Formation and evolution of the Badain Jaran Desert, North China, as revealed by a drill core from the desert centre and by geological survey

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

Volumn 426, Issue , 2015, Pages 139-158

  Wang, Fei ^a   Sun, Donghuai ^a   Chen, Fahu ^a   Bloemendal, Jan ^b   Guo, Feng ^a   Li, Zaijun ^a   Zhang, Yuebao ^a   Li, Baofeng ^a   Wang, Xin ^a  

^a LANZHOU UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Badain Jaran Desert; Climate; Tibetan Plateau uplift

Indexed keywords

CLASTIC SEDIMENT; COOLING; CRETACEOUS; DESERT; EOLIAN DEPOSIT; GEOLOGICAL SURVEY; GLOBAL CLIMATE; HOLOCENE; LACUSTRINE DEPOSIT; MARINE ISOTOPE STAGE; MONSOON; PALEOCLIMATE; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; UPLIFT; WESTERLY;

BADANJILIN DESERT; CHINA; GANSU; HEI RIVER; QILIAN MOUNTAINS; QINGHAI-XIZANG PLATEAU;

EID: 84925399433     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.03.011     Document Type: Article

References (174)

1. Aitken M.J. Thermoluminescence Dating 1985, 61-296. Acidemic Press, London.
2. An Z.S. The history and variability of the East Asian paleomonsoon climate. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2000, 19:171-187.
3. An Z.S., Kutzbach J.E., Prell W.L., Porter S.C. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan plateau since Late Miocene times. Nature 2001, 411:62-66.
4. Beerten K., Stesmans A. The use of Ti centers for estimating burial doses of single quartz grains: a case study from an aeolian deposit ~2Ma old. Radiat. Meas. 2006, 41(4):418-424.
5. Beerten K., Stesmans A. ESR dating of sedimentary quartz: possibilities and limitations of the single-grain approach. Quat. Geochronol. 2007, 2(1):373-380.
6. BGG (Bureau of Geology of Gansu province), 1982. The regional geological survey of the People's Republic of China, (Scale: 1:2,000,000) Ejina sheet, Nuergai sheet, Xianshui sheet, Wutaohai sheet, Yabulai sheet, Yingejin sheet and Guaizihu sheet, Shanghai Zhonghua Printing, Shanghai (In Chinese).
7. BGMIMAR (Bureau of Geology Mineral Resources of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) Regional Geology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 1991, 271-350. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, (In Chinese).
8. Bosboom R.E., Dupont-Nivet G., Houben A.J., Brinkhuis H., Villa G., Mandic O., Stoica M., Zachariasse W.J., Guo Z.J., Li C.X., Krijgsman W. Late Eocene sea retreat from the Tarim Basin (west China) and concomitant Asian paleoenvironmental change. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2011, 299(3):385-398.
9. Cai H.W. The tentative probe of stratigraphical division of Quaternary period in the Badain Jaran Desert. Gansu Geol. 1986, 3:142-153. (In Chinese with English abstract).
10. Chang H., An Z.S., Liu W.G., Qiang X.K., Song Y.G., Ao H. Magnetostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental records for a Late Cenozoic sedimentary sequence drilled from Lop Nor in the eastern Tarim Basin. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2012, 80-81:113-122.
11. Chen J., Li G.J. Geochemical studies on the source region of Asian dust. Sci. China Ser. D 2011, 54(9):1279-1301.
12. Chen F.H., Bloemendal J., Zhang P.Z., Liu G.X. An 800ky proxy record of climate from lake sediments of the Zoige Basin, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1999, 151(4):307-320.
13. Chen J., Ji J.F., Balsam W., Chen Y., Liu L.W., An Z.S. Characterization of the Chinese loess-paleosol stratigraphy by whiteness measurement. Paleogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2002, 183(3):287-297.
14. Chen F.H., Wu W., Holmes J.A., Madsen D.B., Zhu Y., Jin M., Oviatt C.G. A mid-Holocene drought interval as evidenced by lake desiccation in the Alashan Plateau, Inner Mongolia, China. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2003, 48:1401-1410.
15. Chen J.S., Li L., Wang J.Y., Barry D.A., Sheng X.F., Gu W.Z., Zhao X., Chen L. Ground water maintains dune landscape. Nature 2004, 432:459-460.
16. Chen J.S., Wang J.Y., Zhao X., Sheng X.F., Gu W.Z., Chen L., Su Z.G. Study of groundwater supply of the confined aquifers in the Ejin Basin based on isotopic methods. Geol. Rev. 2004, 50:649-658. (In Chinese with English abstract).
17. Chen J.S., Zhao X., Sheng X.F., Dong H.Z., Rao W.B., Su Z.G. Formation mechanisms of mega-dunes and lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2006, 51(24):3026-3034.
18. Clark P.U., Archer D., Pollard D., Blum J.D., Rial J.A., Brovkin V., Mix A.C., Pisias N.G., Roy M. The middle Pleistocene transition: characteristics, mechanisms, and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric pCO2. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2006, 25(23):3150-3184.
19. Cornell R.M., Schwertmann U. The Iron Oxides: Structure, Properties, Reactions, Occurrences and Uses 2003, 111-183. VCH, New York.
20. Cui Z.J., Wu Y.Q., Liu G.N. Discovery and character of the Kunlun-Yellow River Movement. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1998, 43(10):833-836.
21. DeCelles P.G., Quade J., Kapp P., Fan M.J., Dettman D.L., Ding L. High and dry in central Tibet during the Late Oligocene. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 253(3):389-401.
22. Dettman D.L., Fang X.M., Garzione C.N., Li J.J. Uplift-driven climate change at 12Ma: a long δ18O record from the NE margin of the Tibetan plateau. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2003, 214(1):267-277.
23. Ding H.W., Wang G.L. Study on the formation mechanism of the lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert. Arid Zone Res. 2007, 24:1-7. (In Chinese with English abstract).
24. Ding Z.L., Yu Z.W., Rutter N.W., Liu T.S. Towards an orbital time scale for Chinese loess deposits. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1994, 13:39-70.
25. Ding Z.L., Liu T.S., Rutter N.W., Yu Z.W., Guo Z.T., Zhu R.X. Ice-volume forcing of East Asian winter monsoon variations in the past 800,000years. Quat. Res. 1995, 44(2):49-59.
26. Ding Z.L., Sun J.M., Yang S.L., Liu T.S. Preliminary magnetostratigraphy of a thick eolian red clay-loess sequence at Lingtai, the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25(8):1225-1228.
27. Ding Z.L., Sun J.M., Liu T.S. Stepwise advance of the Mu Us desert since late Pliocene: evidence from a red clay-loess record. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1999, 44:1211-1214.
28. Ding Z.L., Yang S.L., Sun J.M., Liu T.S. Iron geochemistry of the loess and red clay deposits in the Chinese Loess Plateau and implications for long-term Asian monsoon evolution in the last 7.0Ma. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 185:99-109.
29. Ding Z.L., Ranov V., Yang S.L., Finaev A., Han J.M., Wang G.A. The loess record in southern Tajikistan and correlation with Chinese loess. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 200(3):387-400.
30. Ding Z.L., Derbyshire E., Yang S.L., Yu Z.W., Xiong S.F., Liu T.S. Stacked 2.6-Ma grain size record from the Chinese loess based on five sections and correlation with the deep-sea δ18O record. Paleoceanography 2002, 17. 10.1029/2001PA000725.
31. Ding Z.L., Derbyshire E., Yang S.L., Sun J.M., Liu T.S. Stepwise expansion of desert environment across northern China in the past 3.5Ma and implications for monsoon evolution. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2005, 237(1):45-55.
32. Dodonov A.E. Loess of central Asia. GeoJournal 1991, 24(2):185-194.
33. Dong G.R., Li S., Li B.S., Wang Y., Yan M.C. A preliminary study on the formation and evolution of deserts in China. J. Desert Res. 1991, 11(4):23-32. (In Chinese with English abstract).
34. Dong G.R., Gao Q.Z., Zhou X.Y. Climatic changes at the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert since the Pleistocene. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1995, 40(13):423-427. (In Chinese).
35. Dong Z.B., Wang T., Wang X.M. Geomorphology of the mega-dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert. Geomorphology 2004, 60(1-2):191-203.
36. Dong Z.B., Qian G.Q., Luo W.Y., Zhang Z.C., Xiao S.C., Zhao A.G. Geomorphological hierarchies for complex mega-dunes and their implications for mega-dune evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert. Geomorphology 2009, 106(3-4):180-185.
37. Dong Z.B., Qian G.Q., Lv P., Hu G.Y. Investigation of the sand sea with the tallest dunes on Earth: China's Badain Jaran Sand Sea. Earth-Sci. Rev. 2013, 120:20-39.
38. Dupont-Nivet G., Krijgsman W., Langereis C.G., Abels H.A., Dai S., Fang X.M. Tibetan plateau aridification linked to global cooling at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Nature 2007, 445:635-638.
39. Edmunds W.M., Ma J.Z., Aeschbach-Hertig W., Kipfer R., Darbyshire D.P.F. Groundwater recharge history and hydrogeochemical evolution in the Minqin Basin, North West China. Appl. Geochem. 2006, 21:2148-2170.
40. Fan Y.X., Chen F.H., Fan T.L., Zhao H., Yang L.P. Sedimentary documents and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating for formation of the present landform of the northern Ulan Buh Desert, northern China. Sci. China Ser. D 2010, 53(11):1675-1682.
41. Fan Y.X., Zhao H., Chen F.H. The equivalent dose of different grain size quartz fractions from lakeshore sediments in the arid region of north China. Quat. Geochronol. 2010, 5(2):205-211.
42. Fang X.M., Chen F.B., Shi Y.F., Li J.J. Garze loess and evolution of cryosphere on the Tibetan Plateau. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1996, 41:1865-1867.
43. Fang X.M., Li J.J., Van der Voo R. Rock magnetic and grain size evidence for intensified Asian atmospheric circulation since 800,000yrsB.P. related to Tibetan uplift. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1999, 165:129-144.
44. Fang X.M., Lv Q.L., Yang S.L., Li J.J., An Z.S., Jiang P.A., Chen X.L. Loess in Kunlun Mountains and its implications on desert development and Tibetan Plateau uplift in West China. Sci. China Ser. D 2002, 45(4):289-299.
45. Fang X.M., Shi Z.T., Yang S.L., Yan M.D., Li J.J., Jiang P.A. Loess in the Tian Shan and its implications for the development of the Gurbantunggut Desert and drying of northern Xinjiang. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2002, 47(16):1381-1387.
46. Fang X.M., Zhao Z.J., Li J.J., Yan M.D., Pan B.T., Song C.H., Dai S. Magnetostratigraphy of the late Cenozoic Laojunmiao anticline in the northern Qilian Mountains and its implications for the northern Tibetan Plateau uplift. Sci. China Ser. D 2005, 48(7):1040-1051.
47. Feng Z.D., Wang H.B. Geographic variations in particle size distribution of the last interglacial pedocomplex S1 across the Chinese Loess Plateau: their chronological and pedogenic implications. Catena 2006, 65:315-328.
48. Ferrat M., Weiss D.J., Strekopytov S., Dong S.F., Chen H.Y., Najorka J., Sun Y.B., Gupta S., Tada R., Sinha R. Improved provenance tracing of Asian dust sources using rare earth elements and selected trace elements for paleomonsoon studies on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2011, 75(21):6374-6399.
49. Gao Y.X. On some problems of Asian monsoon. Some Questions About the East Asian Monsoon 1962, 1-49. Chinese Science Press, Beijing. Y. Gao (Ed.).
50. Gao Q.Z., Tao Z., Li B.S., Jin H.L., Zou X.Y., Zhang Y.C., Dong G.R. Palaeomonsoon variability in the southern fringe of the Badain Jaran Desert, China, since 130ka BP. Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 2006, 31(3):265-283.
51. Gates J.B., Edmunds W.M., Darling W.G., Ma J.Z., Pang Z.H., Yong A.A. Conceptual model of recharge to southeastern Badain Jaran Desert groundwater and lakes from environmental tracers. Appl. Geochem. 2008, 23:3519-3534.
52. Gates J.B., Edmunds W.M., Ma J.Z., Scanlon B.R. Estimating groundwater recharge in a cold desert environment in Northern China using chloride. Hydrogeol. J. 2008, 16:893-910.
53. Guan Q.Y., Pan B.T., Li N., Zhang J.D., Xue L.J. Timing and significance of the initiation of present day deserts in the northeastern Hexi Corridor, China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2011, 306(1):70-74.
54. Guo Z.T., Liu T.S., Fedoroff N., Wei L.Y., Ding Z.L., Wu N.Q., Lu H.Y., Jiang W.Y., An Z.S. Climate extremes in loess of China coupled with the strength of deep-water formation in the North Atlantic. Glob. Planet. Chang. 1998, 18:113-128.
55. Guo Z.T., Ruddiman W.F., Hao Q.Z., Wu H.B., Qiao Y.S., Zhu R.X., Peng S.Z., Wei J.J., Yuan B.Y., Liu T.S. Onset of Asian desertification by 22Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China. Nature 2002, 416:159-162.
56. Guo Z.T., Peng S.Z., Hao Q.Z., Biscaye P.E., An Z.S., Liu T.S. Late Miocene-Pliocene development of Asian aridification as recorded in an eolian sequence in northern China. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2004, 41(3-4):135-145.
57. Guo Z.T., Sun B., Zhang Z.S., Peng S.Z., Xiao G.Q., Ge J.Y., Wei J.J. A major reorganization of Asian climate by the early Miocene. Clim. Past 2008, 4(3):153-174.
58. Han W.X., Fang X.M., Berger A. Tibet forcing of mid-Pleistocene synchronous enhancement of East Asian winter and summer monsoons revealed by Chinese loess record. Quat. Res. 2012, 78(2):174-184.
59. Hao Q.Z., Guo Z.T. Magnetostratigraphy of an early-middle Miocene loess-soil sequence in the western Loess Plateau of China. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, 34:L18305.
60. Hays J.D., Imbrie J., Shackleton N.J. Variations in the earth's orbit: pacemaker of the ice ages. Science 1976, 194:1121-1132.
61. Head M.J., Pillans B., Farquhar S.A. The Early-Middle Pleistocene transition: characterization and proposed guide for the defining boundary. Episodes 2008, 31(2):255.
62. Heermance R.V., Pullen A., Kapp P., Garzione C.N., Bogue S., Ding L., Song P. Climatic and tectonic controls on sedimentation and erosion during the Pliocene-Quarternary in the Qaidam Basin (China). Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2013, 125:833-856.
63. Hovan S.A., Rea D.K., Pisias N.G. Late Pleistocene continental climate and oceanic variability recorded in northwest Pacific sediments. Paleoceanography 1991, 6(3):349-370.
64. Imbrie J., Hays J.D., Martinson D.B., McIntyre A., Mix A.C., Morlet J.J., Pisias N.G., Prell W.L., Shackleton N.J. The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record. Milankovitch and Climate, Part 1 1984, 269-305. A. Berger (Ed.).
65. Jiang F.C., Wu X.H., Xiao H.G., Zhao Z.Z., Wang S.M., Xue B. Age of the vermiculated red soil in Jiujiang area, central China. J. Geomech. 1997, 3(4):27-32. (In Chinese with English abstract).
66. Jiang H.C., Ding Z.L., Xiong S.F. Magnetostratigraphy of the Neogene Sikouzi section at Guyuan, Ningxia, China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2007, 243(1):223-234.
67. Jolivet M., Ritz J.F., Vassallo R., Larroque C., Braucher R., Todbileg M., Chauvet A., Sue C., Arnaud N., De Vicente R., Arzhanikova A., Arzhanikov S. Mongolian summits: an uplifted, flat, old but still preserved erosion surface. Geology 2007, 35:871-874.
68. Kapp P., Pelletier J.D., Rohrmann A., Heermance R., Russell J., Ding L. Wind erosion in the Qaidam basin, central Asia: implications for tectonics, paleoclimate, and the source of the Loess Plateau. GSA Today 2011, 21(4/5):4-10.
69. Laskar J., Robutel P., Joutel F., Gastineau M., Correia A., Levrard B. A long term numerical solution for the insolation quantities of the Earth. Astron. Astrophys. 2004, 428:261-285.
70. Li J.J. The environmental effects of the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1991, 10(6):479-483.
71. Li S.G. The Geology of China 1999, 1-50. Geological Publishing House, China. Expanded edition.
72. Li J.J., Fang X.M. Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and environmental changes. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1999, 44(23):2117-2124.
73. Li J.J., Fang X.M., Ma H.Z., Zhu J.J., Pan B.T., Chen H.L. The evolution of the Yellow River geomorphology and the uplift of Tibetan plateau. Sci. China Ser. D 1996, 26:316-322. (In Chinese).
74. Li J.J., Fang X.M., Van R., Zhu J.J., Niocaill C.M., Ono Y., Pan B.T., Zhong W., Wang J.L., Sasaki T., Zhang Y.T., Cao J.X., Kang S.C., Wang J.M. Magnetostratigraphic dating of river terraces: rapid and intermittent incision by the Yellow River of the northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau during the Quaternary. J. Geophys. Res. 1997, 102(B5):10121-10132.
75. Li J.J., Fang X.M., Song C.H., Pan B.T., Ma Y.Z., Yan M.D. Late Miocene-Quaternary rapid stepwise uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau and its effects on climatic and environmental changes. Quat. Res. 2014, 8(3):400-423.
76. Li Z.J., Sun D.H., Chen F.H., Nie J.S., Wang F., Zhang Y.B., Guo F., Wang X., Li B.F. Chronology studies of a drill core in the central Tengger Desert of China and its paleoclimatic implications. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2014, 85:85-98.
77. Lisiecki L.E., Raymo M.E. A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography 2005, 20(1). 10.1029/2004PA001071.
78. Liu T.S. Loess and the Environment 1985, 1-481. China Ocean Press, Beijing.
79. Liu G.S. Soil Physical and Chemical Analysis and Profile Description 1996, 1-166. Standards Press of China, Beijing.
80. Liu T.S., Ding Z.L. Stepwise coupling of monsoon circulation to global ice volume variations during the late Cenozoic. Glob. Planet. Chang. 1993, 7:119-130.
81. Liu T.S., Ding Z.L. Chinese loess and the paleomonsoon. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1998, 26(1):111-145.
82. Liu T.S., Ding Z.L. Chinese loess and the paleomonsoon. Annu. Rev. of Earth Planet. Sci. 1998, 26:111-145.
83. Liu T.S., Ding M.L., Derbyshire E. Gravel deposits on the margins of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, and their environmental significance. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1996, 120(1):159-170.
84. Liu D.L., Fang X.M., Song C.H., Dai S., Zhang T., Zhang W.L., Miao Y.F., Liu Y.Q., Wang J.Y. Stratigraphic and paleomagnetic evidence of mid-Pleistocene rapid deformation and uplift of the NE Tibetan Plateau. Tectonophysics 2010, 486:108-119.
85. Lou T.M. The formation and utilization of the desert between Minqing and Badain Monastery: Research of Desert Control, Series 3 1962, 90-95. Science Press, Beijing.
86. Lu H.Y., Wang X.Y., An Z.S., Miao X.D., Tan H.B., Zhu R.X., Ma H.Z., Li Z., Wang X.Y. Geomorphologic evidence of phased uplift of the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau since 14million years ago. Sci. China Ser. D 2004, 47:822-833.
87. Lu H.Y., Wang X.Y., Li L. Aeolian sediment evidence that global cooling has driven late Cenozoic stepwise aridification in central Asia. Geol. Soc. Lond., Spec. Publ. 2010, 342(1):29-44.
88. Lu Q., Wu B., Dong Z.B., Lu H.Y., Xiao H.L., Wang J.H., Qu J.J., Yang W.B. A Study of the Kumtag Desert 2012, 1-470. Science Press of China, Beijing.
89. Ma J.Z., Edmunds W.M. Groundwater and lake evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert ecosystem, Inner Mongolia. Hydrogeol. J. 2006, 14:1231-1243.
90. Ma Y.Z., Fang X.M., Li J.J., Wu F.L., Zhang J. The vegetation and climate change during Neocene and Early Quaternary in Jiuxi Basin, China. Sci. China Ser. D 2005, 48(5):676-688.
91. Ma J.Z., Ding Z., Gates J.B., Su Y. Chloride and the environmental isotopes as the indicators of the groundwater recharge in the Gobi Desert, northwest China. Environ. Geol. 2008, 55:1407-1419.
92. Manabe S., Broccoli A.J. Mountains and arid climates of middle latitudes. Science 1990, 247:192-195.
93. Markey B.G., Bøtter-Jensen L., Duller G.A.T. A new flexible system for measuring thermally and optically stimulated luminescence. Radiat. Meas. 1997, 27:83-89.
94. Meng Q.R., Hu J.M., Jin J.Q., Zhang Y., Xu D.F. Tectonics of the late Mesozoic wide extensional basin system in the China-Mongolia border region. Basin Res. 2003, 15(3):397-415.
95. Milankovitch M.M. Kanon der Erdestrahlung. Beograd. Koninglich Serbische Akademie 1941, (484pp. English translation: Canon of Insolation and the Ice Age Problem, by the Israel Program for Scientific Translation and published for the U.S. Department of Commerce and the National Science Foundation).
96. Mischke S. New evidence for origin of Badain Jaran Desert of Inner Mongolia from granulometry and thermoluminescence dating. J. Paleogeogr. 2005, 7(1):79-97.
97. Molnar P., England P., Martinod J. Mantle dynamics, uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, and the Indian monsoon. Rev. Geophys. 1993, 31(4):357-396.
98. Paillard D., Labeyrie L., Yiou P. Macintosh program performs time-series analysis. Eos. Trans. AGU 1996, 77:379.
99. Pan B.T., Burbank D., Wang Y.X., Wu G.J., Li J.J., Guan Q.Y. A 900ky record of strath terrace formation during glacial-interglacial transitions in northwest China. Geology 2003, 31(11):957-960.
100. Pan B.T., Su H., Hu Z.B., Hu X.F., Gao H.S., Li J.J., Kirby E. Evaluating the role of climate and tectonics during non-steady incision of the Yellow River: evidence from a 1.24Ma terrace record near Lanzhou, China. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2009, 28(27):3281-3290.
101. Prescott J.R., Hutton J.T. Cosmic ray contributions to dose rates for luminescence and ESR dating: large depths and long-term time variations. Radiat. Meas. 1994, 23:497-500.
102. Prokopenko A.A., Hinnov L.A., Williams D.F., Kuzmin M.I. Orbital forcing of continental climate during the Pleistocene: a complete astronomically tuned climatic record from Lake Baikal, SE Siberia. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2006, 25(23):3431-3457.
103. Qiang X.K., Li Z.X., Powell C.M., Zheng H.B. Magnetostratigraphic record of the Late Miocene onset of the East Asian monsoon, and Pliocene uplift of northern Tibet. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2001, 187(1):83-93.
104. Qiang X.K., An Z.S., Song Y.G., Chang H., Sun Y.B., Liu W.G., Ao H., Dong J.B., Fu C.F., Wu F., Lu F.Y., Cai Y.J., Zhou W.J., Cao J.J., Xu X.W., Ai L. New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25Ma ago. Sci. China Ser. D 2011, 51(1):136-144.
105. Qiao Y.S., Guo Z.T., Hao Q.Z., Wu W.X., Jiang W.Y., Yuan B.Y., Zhang Z.S., Wei J.J., Zhao H. Loess-soil sequences in Southern Anhui Province: magnetostratigraphy and paleoclimatic significance. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2003, 48(13):1465-1469.
106. Qiao Y.S., Zhao Z.Z., Wang Y., Wang S.B., Fu J.L., Li C.Z., Jiang F.C. Magnetostratigraphy and its paleoclimatic significance of a loess-soil sequence from Ganzi Area, West Sichuan Plateau. Quat. Sci. 2006, 26(2):250-256. (In Chinese with English abstract).
107. Qiao Y.S., Liu D.Y., Li C.Z., Li M.Z., Wang Y., Zhao Z.Z. Magnetostratigraphy of a loess-soil sequence in the Ganzi area, Western Sichuan. J. Geomech. 2007, 13(4):289-296. (In Chinese with English abstract).
108. Ramstein G., Fluteau F., Besse J., Joussaume S. Effect of orogeny, plate motion and land-sea distribution on Eurasian climate change over the past 30 million years. Nature 1997, 386:788-795.
109. Rea D.K. The paleoclimatic record provided by eolian deposition in the deep sea: the geologic history of wind. Rev. Geophys. 1994, 32(2):159-195.
110. Rea D.K., Snoeckx H., Joseph L.H. Late Cenozoic eolian deposition in the North Pacific: Asian drying, Tibetan uplift, and cooling of the northern hemisphere. Paleoceanography 1998, 13(3):215-224.
111. Rink W.J. Electron spin resonance (ESR) dating and ESR applications in Quaternary science and archaeometry. Radiat. Meas. 1997, 27(5-6):975-1025.
112. Ruddiman W.F., Kutzbach J.E. Late Cenozoic plateau uplift and climate change: transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Earth Sci. Rev. 1990, 81(4):301-314.
113. Sakai H., Yahagi W., Fujii R., Hayashi T., Upreti B.N. Pleistocene rapid uplift of the Himalayan frontal ranges recorded in the Kathmandu and Siwalik basins. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2006, 241(1):16-27.
114. Shackleton N.J., Berger A., Peltier W.R. An alternative astronomical calibration of the lower Pleistocene time-scale based on ODP site 677. Trans. R. Soc. Edinb. Earth Sci. 1990, 81:251-261.
115. Shackleton N.G., Hall M.A., Pate D. Pliocene stable isotope stratigraphy of ODP site 846. Proceedings of the ODP Science Results 1995, vol 138:337-355. N.G. Pisias, L.A. Mayer, T.R. Janecek (Eds.).
116. Song C.H., Gao D.L., Fang X.M., Cui Z.J., Li J.J., Yang S.L., Jin H.B., Burbank D., Kirschvink J.L. High-resolution magnetostratigraphy of late Cenozoic sediments from the Kunlun Shan Pass Basin and its implications on deformation and uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2005, 50:1912-1922.
117. Sun J.M. Provenance of loess material and formation of loess deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2002, 203(3):845-859.
118. Sun D.H. Monsoon and westerly circulation changes recorded in the late Cenozoic aeolian sequences of Northern China. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2004, 41(1):63-80.
119. Sun J.M. Long-term fluvial archives in the Fen Wei Graben, central China, and their bearing on the tectonic history of the India-Asia collision system during the Quaternary. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2005, 24(10):1279-1286.
120. Sun Y.B., An Z.S. Late Pliocene-Pleistocene changes in mass accumulation rates of eolian deposits on the central Chinese Loess Plateau. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos. 2005, 110:D23101. 10.1029/2005JD006064.
121. Sun J.M., Liu T.S. Stratigraphic evidence for the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau between ~1.1 and ~0.9myr ago. Quat. Res. 2000, 54(3):309-320.
122. Sun J.M., Liu T.S. The Age of Taklimakan Desert. Science 2006, 312:1621.
123. Sun P.S., Sun D.Q. The Hydrological Geology of the Western Inner Mongolia, Research of Desert Control, Series 6 1964, 121-146. Science Press, Beijing.
124. Sun D.H., An Z.S., Shaw J., Bloemendal J., Sun Y.B. Magnetostratigraphy and palaeoclimatic significance of late Tertiary aeolian sequences in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geophys. J. Int. 1998, 134(1):207-212.
125. Sun D.H., Shaw J., An Z.S., Cheng M.Y., Yue L.P. Magnetostratigraphy and paleoclimatic interpretation of a continuous 7.2Ma late Cenozoic eolian sediments from the Chinese Loess Plateau. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25(1):85-88.
126. Sun J.M., Ding Z.L., Liu T.S., Rokosh D., Rutter N. 580,000-year environmental reconstruction from aeolian deposits at the Mu Us Desert margin, China. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1999, 18:1351-1364.
127. Sun D.H., Bloemendal J., Rea D.K., Vandenberghe J., Jiang F.C., An Z.S., Su R.X. Grain-size distribution function of polymodal sediments in hydraulic and aeolian environments, and numerical partitioning of the sedimentary components. Sediment. Geol. 2002, 152(3):263-277.
128. Sun Y.B., Clemens S.C., An Z.S., Yu Z.W. Astronomical timescale and palaeoclimatic implication of stacked 3.6-Myr monsoon records from the Chinese Loess Plateau. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2006, 25:33-48.
129. Sun D.H., Su R.X., Bloemendal J., Lu H.Y. Grain-size and accumulation rate records from Late Cenozoic aeolian sequences in northern China: implications for variations in the East Asian winter monsoon and westerly atmospheric circulation. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2008, 264(1):39-53.
130. Sun J.M., Zhang Z., Zhang L. New evidence on the age of the Taklimakan Desert. Geology 2009, 37:159-162.
131. Sun J.M., Ye J., Wu W.Y., Ni X.J., Bi S.D., Zhang Z.Q., Liu W.M., Meng J. Late Oligocene-Miocene mid-latitude aridification and wind patterns in the Asian interior. Geology 2010, 38:515-518.
132. Sun D.H., Su R.X., Li Z.J., Lu H.Y. Ultrafine component in Chinese loess and variation over the past 7.6Ma: implication for pedogenesis history. Sedimentology 2010, 10.1111/j.1365-3091.2010.01189.x.
133. Sun D.H., Bloemendal J., Yi Z.Y., Zhu Y.H., Wang X., Zhang Y.B., Li Z.J., Wang F., Han F., Zhang Y. Palaeomagnetic and palaeoenvironmental study of two parallel sections of late Cenozoic strata in the central Taklimakan Desert: implications for the desertification of the Tarim Basin. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2011, 300(1):1-10.
134. Sun D.H., Zhang Y.B., Han F., Zhang Y., Yi Z.Y., Li Z.J., Wang F., Wu S., Li B.F. Magnetostratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental records for a Late Cenozoic sedimentary sequence from Lanzhou, Northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Glob. Planet. Chang. 2011, 76(3):106-116.
135. Tang Z.H., Ding Z.L., White P.D., Dong X.X., Ji J.L., Jiang H.C., Luo P., Wang X. Late Cenozoic central Asian drying inferred from a palynological record from the northern Tian Shan. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 302(3):439-447.
136. Tapponnier P., Xu Z.Q., Roger F., Meyer B., Arnaud N., Wittlinger G., Yang J.S. Oblique stepwise rise and growth of the Tibet Plateau. Science 2001, 294(5547):1671-1677.
137. Teng Z.H., Shen X.P. A study of eolian loess and it s lower boundary in China. J. Stratigr. 1995, 19(2):81-87.
138. Wang T. Formation and evolution of Badain Jirin Desert, China. J. Desert Res. 1990, 10(1):29-40. (In Chinese with English abstract).
139. Wang N.A. A discussion on the evolution of east Asian Monsoon. Mar. Geol. Quat. Geol. 1998, 18(3):1-11. (In Chinese with English abstract).
140. Wang J., Wang Y.J., Liu Z.C., Li J.Q., Xi P. Cenozoic environmental evolution of the Qaidam Basin and its implications for the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the drying of central Asia. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1999, 152(1):37-47.
141. Wang N.A., Li Z.L., Cheng H.Y., Li Y., Huang Y.Z. New discussion on the high level and mega lake period in Alashan Plateau since Late Quaternary. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2011, 56(17):1367-1377.
142. Wang X., Sun D.H., Chen F.H., Wang F., Li B.F., Popov S.V., Wu S., Zhang Y.B., Li Z.J. Cenozoic paleo-environmental evolution of the Pamir-Tien Shan convergence zone. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2013, 80(5):84-100.
143. Wu Z. Sandy Deserts and its Control in China 2009, 1-90. Science Press of China, Beijing.
144. Wu G.J., Pan B.T., Li J.J., Guan Q.Y., Liu Z.G. Tectonic-climatic events in eastern Qilian Mountains over the past 0.83Ma. Sci. China Ser. D 2001, 44:251-260.
145. Wu H.B., Guo Z.T., Fang X.M., Zhang J.W., Chen F.H. Extension of drylands in Northern China around 250kaBP linked with uplift of the southeast margin of Tibetan Plateau. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2002, 47(20):1739-1745.
146. Wu Z.H., Barosh P.J., Wu Z.H., Hu D.G., Zhao X., Ye P.S. Vast early Miocene lakes of the central Tibetan Plateau. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 2008, 120:1326-1337.
147. Xie Y.Y. Characteristic Atlas of Chinese Quartz Sand Surface Textures 1984, 4-14. China Ocean Press, Beijing.
148. Xiong S.F., Ding Z.L., Liu T.S. Climatic implications of loess deposits from the Beijing region. J. Quat. Sci. 2001, 16(6):575-582.
149. Xiong S.F., Ding Z.L., Zhu Y.J., Zhou R., Lu H.J. A 6Ma chemical weathering history, the grain size dependence of chemical weathering intensity, and its implications for provenance change of the Chinese loess-red clay deposit. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2010, 29(15):1911-1922.
150. Xu X.Y., He S.P., Wang H.L., Chen J.L., Zhang E.P., Feng Y.M. Concise Geology of Northwestern China-Qinling, Qilian and Tianshan Area 2008, 1-330. Science Press of China, Beijing.
151. Yan M.C., Wang G.Q., Li B.S., Dong G.R. Formation and growth of high megadunes in Badain Jaran Desert. Acta Geograph. Sin. 2001, 56:83-91. (In Chinese with English abstract).
152. Yan M.D., Fang X.M., Chen S.Y., Yang S.L., Lv L.Q., Li J.J., An Z.S. Pleistocene magnetic susceptibility and stratigraphy study in Tibetan loess and the great climatic change events. Sci. China Ser. D 2001, 44(Supplement 1):227-232.
153. Yang X.P. Chemistry and late Quaternary evolution of ground and surface waters in the area of Yabulai Mountains, western Inner Mongolia, China. Catena 2006, 66:135-144.
154. Yang S.L., Ding Z.L. Color reflectance of Chinese loess and its implications for climate gradient changes during the last two glacial-interglacial cycles. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2003, 30(20):2058.
155. Yang X.P., Scuderi L.A. Hydrological and climatic changes in deserts of China since the late Pleistocene. Quat. Res. 2010, 73(1):1-9.
156. Yang S.L., Fang X.M., Li J.J., An Z.S., Chen S.Y., Fukusawa H. Transformation functions of soil color and climate. Sci. China Ser. D 2001, 44(Supplement 1):218-226.
157. Yang X.P., Liu T.S., Xiao H.L. Evolution of megadunes and lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert, Inner Mongolia, China during the last 31,000years. Quat. Int. 2003, 104(1):99-112.
158. Yang S.L., Ding F., Ding Z.L. Pleistocene chemical weathering history of Asian arid and semi-arid regions recorded in loess deposits of China and Tajikistan. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70(7):1695-1709.
159. Yang S.L., Fang X.M., Shi Z.T., Lehmkuhl F., Song C.H., Han Y.X., Han W.X. Timing and provenance of loess in the Sichuan Basin, southwestern China. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2010, 292(1):144-154.
160. Yang X.P., Scuderi L., Liu T., Paillou P., Li H.W., Dong J.F., Zhu B.Q., Jiang W.W., Jochems A., Weissmann G. Formation of the highest sand dunes on Earth. Geomorphology 2011, 135(1):108-116.
161. Yang X.P., Scuderi L., Paillou P., Liu Z.T., Li H.W., Ren X.Z. Quaternary environmental changes in the drylands of China-a critical review. Quat. Sci. Rev. 2011, 30(23):3219-3233.
162. Yin Q.Z., Guo Z.T. Strong summer monsoon during the cool MIS-13. Clim. Past 2008, 4(1):29-34.
163. Yokoyama Y., Falguéres C., Quaegebeur J.P. ESR dating of quartz from Quaternary sediments: first attempt. Nucl. Tracks 1985, 10:921-928.
164. Yu Z.W., Ding Z.L. An automatic orbital tuning method for the Paleoclimate records. Geophys. Res. Lett. 1998, 25:4525-4528.
165. Zhai G.M., Song J.G., Jin J.Q., Gao W.L. Plate Tectonic Evolution and its Relationship to Petroliferous Basins 2002, 161-229. Petroleum Industries Press, Beijing.
166. Zhang L.S. Palaeogeography of China: The Formation of the Natural Environment in China 2012, 1-425. Science Press of China, Beijing, (In Chinese).
167. Zhang Z.L., Xin L.J., Nie X.H. A summary of loess researches in Shandong. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2004, 24(6):746-752. (In Chinese with English abstract).
168. Zhang Z.S., Wang H.J., Guo Z.T., Jiang D.B. Impacts of tectonic changes on the reorganization of the Cenozoic paleoclimatic patterns in China. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2007, 257(3):622-634.
169. Zhang Z.S., Wang H.J., Guo Z.T., Jiang D.B. What triggers the transition of palaeoenvironmental patterns in China, the Tibetan Plateau uplift or the Paratethys Sea retreat?. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 2007, 245(3):317-331.
170. Zhang W.L., Appel E., Fang X.M., Song C.H., Cirpka O. Magnetostratigraphy of deep drilling core SG-1 in the western Qaidam Basin (NE Tibetan Plateau) and its tectonic implications. Quat. Res. 2012, 78(1):139-148.
171. Zhao Z.Z., Qiao Y.S., Wang Y., Fu J.L., Wang S.B., Li C.Z., Yao H.T., Jiang F.C. Magnetostratigraphic and paleoclimatic studies on the Red Earth Formation from the Chengdu Plain in Sichuan Province, China. Sci. China Ser. D 2007, 50(6):927-935.
172. Zheng H.H., Zhu Z.Y., Huang B.L. A study on loess geochronology of Shandong Peninsula and northern part of Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces. Mar. Geol. Quat. Geol. 1994, 14(1):64-68. (In Chinese with English abstract).
173. Zheng H.B., Powell C.M., An Z.S., Zhou J., Dong G.R. Pliocene uplift of the northern Tibetan Plateau. Geology 2000, 28:715-718.
174. Zheng H.B., Powell C.M., Butcher K., Cao J.J. Late Neogene loess deposition in southern Tarim Basin: tectonic and palaeoenvironmental implications. Tectonophysics 2003, 375(1):49-59.