotsson, B., Hedman, E., Andersson, E., Hesser, H., Lindfors, P., Hursti, T.,…Andersson, G. (2011). Internet-delivered exposure-based treatment vs. stress management for irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized trial. [Randomized Controlled Trial]. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 106, 1481–1491. doi:10.1038/ajg.2011.139.
50. * Ljotsson, B., Hedman, E., Lindfors, P., Hursti, T., Lindefors, N., Andersson, G., & Ruck, C. (2011). Long-term follow-up of internet-delivered exposure and mindfulness based treatment for irritable bowel syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 58–61. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2010.10.006.
51. * Lorig, K. R., Ritter, P. L., Laurent, D. D., & Plant, K. (2006). Internet-based chronic disease self-management: A randomized trial. [Erratum appears in Med Care. 2007 Mar;45(3):276]. [Randomized controlled trial]. Medical Care, 44, 964–971.
52. * Lorig, K. R., Ritter, P. L., Laurent, D. D., & Plant, K. (2008). The internet-based arthritis self-management program: A one-year randomized trial for patients with arthritis or fibromyalgia. [Randomized controlled trial]. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 59, 1009–1017.
53. Lustman, P. J., Clouse, R. E., & Freedland, K. E. (1998). Management of major depression in adults with diabetes: Implications of recent clinical trials. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry,3, 102–114.
54. Malouff, J. M., Thorsteinsson, E. B., Rooke, S. E., Bhullar, N., & Schutte, N. S. (2008). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome: A meta-analysis. [Meta-analysis]. Clinical Psychology Review,28, 736–745.
55. Marks, I. M., Cavanagh, K., & Gega, L. (2007). Computer-aided psychotherapy: Revolution or bubble? The British Journal of Psychiatry,191, 471–473. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.041152.
56. Marks, I., Shaw, S., & Parkin, R. (1998). Computer-aided treatments of mental health problems. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice,5, 151–170. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.1998.tb00141.x.
57. Martinez Devesa, P., Perera, R., Theodoulou, M., & Waddell, A. (2010). Cognitive behavioural therapy for tinnitus. [Systematic review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9, CD005233. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005233.pub3
58. McCombie, A., Gearry, R., & Mulder, R. (2013a). Preferences of inflammatory bowel disease patients for computerised versus face-to-face psychological interventions. Journal of Crohn’s & Colitis,9, 400–405.
59. McCombie, A. M., Mulder, R. T., & Gearry, R. B. (2013b). Psychotherapy for inflammatory bowel disease: A review and update. Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis,7, 935–949. doi:10.1016/j.crohns.2013.02.004.
60. McLeod, S. A. (2008). Simply psychology: Cognitive behavioural therapy. Retrieved 9 May, 2012, from http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-therapy.html.
61. Mitchell, A. J., & Selmes, T. (2007). Why don’t patients attend their appointments? Maintaining engagement with psychiatric services. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment,13, 423–434. doi:10.1192/apt.bp.106.003202.
62. Morley, S., Eccleston, C., & Williams, A. (1999). Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of cognitive behaviour therapy and behaviour therapy for chronic pain in adults, excluding headache. Pain,80, 1–13.
63. * Moss-Morris, R., McCrone, P., Yardley, L., van Kessel, K., Wills, G., & Dennison, L. (2012). A pilot randomised controlled trial of an Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy self-management programme (MS Invigor8) for multiple sclerosis fatigue. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 415–421. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.03.001.
64. Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007). Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: Results from the World Health Surveys. The Lancet,370, 851–858. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61415-9.
65. Neimeyer, R. A., & Weiss, M. E. (1990). Cognitive and symptomatic predictors of outcome of group therapies for depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly,4, 23–32.
66. Norton, P. J., & Price, E. C. (2007). A meta-analytic review of adult cognitive-behavioral treatment outcome across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,195, 521–531. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000253843.70149.9a.
67. * Owen, J. E., Klapow, J. C., Roth, D. L., Shuster, J. L., Jr., Bellis, J., Meredith, R., & Tucker, D. C. (2005). Randomized pilot of a self-guided internet coping group for women with early-stage breast cancer. [Randomized controlled trial]. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 54–64.
68. Prasko, J., Jelenova, D., & Mihal, V. (2010). Psychological aspects and psychotherapy of inflammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syndrome in children. Biomedical Papers of the Medical Faculty of Palacky University in Olomouc, Czech Republic,154, 307–314.
69. Prince, M. J., Harwood, R. H., Thomas, A., & Mann, A. H. (1998). A prospective population-based cohort study of the effects of disablement and social milieu on the onset and maintenance of late-life depression. The Gospel Oak Project VII. [Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. Psychological Medicine,28, 337–350.
70. Reger, M. A., & Gahm, G. A. (2009). A meta-analysis of the effects of Internet- and computer-based cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety. Journal of Clinical Psychology,65, 53–75. doi:10.1002/jclp.20536.
71. Roy-Byrne, P. P., Davidson, K. W., Kessler, R. C., Asmundson, G. J. G., Goodwin, R. D., Kubzansky, L.,…Stein, M. B. (2008). Anxiety disorders and comorbid medical illness. General Hospital Psychiatry, 30, 208–225. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2007.12.006.
72. * Ruehlman, L. S., Karoly, P., & Enders, C. (2012). A randomized controlled evaluation of an online chronic pain self management program. Pain, 153, 319–330.
73. Russ, T. C., Stamatakis, E., Hamer, M., Starr, J. M., Kivimäki, M., & Batty, G. D. (2012). Association between psychological distress and mortality: Individual participant pooled analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies. BMJ, 345. doi:10.1136/bmj.e4933.
74. Saha, C., & Jones, M. P. (2009). Bias in the last observation carried forward method under informative dropout. Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 139, 246–255. doi:10.1016/j.jspi.2008.04.017.
75. * Sexton, M. B., Byrd, M. R., O’Donohue, W. T., & Jacobs, N. N. (2010). Web-based treatment for infertility-related psychological distress. Archives of Women’s Mental Health, 13, 347–358. doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0142-x.
76. Simon, G. E. (2001). Treating depression in patients with chronic disease: Recognition and treatment are crucial; depression worsens the course of a chronic illness. [Research support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]. Western Journal of Medicine,175, 292–293.
77. Simon, G. E., VonKorff, M., & Barlow, W. (1995). Health care costs of primary care patients with recognized depression. Archives of General Psychiatry,52, 850–856.
78. Simons, A. D., Lustman, P. J., Wetzel, R. D., & Murphy, G. E. (1985). Predicting response to cognitive therapy of depression: The role of learned resourcefulness. Cognitive Therapy and Research,9, 79–89.
79. Spence, S., Donovan, C., March, S., Gamble, A., Anderson, R., Prosser, S., & Kenardy, J. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of online versus clinic-based CBT for adolescent anxiety. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 79, 629–642.
80. Streiner, D. L., & Norman, G. R. (2008). Health Measurement Scales: A practical guide to their development and use. Retrieved from http://otago.eblib.com.au/patron/FullRecord.aspx?p=665468.
81. Thase, M. E., Reynolds, C. F., Frank, E., Simons, A. D., McGeary, J., Fasiczka, A. L.,…Kupfer, D. J. (1994). Do depressed men and women respond similarly to cognitive behavior therapy? American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 500–505.
82. * van Bastelaar, K., Pouwer, F., Cuijpers, P., Riper, H., & Snoek, F. J. (2011). Web-based depression treatment for type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 34, 320–325. doi:10.2337/dc10-1248.
83. van den Berg, S., Shapiro, D., Bickerstaffe, D., & Cavanagh, K. (2004). Computerized cognitive-behaviour therapy for anxiety and depression: A practical solution to the shortage of trained therapists. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing,11, 508–513. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2004.00745.x.
84. van der Feltz-Cornelis, C. M., Nuyen, J., Stoop, C., Chan, J., Jacobson, A. M., Katon, W.,…Sartorius, N. (2010). Effect of interventions for major depressive disorder and significant depressive symptoms in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [Meta-analysis]. General Hospital Psychiatry, 32, 380–395.
85. van Ede, L., Yzermans, C. J., & Brouwer, H. J. (1999). Prevalence of depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review. Thorax,54, 688–692. doi:10.1136/thx.54.8.688.
86. van Heeringen, K., & Zivkov, M. (1996). Pharmacological treatment of depression in cancer patients. A placebo-controlled study of mianserin. The British Journal of Psychiatry,169, 440–443. doi:10.1192/bjp.169.4.440.
87. Veith, R. C., Raskind, M. A., Caldwell, J. H., Barnes, R. F., Gumbrecht, G., & Ritchie, J. L. (1982). Cardiovascular effects of tricyclic antidepressants in depressed patients with chronic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine,306, 954–959. doi:10.1056/NEJM198204223061603.
88. Viera, A. J., & Bangdiwala, S. I. (2007). Eliminating bias in randomized controlled trials: Importance of allocation concealment and masking. [Research support, Non-U.S. Gov’t]. Family Medicine,39, 132–137.
89. Wells, K. B., Golding, J. M., & Burnam, M. A. (1988). Psychiatric disorder in a sample of the general population with and without chronic medical conditions. [Research Support, U.S. Gov’t, P.H.S.]. American Journal of Psychiatry,145, 976–981.
90. * Williams, D. A., Kuper, D., Segar, M., Mohan, N., Sheth, M., & Clauw, D. J. (2010). Internet-enhanced management of fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial. [Randomized controlled trial. Research support, N.I.H., extramural. Research support, U.S. Gov’t, Non-P.H.S]. Pain, 151, 694–702.
91. Yirmiya, R. (2000). Depression in medical illness: The role of the immune system. [Review]. Western Journal of Medicine,173, 333–336.
92. Yuan, Y. C. (2010). Multiple imputation for missing data: Concepts and new development (version 9.0). Rockville, MD: SAS Institute Inc.
93. Zijdenbos, I. L., de Wit, N. J., van der Heijden, G. J., Rubin, G., & Quartero, A. O. (2009). Psychological treatments for the management of irritable bowel syndrome. [Systematic review]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (1).