Coherence between marine and land use planning: public attitudes to landscapes in the context of siting a wind park along the Latvian coast of the Baltic Sea

Journal of Environmental Planning and Management

Volumn 58, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 949-975

  Veidemane, Kristina ^a   Nikodemus, Olgerts ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA   (Latvia)

Author keywords

Baltic Sea; landscape; public attitudes; spatial planning; wind parks

Indexed keywords

EID: 84925239733     PISSN: 09640568     EISSN: 13600559     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2014.903167     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Airoldi, L., and M. W. Beck. 2007. “Loss, Status and Trends for Coastal Marine Habitats of Europe.” In Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review. Vol. 45, edited by R. J. A. Gibson, J. D. M. Atkinson, and R. N. Gordon, 345–405. New York: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
2. Aitken, M. 2010. “Wind Power and Community Benefits: Challenges and Opportunities.” Energy Policy 38: 6066–6075. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.05.062
3. Altinay, L., and A. Paraskevas. 2008. “Planning Research in Hospitality and Tourism.” Amsterdam: Elsevier, Butterworth-Heinemann.
4. Ban, C., K. M. Bodtker, D. Nicolson, C.K. Robb, K. Royle, and C. Short. 2013. “Setting the Stage for Marine Spatial Planning: Ecological and Social Data Collation and Analyses in Canada's Pacific Waters.” Marine Policy 39: 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.10.017
5. Bidwell, D. 2013. “The Role of Values in Public Beliefs and Attitudes Towards Commercial Wind Energy.” Energy Policy 58: 189–199. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.03.010.
6. Bishop, I. D., and D. R. Miller. 2007. “Visual Assessment of Off-shore Wind Turbines: The Influence of Distance, Contrast, Movement and Social Variables.” Renewable Energy 32 (5): 814–831. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2006.03.009.
7. Calado, H., K. Ng, D. Johnson, L. Sousa, M. Phillips, and F. Alves. 2010. “Marine Spatial Planning: Lessons Learned from the Portuguese Debate.” Marine Policy 34 (6): 1341–1349. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2010.06.007.
8. Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. 2012. Tourism in Latvia in 2012. A Collection of Statistical Data. Riga: Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia.
9. Champ, P. A., and M. P. Welsh. 2007. “Survey Methodologies for Stated Choice Studies.” In Valuing Environmental Amenities Using Stated Choice Studies: A Common Sense Approach to Theory and Practice Series: The Economics of Non-Market Goods and Resources, Vol. 8, edited by B. I. Kanninen, 21–42. Dordrecht: Springer. doi:10.1007/1-4020-5313-4_2.
10. Commission of the EC (Commission of the European Communities). 2008. “Communication from the Commission. Roadmap for Maritime Spatial Planning: Achieving Common Principles in the EU.” COM (2008) 791 final. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?qid=1398314712460&uri=CELEX:52008DC0791
11. Council of Europe. 2000. “The European Landscape Convention.” Strasbourg. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/176.htm
12. Cowell, R., G. Bristow, and M. Munday. 2011. “Acceptance, Acceptability and Environmental Justice: the Role of Community Benefits in Wind Energy Development.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 54 (4): 539–557. doi:10.1080/09640568.2010.521047.
13. Dalton, T., and R. Thompson. 2013. “Recreational Boaters’ Perceptions of Scenic Value in Rhode Island Coastal Waters.” Ocean and Coastal Management 71: 99–107. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2012.10.002.
14. Devine-Wright, P. 2005. “Beyond NIMBYism: Towards an Integrated Framework for Understanding Public Perceptions of Wind Energy.” Wind Energy 8: 125–139. doi:10.1002/we.124
15. de Vries, S., M. de Groot, and J. Boers. 2012. “Eyesores in Sight: Quantifying the Impact of Man-made Elements on the Scenic Beauty of Dutch Landscapes.” Landscape and Urban Planning 105 (1–2): 118–127. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.12.005.
16. Dixon, C., and B. Leach. 1977. Sampling Methods for Geographical Research. Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography No. 17. Norwich: University of East Anglia.
17. Douvere, F. 2008. “The Importance of Marine Spatial Planning in Advancing Ecosystem-based Sea Use Management.” Marine Policy 32 (5): 762–771. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.021.
18. Ehler, C. 2008. “Conclusions: Benefits, Lessons Learned, and Future Challenges of Marine Spatial Planning.” Marine Policy 32 (5): 840–843. 10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.014.
19. European Commission. 2003. Public Participation in Relation to the Water Framework Directive. Guidance Document No. 8. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union. http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/public-participation-in-relation-to-the-water-framework-directive-pbKH5103221/?CatalogCategoryID=r1sKABstjgMAAAEjvIYY4e5K
20. European Commission. 2010a. “Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. Maritime spatial planning in the EU—achievements and future development. COM (2010) 771 final.” http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0771:EN:NOT
21. European Commission. 2010b. Tourism Statistics in the European Statistical System ‒ 2008 Data. Luxemburg: Publications Office of the European Union.
22. European Commission. 2013. “Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing a Framework for Maritime Spatial Planning and Integrated Coastal Management. Brussels, COM(2013) 133 final, 2013/0074 (COD).” http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/Proposal_en.pdf
23. European Community. 1992. “Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora.” Official Journal of European Communities L 206: 7–50.
24. European Community. 2002. “Council Recommendations 2002/413/EC of 30 May 2002 Concerning the Implementation of Coastal Zone Management in Europe.” Official Journal of European Communities L 148: 24–27.
25. EEA (European Environment Agency). 2006. The Changing Faces of Europe's Coastal Areas. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union.
26. EEA (European Environment Agency). 2010. 10 Messages for 2010: Coastal Ecosystems. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Union.
27. European Union (EU). 2012. “Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the Assessment of the Effects of Certain Public and Private Projects on the Environment.” Official Journal of European Union L 26: 1–21.
28. Firestone, F., and W. Kempton. 2007. “Public Opinion about Large Offshore Wind Power: Underlying Factors.” Energy Policy 35 (3): 1584–1598. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.04.010.
29. Firestone, J., W. Kempton, and A. Krueger. 2009. “Public Acceptance of Offshore Wind Power Projects in the USA.” Wind Energy 12 (2): 183–202. doi:10.1002/we.316.
30. Firestone, J., W. Kempton, M. B. Lilley, and K. Samoteskul. 2012. “Public Acceptance of Offshore Wind Power Across Regions and through Time.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 55 (10), 1369–1386. doi:10.1080/09640568.2012.682782.
31. Fleming, D. M., and P. J. S. Jones. 2012. “Challenges to Achieving Greater and Fairer Stakeholder Involvement in Marine Spatial Planning as Illustrated by the Lyme Bay Scallop Dredging Closure.” Marine Policy 36 (2): 370–377. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.07.006.
32. Fletcher, S., and K. Pike. 2007. “Coastal Management in the Solent: The Stakeholder Perspective.” Marine Policy 31 (5): 638–644. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.03.010.
33. Frechtling, D. C. 2006. “An Assessment of Visitor Expenditure Methods and Models”. Journal of Travel Research 45: 26–35. doi:10.1177/0047287506288877.
34. Gavena, I., I. Jekale, I. Valdmane, and O. Nikodemus. 2011. Pašvaldības, iedzīvotāju un uzņēmēju interešu saskaņošana – sabiedriskā apspriešana kā instruments, Riga: Vides aizsardzības un reģionālās attīstības ministrija.
35. Gee, K. 2010. “Offshore Wind Power Development as Affected by Seascape Values on the German North Sea Coast.” Land Use Policy 27 (2): 185–194. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.05.003.
36. Gee, K., and B. Burkhard. 2010. “Cultural Ecosystem Services in the Context of Offshore Wind Farming: A Case Study from the West Coast of Schleswig-Holstein.” Ecological Complexity 7: 349–358. doi:10.1016/j.ecocom.2010.02.008
37. Gideon, L. 2012. “The Art of Question Phrasing.” In Handbook of Survey Methodology for the Social Sciences, edited by L. Gideon, 91–107. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
38. Gilliland, P., and D. Lafolley. 2008. “Key Elements and Steps in the Process of Developing Ecosystem-based Marine Spatial Planning.” Marine Policy 32 (5): 787–796. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.022.
39. Gopnik, M., C. Fieseler, L. Cantral, K. McClellan, L. Pendleton, and L. Crowder. 2012. “Coming to the Table: Early Stakeholder Engagement in Marine Spatial Planning.” Marine Policy 36 (5): 1139–1149. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.02.012.
40. Hagget, C. 2011. “Understanding Public Responses to Offshore Wind Power.” Energy Policy 39: 503–510. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.10.014.
41. Halpern, B. S., J. Diamond, S. Gaines, S. Gelcich, M. Gleason, A. Jennings, S. Lester, 2012. “Near-term Priorities for the Science, Policy and Practice of Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (CMSP).” Marine Policy 36 (1): 198–205. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.05.004.
42. Hibberts, M., B. R. Johnson, and K. Hudson. 2012. “Common Survey Sampling Techniques.” In Handbook of Survey Methodology for the Social Sciences, edited by L. Gideon, 53–74. New York: Springer Science+Business Media.
43. Jones, C. R., and J. R. Eiser. 2009. “Identifying Predictors of Attitudes towards Local Onshore Wind Development with Reference to an English Case Study. Energy Policy 37 (11): 4604–4614. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.015.
44. Katsanevakisa, S., V. Stelzenmüller, A. South, T. K. Sørensen, P. J. S. Jones, S. Kerr, F. Badalamenti 2011. “Ecosystem-based Marine Spatial Management: Review of Concepts, Policies, Tools, and Critical Issues.” Ocean and Coastal Management 54 (11): 807–820. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.002.
45. Kaur, E., H. Palang, and H. Sooväli. 2007. “Landscapes in Change – Opposing Attitudes in Saaremaa, Estonia.” Landscape and Urban Planning 67 (1–4): 109–120. doi:10.1016/S0169-2046(03)00032-X.
46. Koutrakis, E., A. Sapounidis, S. Marzetti, V. Marin, S. Roussel, S. Martino, M. Fabiano 2011. “ICZM and Coastal Defence Perception by Beach Users: Lessons from the Mediterranean Coastal Area.” Ocean and Coastal Management 54 (11): 821–830. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.09.004.
47. Krohn, S., and S. Damborg. 1999. “On Public Attitudes Towards Wind Power”. Renewable Energy 16 (1): 954–960.
48. Krueger, A. D., G. R. Parsons, and J. Firestone. 2011. “Valuing the Visual Disamenity of Offshore Wind Power Projects at Varying Distances from the Shore.” Land Economics 87 (2): 268–283.
49. Ladenburg, J. 2009. “Visual Impact Assessment of Offshore Wind Farms and Prior Experience.” Applied Energy 86 (3): 380–387. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.05.005.
50. Ladenburg, J. 2010. “Attitudes Towards Offshore Wind Farms – The Role of Beach Visits on Attitude and Demographic and Attitude Relations.” Energy Policy 38: 1297–1304. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.005.
51. Ladenburg, J., and A. Dubgaard. 2007. “Willingness to Pay for Reduced Visual Disamenities from Offshore Wind Farms in Denmark”. Energy Policy 35: 4059–4071. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2007.01.023.
52. Ladenburg, J., and A. Dubgaard. 2009. “Preferences of Coastal Zone User Groups Regarding the Sitting of Offshore Wind Farms.” Ocean and Coastal Management 52 (5): 233–242. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2009.02.002.
53. Landry, C. E., T. Allen, T. Cherry, and J. C. Whitehead. 2012. “Wind Turbines and Coastal Recreation Demand.” Resource and Energy Economics 34 (1): 93–111. doi:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2011.10.001.
54. Lane, M. 2005. “Public Participation in Planning: An Intellectual History.” Australian Geographer 36 (3): 283–298. doi:10.1080/00049180500325694.
55. Lester, S. E., C. Costello, B. S. Halpern, S. D. Gaines, C. White, and J. A. Barth. 2013. “Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning.” Marine Policy 38: 80–89. Doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.05.022.
56. Lilley, B. M., J. Firestone, and W. Kempton. 2010. “The Effect of Wind Power Installations on Coastal Tourism.” Energies 3 (1): 1–22. doi:10.3390/en3010001.
57. LRCSP (LR Centrālā Statistikas pārvalde). 2013. Tūrisms Latvijā. Statistikas Datu Krājums: Rīga: Latvijas Republikas Centrālās Statistikas Pārvalde.
58. LRMK (LR Ministru kabinets). 2011. “Piekrastes Telpiskās Attīstības Pamatnostādnes 2011. –2017. Informatīvā Daļa.” http://polsis.mk.gov.lv/view.do?id=3634
59. Makino, A., Beger, M., Klein, C. J., Jupiter, S. D., and H. P. Possingham. 2013. “Integrated Planning for Land-Sea Ecosystem Connectivity to Protect Coral Reefs.” Biological Conservation 165: 35–42. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.05.027.
60. Maguire, B., J. Polts, and S. Fletcher. 2012. “The Role of Stakeholders in the Marine Planning Process- Stakeholders’ Analysis within the Solent, United Kingdom.” Marine Policy 36 (1): 246–257. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2011.05.012.
61. Molnarova, K., P. Sklenicka, J. Stiborek, K. Svobodova, M. Salek, and E. Brabec. 2012. “Visual Preferences for Wind Turbines: Location, Numbers and Respondent Characteristics.” Applied Energy 92: 269–278. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.11.001.
62. O’Mahony, C., J. Gault, V. Cummins, K. Köpke, and D. O’Suilleabhain. 2009. “Assessment of Recreation Activity and its Application to Integrated Management and Spatial Planning for Cork Harbour, Ireland.” Marine Policy 33 (6): 930–937. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2009.04.010.
63. Pomeroy, R., and F. Douvere. 2008. “The Engagement of Stakeholders in the Marine Spatial Planning Process.” Marine Policy 32 (5): 816–822. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2008.03.017.
64. Punt, M. J., R. A. Groeneveld, E. C. van Ierland, and J. H. Stel. 2010. “Spatial Planning of Offshore Wind Farms: A Windfall to Marine Environmental Protection?” Ecological Economics 69 (1): 93–103. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.07.013.
65. Qiu,W., and P. J. S Jones. 2013. “The Emerging Policy Landscape for Marine Spatial Planning in Europe” Marine Policy 39: 182–190. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.10.010.
66. Saeima of the Republic of Latvia. 2010. “Sustainable Development Strategy of Latvia until 2030”. http://www.latvija2030.lv/upload/latvija2030_en2.pdf
67. Schaefer, N., and V. Barale. 2011. “Maritime Spatial Planning: Opportunities & Challenges in the Framework of the EU Integrated Maritime Policy.” Journal of Coastal Conservation 15 (2): 237–245. doi:10.1007/s11852-011-0154-3.
68. Shipman, B., and T. Stojanovic. 2007. “Facts, Fictions, and Failures of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe.” Coastal Management 35 (2–3), 375–398. doi:10.1080/08920750601169659.
69. Smith, H. D., M. Maes, T. A. Stojanovic, and R. C. Ballinger. 2011. “The Integration of Land and Marine Spatial Planning.” Journal of Coastal Conservation 15 (2): 291–303. doi:10.1007/s11852-010-0098-z.
70. Söderholm, P., and M. Pettersson. 2011. “Offshore Wind Power Policy and Planning in Sweden.” Energy Policy 39 (2): 518–525. doi:1016/j.enpol.2010.05.065.
71. Stynes, D. J., and E. M. White. 2006. “Reflections on Measuring Recreation and Travel Spending” Journal of Travel Research 45: 8–16. doi:10.1177/0047287506288873.
72. Sun,Y. Y., and D. J. Stynes. 2005. “A Note on Estimating Visitor Spending on a Per Day/Night Basis.” Tourism Management 27: 721–725. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2005.04.008
73. Taussik, J. 2007. “The Opportunities of Spatial Planning for Integrated Coastal Management.” Marine Policy 31 (5): 611–618. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2007.03.006.
74. Veidemane, K. 2011. “The Impact of Driving Forces and Protection Policies on Future Coastal Landscapes: A Case Study of Latvia.” In Global Change and Baltic Coastal Zones, Coastal Research Library 1, edited by G. Schernewski 193–210. The Netherlands: Springer.
75. Waldo, A. 2012. “Offshore Wind Power in Sweden – A Qualitative Analysis of Attitudes with Particular Focus on Opponents.” Energy Policy 41: 692–702. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.11.033.
76. Warren, C.R., C. Lumsden, S. O’Dowd, and R. V. Birnie. 2005. “‘Green on Green’: Public Perceptions of Wind Power in Scotland and Ireland.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 48 (6): 853–875. doi:10.1080/09640560500294376.
77. Warren, C. R., and M. McFadyen. 2010. “Does Community Ownership Affect Public Attitudes to Wind Energy? A Case Study from South-West Scotland”. Land Use Policy 27: 204–213. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.12.010.
78. Westerberg, V., Jacobsen, J., and R. Lifran. 2013. “The Case for Offshore Wind Farms, Artificial Reefs and Sustainable Tourism in the French Mediterranean” Tourism Management 34: 172–183. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2012.04.008.
79. Wolsink, M. 2007. “Planning of Renewables Schemes: Deliberative and Fair Decision-making on Landscape Issues Instead of Reproachful Accusations of Non-cooperation.” Energy Policy 35 (5): 2692–2704. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.002.
80. Wolsink, M. 2010. “Near-shore Wind Power ‒ Protected Seascapes, Environmentalists’ Attitudes, and the Technocratic Planning Perspective.” Land Use Policy 27: 195–203. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.04.004.