MIF and CD74 - Suitability as clinical biomarkers

Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry

Volumn 14, Issue 14, 2014, Pages 1125-1131

  Grieb, Gerrit ^a   Kim, Bong Sung ^a   Simons, David ^a,b   Bernhagen, Jürgen ^a   Pallua, Norbert ^a  

^a RWTH AACHEN UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b GERMAN CANCER RESEARCH CENTER DKFZ   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biomarker; CD74; Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF); Macrophage migration inhibitory factor receptor

Indexed keywords

BACTERIUM LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN; CD74 ANTIGEN; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CYCLIN G1; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERLEUKIN 8; MACROPHAGE MIGRATION INHIBITION FACTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE 3; PROCALCITONIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E2; PROTEIN MDM2; PROTEIN P21; PROTEIN P53; SOMATOMEDIN B; B LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN; HLA ANTIGEN CLASS 2; INVARIANT CHAIN;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BODY MASS; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASES; ENDOTOXEMIA; HUMAN; IMPAIRED GLUCOSE TOLERANCE; INSULIN SENSITIVITY; MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX; METABOLIC DISORDER; NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS; NEOPLASM; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; PROTEIN INTERACTION; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SEPTIC SHOCK; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; CHEMISTRY; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; METABOLISM; NEOPLASMS; PHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE;

ANTIGENS, DIFFERENTIATION, B-LYMPHOCYTE; BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS CLASS II; HUMANS; MACROPHAGE MIGRATION-INHIBITORY FACTORS; NEOPLASMS; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, SECONDARY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84924864845     PISSN: 13895575     EISSN: 18755607     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/1389557515666150203143317     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Rich, A. R., and Lewis, M. R. The nature of allergy in tuberculosis as revealed by tissue culture studies. Bull Johns. Hopkins Hosp., 1932, 50, 115-131.
2. George, M., and Vaughn, J. H. In vitro cell migration as a model for delayed hypersensitivity. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Mes., 1963, 111, 514-521.
3. David, J. R. Delayed hypersensitivity in vitro: its mediation by cellfree substances formed by lymphoid cell-antigen interaction. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 1966, 56, 72-77.
4. Bernhagen, J., Calandra, T., Mitchell, R. A., Martin, S. B., Tracey, K. J., Voelter, W., Manogue, K. R., Cerami, A., and Bucala, R. MIF is a pituitary-derived cytokine that potentiates lethal endotoxaemia.[erratum appears in Nature 1995 Nov 23;378(6555): 419]. Nature, 1993, 365, 756-759.
5. Lolis, E., and Bucala, R. Crystal structure of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a glucocorticoid-induced regulator of cytokine production, reveals a unique architecture. Proc. Assoc. Am. Physicians., 1996, 108, 415-419.
6. Weber, C., Kraemer, S., Drechsler, M., Lue, H., Koenen, R. R., Kapurniotu, A., Zernecke, A., and Bernhagen, J. Structural determinants of MIF functions in CXCR2-mediated inflammatory and atherogenic leukocyte recruitment. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U S A, 2008, 105, 16278-16283.
7. Sun, H. W., Swope, M., Cinquina, C., Bedarkar, S., Bernhagen, J., Bucala, R., and Lolis, E. The subunit structure of human macrophage migration inhibitory factor: evidence for a trimer. Protein Engineering, 1996, 9, 631-635.
8. Nathan, C.F., Karnovsky, M.L., and David, J. R. Alterations of macrophage functions by mediators from lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med., 1971, 133, 1356-1376.
9. Nathan, C.F., Remold, H.G., and David, J.R. Characterization of a lymphocyte factor which alters macrophage functions. J. Exp. Med., 1973, 137, 275-290.
10. Bernhagen, J., Mitchell, R. A., Calandra, T., Voelter, W., Cerami, A., and Bucala, R. Purification, bioactivity, and secondary structure analysis of mouse and human macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Biochemistry, 1994, 33, 14144-14155.
11. Kleemann, R., Kapurniotu, A., Frank, R. W., Gessner, A., Mischke, R., Flieger, O., Juttner, S., Brunner, H., and Bernhagen, J. (1998) Disulfide analysis reveals a role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as thiol-protein oxidoreductase. J. Mol. Biol., 1998, 280, 85-102.
12. Mitchell, R. A., Liao, H., Chesney, J., Fingerle-Rowson, G., Baugh, J., David, J., and Bucala, R. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) sustains macrophage proinflammatory function by inhibiting p53: regulatory role in the innate immune response. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002, 99, 345-350.
13. Calandra, T., Bernhagen, J., Metz, C. N., Spiegel, L. A., Bacher, M., Donnelly, T., Cerami, A., and Bucala, R. MIF as a glucocorticoid-induced modulator of cytokine production. Nature, 1995, 377, 68-71.
14. Leng, L., Metz, C. N., Fang, Y., Xu, J., Donnelly, S., Baugh, J., Delohery, T., Chen, Y., Mitchell, R. A., and Bucala, R. MIF signal transduction initiated by binding to CD74. J. Exp. Med., 2003, 197, 1467-1476.
15. Shi, X., Leng, L., Wang, T., Wang, W., Du, X., Li, J., McDonald, C., Chen, Z., Murphy, J. W., Lolis, E., Noble, P., Knudson, W., and Bucala, R. CD44 is the signaling component of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor-CD74 receptor complex. Immunity, 2006, 25, 595-606.
16. Bernhagen, J., Krohn, R., Lue, H., Gregory, J. L., Zernecke, A., Koenen, R. R., Dewor, M., Georgiev, I., Schober, A., Leng, L., Kooistra, T., Fingerle-Rowson, G., Ghezzi, P., Kleemann, R., McColl, S. R., Bucala, R., Hickey, M. J., and Weber, C. MIF is a noncognate ligand of CXC chemokine receptors in inflammatory and atherogenic cell recruitment. Nat. Med., 2007,13, 587-596.
17. Calandra, T., Echtenacher, B., Roy, D. L., Pugin, J., Metz, C. N., Hultner, L., Heumann, D., Mannel, D., Bucala, R., and Glauser, M. P. Protection from septic shock by neutralization of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Nat. Med., 2000, 6, 164-170.
18. Lehmann, L. E., Novender, U., Schroeder, S., Pietsch, T., von Spiegel, T., Putensen, C., Hoeft, A., and Stuber, F. Plasma levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor are elevated in patients with severe sepsis. Intensive Care Med., 2001, 27, 1412-1415.
19. Bozza, F. A., Gomes, R. N., Japiassu, A. M., Soares, M., Castro- Faria-Neto, H. C., Bozza, P. T., and Bozza, M. T. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor levels correlate with fatal outcome in sepsis. Shock, 2004, 22, 309-313.
20. de Mendonca-Filho, H. T., Gomes, R. V., de Almeida Campos, L. A., Tura, B., Nunes, E. M., Gomes, R., Bozza, F., Bozza, P. T., and Castro-Faria-Neto, H. C. Circulating levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor are associated with mild pulmonary dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass. Shock, 2004, 22, 533- 537.
21. Sprong, T., Pickkers, P., Geurts-Moespot, A., van der Ven-Jongekrijg, J., Neeleman, C., Knaup, M., Leroy, D., Calandra, T., van der Meer, J. W., Sweep, F., and van Deuren, M. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in meningococcal septic shock and experimental human endotoxemia. Shock, 2007, 27, 482-487.
22. Emonts, M., Sweep, F. C., Grebenchtchikov, N., Geurts-Moespot, A., Knaup, M., Chanson, A. L., Erard, V., Renner, P., Hermans, P. W., Hazelzet, J. A., and Calandra, T. Association between high levels of blood macrophage migration inhibitory factor, inappropriate adrenal response, and early death in patients with severe sepsis. Clin. Inf. Dis., 2007, 44, 1321-1328.
23. Rahman, S. H., Menon, K. V., Holmfield, J. H., McMahon, M. J., and Guillou, J. P. Serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor is an early marker of pancreatic necrosis in acute pancreatitis. Annals of Surgery, 2007, 245, 282-289.
24. Kofoed, K., Andersen, O., Kronborg, G., Tvede, M., Petersen, J., Eugen-Olsen, J., and Larsen, K. Use of plasma C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, neutrophils, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 in combination to diagnose infections: a prospective study.[see comment]. Critical Care (London, England), 2007, 11, R38.
25. Grieb, G., Simons, D., Piatkowski, A., Bernhagen, J., Steffens, G. C., and Pallua, N. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor-A potential diagnostic tool in severe burn injuries?. Burns, 2010, 36, 335-342.
26. Leech, M., Metz, C., Hall, P., Hutchinson, P., Gianis, K., Smith, M., Weedon, H., Holdsworth, S. R., Bucala, R., and Morand, E. F. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rheumatoid arthritis: evidence of proinflammatory function and regulation by glucocorticoids. Arthritis & Rheumatism, 1999, 42, 1601-1608.
27. Shimizu, T., Abe, R., Ohkawara, A., Mizue, Y., and Nishihira, J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor is an essential immunoregulatory cytokine in atopic dermatitis. Biochem.& Biophy. Res. Comm., 1997, 240, 173-178.
28. Shimizu, T., Nishihira, J., Mizue, Y., Nakamura, H., Abe, R., Watanabe, H., Ohkawara, A., and Shimizu, H. High macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) serum levels associated with extended psoriasis. J. Inves. Dermatol., 2001, 116, 989-990.
29. Foote, A., Briganti, E. M., Kipen, Y., Santos, L., Leech, M., and Morand, E. F. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Rheumatol., 2004, 31, 268-273.
30. Yamaguchi, E., Nishihira, J., Shimizu, T., Takahashi, T., Kitashiro, N., Hizawa, N., Kamishima, K., and Kawakami, Y. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in bronchial asthma. Clin. & Exper. Allergy, 2000, 30, 1244-1249.
31. Coussens, L. M., and Werb, Z. Inflammation and cancer.[see comment]. Nature,2002, 420, 860-867.
32. Balkwill, F., and Mantovani, A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?[see comment], Lancet,2001, 357, 539-545.
33. Hudson, J. D., Shoaibi, M. A., Maestro, R., Carnero, A., Hannon, G. J., and Beach, D. H. A proinflammatory cytokine inhibits p53 tumor suppressor activity.[see comment]. J. Exp. Med., 1999, 190, 1375-1382.
34. Honda, A., Abe, R., Yoshihisa, Y., Makino, T., Matsunaga, K., Nishihira, J., Shimizu, H., and Shimizu, T. Deficient deletion of apoptotic cells by macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) overexpression accelerates photocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 2009, 30, 1597-1605.
35. Chesney, J., Metz, C., Bacher, M., Peng, T., Meinhardt, A., and Bucala, R. An essential role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in angiogenesis and the growth of a murine lymphoma. Mol. Med., 1999, 5, 181-191.
36. Meyer-Siegler, K. L., Bellino, M. A., and Tannenbaum, M. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor evaluation compared with prostate specific antigen as a biomarker in patients with prostate carcinoma. Cancer, 2002, 94, 1449-1456.
37. Mor, G., Visintin, I., Lai, Y., Zhao, H., Schwartz, P., Rutherford, T., Yue, L., Bray-Ward, P., and Ward, D. C. Serum protein markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Proceedings of the National Acad. Sci. USA, 2005, 102, 7677-7682.
38. Muramaki, M., Miyake, H., Yamada, Y., and Hara, I. Clinical utility of serum macrophage migration inhibitory factor in men with prostate cancer as a novel biomarker of detection and disease progression. Oncol. Reports, 2006, 15, 253-257.
39. Kim, K., Visintin, I., Alvero, A. B., and Mor, G. Development and validation of a protein-based signature for the detection of ovarian cancer. Clin. Lab. Med., 2009, 29, 47-55.
40. Jesneck, J. L., Mukherjee, S., Yurkovetsky, Z., Clyde, M., Marks, J. R., Lokshin, A. E., and Lo, J. Y. Do serum biomarkers really measure breast cancer?. BMC Cancer, 2009, 9, 164.
41. Ren, Y., Law, S., Huang, X., Lee, P. Y., Bacher, M., Srivastava, G., and Wong, J. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor stimulates angiogenic factor expression and correlates with differentiation and lymph node status in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Annals of Surgery, 2005, 242, 55-63.
42. Shun, C. T., Lin, J. T., Huang, S. P., Lin, M. T., and Wu, M. S. Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor is associated with enhanced angiogenesis and advanced stage in gastric carcinomas. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2005,11, 3767-3771.
43. Camlica, H., Duranyildiz, D., Oguz, H., Oral, E. N., and Yasasever, V. The diagnostic value of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in gastric cancer. Pathol. Oncol. Res., 2008, 14, 79-83.
44. Mohri, Y., Mohri, T., Wei, W., Qi, Y. J., Martin, A., Miki, C., Kusunoki, M., Ward, D. G., and Johnson, P. J. Identification of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and human neutrophil peptides 1-3 as potential biomarkers for gastric cancer. British J. Can., 2009, 101, 295-302.
45. Yasasever, V., Camlica, H., Duranyildiz, D., Oguz, H., Tas, F., and Dalay, N. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in cancer. Can. Inv., 2007, 25, 715-719.
46. Hira, E., Ono, T., Dhar, D. K., El-Assal, O. N., Hishikawa, Y., Yamanoi, A., and Nagasue, N. Overexpression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor induces angiogenesis and deteriorates prognosis after radical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer, 2005, 103, 588-598.
47. Meyer-Siegler, K. L., Leifheit, E. C., and Vera, P. L. Inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor decreases proliferation and cytokine expression in bladder cancer cells, BMC Cancer, 2004, 4, 34.
48. Lee, H., Rhee, H., Kang, H. J., Kim, H. S., Min, B. S., Kim, N. K., and Kim, H. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor may be used as an early diagnostic marker in colorectal carcinomas. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 2008, 129, 772-779.
49. Ross, R. Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 1999, 340, 115-126.
50. Murray, C. J., and Lopez, A. D. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet, 1997, 349, 1436-1442.
51. Lewis, S. J. Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis: a practitioner's guide for 2008. Am. J. Med., 2009, 122, S38-50.
52. Ross, R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a perspective for the 1990s, Nature, 1993, 362, 801-809.
53. Libby, P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature, 2002, 420, 868-874.
54. Burger-Kentischer, A., Goebel, H., Seiler, R., Fraedrich, G., Schaefer, H. E., Dimmeler, S., Kleemann, R., Bernhagen, J., and Ihling, C. Expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in different stages of human atherosclerosis. Circulation, 2002, 105, 1561-1566.
55. Donnelly, S. C., Haslett, C., Reid, P. T., Grant, I. S., Wallace, W. A., Metz, C. N., Bruce, L. J., and Bucala, R. Regulatory role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Nat. Med., 1997, 3, 320-323.
56. Stoppe, C., Fries, M., Rossaint, R., Grieb, G., Coburn, M., Simons, D., Brucken, D., Bernhagen, J., Pallua, N., and Rex, S. Blood levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor after successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource], 2012, 7, e33512.
57. Stoppe, C., Grieb, G., Rossaint, R., Simons, D., Coburn, M., Götzenich, A., Strüssmann, T., Pallua, N., Bernhagen, J., and Rex, S. High postoperative blood levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor are associated with less organ dysfunction in patients after cardiac surgery. Mol. Med., 2012, 18, 843-850.
58. Ikeda, D., Sakaue, S., Kamigaki, M., Ohira, H., Itoh, N., Ohtsuka, Y., Tsujino, I., and Nishimura, M. Knockdown of macrophage migration inhibitory factor disrupts adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Endocrinol., 2008, 149, 6037-6042.
59. Kim, H., Lee, S., Kim, H. J., Kong, M. H., Kim, Y. R., Kang, S. H., Lee, K., Leng, L., Lee, B., Park, C. G., Kook, Y., Kim, B., and Bucala, R. Elevated levels of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in women with metabolic syndrome. Horm. Metab. Res., 2011, 43, 642-645.
60. Skurk, T., Herder, C., Kraft, I., Muller-Scholze, S., Hauner, H., and Kolb, H. Production and release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor from human adipocytes. Endocrinol., 2005, 146, 1006-1011.
61. Verschuren, L., Kooistra, T., Bernhagen, J., Voshol, P. J., Ouwens, D. M., van Erk, M., de Vries-van derWeij, J., Leng, L., van Bockel, J. H., van Dijk, K. W., Fingerle-Rowson, G., Bucala, R., and Kleemann, R. MIF deficiency reduces chronic inflammation in white adipose tissue and impairs the development of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and associated atherosclerotic disease. Circulation Res., 2009, 105, 99-107.
62. Yabunaka, N., Nishihira, J., Mizue, Y., Tsuji, M., Kumagai, M., Ohtsuka, Y., Imamura, M., and Asaka, M. Elevated serum content of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2000, 23, 256-258.
63. Vozarova, B., Stefan, N., Hanson, R., Lindsay, R. S., Bogardus, C., Tataranni, P. A., Metz, C., and Bucala, R. Plasma concentrations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor are elevated in Pima Indians compared to Caucasians and are associated with insulin resistance. Diabetol., 2002, 45, 1739-1741.
64. Herder, C., Kolb, H., Koenig, W., Haastert, B., Muller-Scholze, S., Rathmann, W., Holle, R., Thorand, B., and Wichmann, H. E. Association of systemic concentrations of macrophage migration inhibitory factor with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes: results from the Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg, Survey 4 (KORA S4), Diabetes Care, 2006, 29, 368-371.
65. Warmerdam, P. A., Long, E. O., and Roche, P. A. Isoforms of the invariant chain regulate transport of MHC class II molecules to antigen processing compartments. J. Cell Biol., 1996, 133, 281- 291.
66. Cresswell, P. Assembly, transport, and function of MHC class II molecules. Annu. Rev. Immunol., 1994, 12, 259-293.
67. Stumptner-Cuvelette, P., and Benaroch, P. Multiple roles of the invariant chain in MHC class II function. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2002, 1542, 1-13.
68. Barrera, C., Espejo, R., and Reyes, V. E. Differential glycosylation of MHC class II molecules on gastric epithelial cells: implications in local immune responses. Hum. Immunol., 2002, 63, 384-393.
69. Barrera, C. A., Pinchuk, I. V., Saada, J. I., Suarez, G., Bland, D. A., Beswick, E., Adegboyega, P. A., Mifflin, R. C., Powell, D. W., and Reyes, V. E. Class II MHC-expressing myofibroblasts play a role in the immunopathogenesis associated with staphylococcal enterotoxins. Ann. N Y Acad. Sci., 2004, 1029, 313-318.
70. Solnick, J. V., and Tompkins, L. S. Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal disease: pathogenesis and host-parasite interaction. Infect. Agents Dis., 1992, 1, 294-309.
71. Talley, N. J., Zinsmeister, A. R., Weaver, A., DiMagno, E. P., Carpenter, H. A., Perez-Perez, G. I., and Blaser, M. J. Gastric adenocarcinoma and Helicobacter pylori infection. J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 1991, 83, 1734-1739.
72. Beswick, E. J., Bland, D. A., Suarez, G., Barrera, C. A., Fan, X., and Reyes, V. E. Helicobacter pylori binds to CD74 on gastric epithelial cells and stimulates interleukin-8 production. Infect. Immun., 2005, 73, 2736-2743.
73. Beswick, E. J., Das, S., Pinchuk, I. V., Adegboyega, P., Suarez, G., Yamaoka, Y., and Reyes, V. E. Helicobacter pylori-induced IL-8 production by gastric epithelial cells up-regulates CD74 expression. J. Immunol., 2005, 175, 171-176.
74. Ishigami, S., Natsugoe, S., Tokuda, K., Nakajo, A., Iwashige, H., Aridome, K., Hokita, S., and Aikou, T. Invariant chain expression in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett., 2001, 168, 87-91.
75. Boren, T., Falk, P., Roth, K. A., Larson, G., and Normark, S. Attachment of Helicobacter pylori to human gastric epithelium mediated by blood group antigens. Science, 1993, 262, 1892-1895.
76. Degener, T., Momburg, F., and Moller, P. Differential expression of HLA-DR, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ and associated invariant chain (Ii) in normal colorectal mucosa, adenoma and carcinoma. Virchows Arch. A. Pathol. Anat. Histopathol., 1988, 412, 315-322.
77. Gold, D. V., Stein, R., Burton, J., and Goldenberg, D. M. Enhanced expression of CD74 in gastrointestinal cancers and benign tissues. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol., 2010, 4, 1-12.
78. Assis, D. N., Leng, L., Du, X., Zhang, C. K., Grieb, G., Merk, M., Garcia, A. B., McCrann, C., Chapiro, J., Meinhardt, A., Mizue, Y., Nikolic-Paterson, D. J., Bernhagen, J., Kaplan, M. M., Zhao, H., Boyer, J. L., and Bucala, R. The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in autoimmune liver disease. Hepatology, 2013, doi: 10.1002/hep.26664, 26664.
79. Datta, M. W., Shahsafaei, A., Nadler, L. M., Freeman, G. J., and Dorfman, D. M. Expression of MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii;CD74) in thymic epithelial neoplasms. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol., 2000, 8, 210-215.
80. Binsky, I., Haran, M., Starlets, D., Gore, Y., Lantner, F., Harpaz, N., Leng, L., Goldenberg, D. M., Shvidel, L., Berrebi, A., Bucala, R., and Shachar, I. IL-8 secreted in a macrophage migrationinhibitory factor- and CD74-dependent manner regulates B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia survival. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 2007, 104, 13408-13413.
81. Matza, D., Wolstein, O., Dikstein, R., and Shachar, I. Invariant chain induces B cell maturation by activating a TAF(II)105-NFkappaB- dependent transcription program. J. Biol. Chem., 2001, 276, 27203-27206.
82. Starlets, D., Gore, Y., Binsky, I., Haran, M., Harpaz, N., Shvidel, L., Becker-Herman, S., Berrebi, A., and Shachar, I. Cell-surface CD74 initiates a signaling cascade leading to cell proliferation and survival. Blood, 2006, 107, 4807-4816.